Passage of a brick pipe through the ceiling
A brick chimney, as a rule, has a design that protects the surrounding combustible materials from overheating. The section of the pipe, which is laid out when it passes through the ceiling, itself is already a cut and is called "fluff".
This chimney design is traditional, tested for a long time, and is most often chosen by stove-makers.
The "fluff" begins under the very ceiling in the living room (three to four rows of bricks before it) and goes through the entire thickness of the attic floor. Sometimes the fluff is raised to the clean floor of the attic, in other cases it is made flush with the subfloor. Both that and the other option can cause nit-picking of the inspectors - remember the notorious "70 millimeters" already discussed above.
This structural element plays the role of the necessary thickening of the pipe walls, which protects the combustible materials of the floor from overheating.
In fact, the SNiP requirements that were discussed in the first section of the publication directly affect the design of the "fluff". In order not to repeat ourselves, you can give a diagram that clearly shows what dimensions and where should be observed:
The diagram graphically shows the basic requirements of SNiP for the location of the stove and chimney, to ensure the safe passage of the pipe through the ceiling
Arrangement of the passage of a brick pipe through the attic floor without laying out the "fluff"
The opening in the ceiling can be covered with a metal sheet or fiber cement slab. In the middle of the thermal insulation panel, a window is marked, through which the chimney will pass. The length and width of this opening should exceed the similar parameters of the pipe by literally 3 ÷ 5 mm.
When laying the chimney, about three to four rows to the ceiling, a sheet with a prepared opening is put on it, and then the laying is made further to the height of the clean floor of the attic.
The next step, the sheet put on the pipe rises, is pressed and fixed to the ceiling in a convenient way in a particular case - with self-tapping screws or dowels.
Further, work is carried out from the side of the attic or the second floor. Strips of basalt wool, asbestos or fiber cement slabs are laid along the walls of the opening cut out for penetration. This "framing" should cover the entire thickness of the attic floor. If necessary, the material can be fixed to the floor beams.
Thanks to these operations, a kind of box is created around the neck of the pipe, which will be filled with heat-resistant material. Basalt wool can be used as it, with which the entire volume is densely filled. If wool with a foil layer is used, then it is turned towards the walls of the oven.
It is quite possible to perform a similar thermal insulation of the pipe with expanded clay or vermiculite, but before backfilling, it is imperative to seal up the gaps remaining between the pipe and the edges of the opening, especially if material of fine fractions is used.
Of course, you can do exactly the same as with a metal pipe, putting on a finished penetration made of steel sheet on a brick chimney. This option will probably be safer and more convenient both in terms of its installation and reliable fixation, and when filling the box with thermal insulation material. True, such a box will cost significantly more. Does it make sense - decide for yourself.
Having filled the penetration with insulation, it is also closed from above with a metal or fiber cement sheet.
On this, the work on arranging the safe passage of the chimney through the ceiling can be considered complete.
After reviewing the details of the arrangement of this area of the chimney, you can come to the following conclusion:
Why ceramics are better than bricks
For centuries, the chimney was built of bricks plastered with clay mortar.Why are ceramic pipes so popular in recent years? The answer is simple: in terms of its characteristics, a ceramic chimney pipe is much superior to a brick. The ceramic chimney has the following advantages:
- Good traction. Unlike brick, which has a rough surface, ceramic pipes are covered with heat-resistant glaze from the inside. The smooth surface contributes to better draft, so the owners of stoves with a ceramic chimney do not have problems with smoke at home when burning.
- Strength. The glaze has a low water permeability, so the pipe does not absorb water, and all condensate, as well as moisture from precipitation, drain into a specially designed sump. Traditional brick pipes, when moisture settles on a porous brick surface, absorb it, which at low outside temperatures leads to freezing of water and cracking of bricks and masonry mortar.
- Resistant to soot formation. Soot practically does not settle on a smooth surface, and most of it escapes into the atmosphere along with the smoke. On the brick, the formation of soot occurs much faster, while the clearance decreases and there is a likelihood of its ignition, which threatens a fire. Even if soot settles on ceramic pipes, it can be easily cleaned by mechanical or chemical methods.
- Fire safety. Ignition of soot in a ceramic pipe is unlikely, but even if this happens, a fire will not occur - the inner coating of the pipe has the necessary heat resistance for this, and its outer walls practically do not heat up due to low thermal conductivity.
- Resistance to chemically aggressive substances. Smoke contains compounds of sulfur and nitrogen, which when interacting with water - condensate or precipitation - form acids. It is because of them that brick and metal chimneys are destroyed. Glazed ceramics do not have this drawback - they do not interact with acids.
- Ease of installation. To lay a brick chimney with your own hands, you need knowledge, experience and time. Everyone can install a ceramic pipe, just carefully study the instructions. Ceramics are easy to process, can be cut, drilled, polished, installed using a conventional tool within one to two days.
Ceramic pipes are not devoid of mandatory requirements that complicate their installation - this is a rather large weight compared to stainless steel pipes and the need for a foundation. However, if we take into account their warranty period of operation from 30 to 40 years, this feature is insignificant.
Metal chimney products - sandwiches
The metal structure is considered the simplest and most affordable, but this option is not suitable for arranging a heating system in a residential building and a bathhouse. This is due to the strong heating of the pipe. The use of a metal chimney is permissible if the pipes are mounted complete with protective layers, which is called a sandwich.
The device of the system consists in installing one pipe into another of a larger diameter and filling the free space with insulation material. At the same time, the outer side of the chimney heats up minimally, and the inner one reliably retains heat. As a result, the problem of condensation is avoided.
Other options
At the moment, there are other ways to equip a chimney:
- glass pipes would have caused bewilderment a few years ago, but today their advantages are undeniable. Glass does not accumulate soot and soot, is easy to clean, is inert to aggressive media and can withstand high temperatures. But a glass chimney will be expensive, it is difficult to equip it, additional thermal insulation will be required, and sealing of joints is complicated, therefore, so far such an extravagant method has not become widespread;
- polymer pipes are another novelty. They are made from a composite, which, according to the declared qualities, has a long service life, but can only be used at an exhaust gas temperature of no more than 250C, i.e. its scope is limited to gas water heaters and boilers;
- concrete blocks and chimneys poured out of concrete with your own hands are called in some sources an alternative to brick pipes. Professionals strongly criticize this option and recommend not to play with fire: concrete will not withstand serious temperature loads, and it is impossible to make a heat-resistant composition at home.
Finally, we note that before choosing a material for a chimney, you need to choose a boiler or decide on the design of the stove. In addition, the structural features of the building should be taken into account, and it is best to think over all the nuances of its future heating before starting the construction of the house. For your safety, it is better to entrust the calculations of the chimney to a specialist.
Chimney installation
After the owner has decided on the choice of the chimney model, you can proceed to the installation work. Of course, this is a complex repair process that requires at least minimal knowledge in this area. First of all, for work, you need to stock up on construction tools. Only then can you begin. Below is a step-by-step instruction, the observance of which will make the process easier.
Step 1. Pre-position the oven at the future installation site. This is done in order to determine the location and height of the chimney passage through the wall of the house.
The boiler must be placed in its place of installation.
Step 2. After installing all the connecting pipes, mark the wall with a simple pencil.
Marks are made on the wall
Step 3. Prepare a special diamond cutting attachment. It is a noisy but practically dust-free process.
Cooking a special device
Step 4. Drill a through hole in the wall at the previously marked location.
A hole is drilled in the wall
Step 5. Prepare all elements of the chimney for assembly.
Preparation of chimney elements
Step 6. Assemble the wall stand, revision compartment, cache and meter pipe. The finished structure can be installed.
Chimney installation process
Step 7. Be sure to use the building level during installation. It is advisable to do this when installing each individual element.
Building level used
Step 8. When installing a chimney, only a ladder is not enough, here you will need scaffolding. Therefore, as soon as the workflow moves to a higher level, it is necessary to take care of the construction of the scaffolding.
Scaffolding will be required Wear and durability of stairs
Step 9. Everything worked out pretty quickly. The last meter of the pipe remains.
Assembling the last meter of the chimney
Step 10. Now collect all the elements of the oven. As in the case of the chimney, when installing the stove, it is imperative to use the building level.
Boiler elements are assembled
Step 11. Done! The chimney and solid fuel boiler are fully installed and ready for use.
Everything is ready for use
Video - Chimney schemes for the boiler
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Chimney regulations
The fire safety of the building and the safety of living for the inhabitants of the house directly depend on the quality and correct installation of the chimney. The state regulates and controls the parameters of smoke exhaust systems by means of approved SNiPs (building codes and regulations), GOSTs (SP (set of rules for design and construction). Chimneys that do not meet the approved parameters are not accepted for operation.
The current regulations for smoke extraction and ventilation are set out in the following documents:
- SNiP 2.04.05–91 - rules for installing smoke exhaust systems:
- SNiP 41.01.2003 - requirements for the installation of heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems;
- GOST 9817–95 - Requirements for heating equipment, regardless of the fuel used;
- VDPO - rules governing the condition of chimneys during repair or other work.
The main parameters that ensure high-quality, safe removal of combustion products are the cross-section of the chimney, its height and configuration. The durability of the structure, the complexity of its maintenance (cleaning, repair) depends on the pipe material.
General requirements for the chimney device:
- The length of the pipe from the furnace to its highest point must be at least 5 meters. The optimal length is 5-6 meters. Pipes of shorter length are allowed for installation in rooms with forced draft if the structure is designed without an attic. The removal of combustion products must be complete and free (clause 5.1.1. VDPO).
- Adjustment of the height of the pipe on the roof, depending on its location, is as follows: zone up to 1.5 m from the ridge or parapet
- A separate pipe should be installed for each heater (clause 6.6.9 of SNiP 41-01-2003). Joint smoke extraction for two heaters is possible if they are on the same floor. When combining two streams, it is necessary to build scatterers not shorter than 1 m (from the lower point of convergence of the branch pipes). The type of fuel used is also important here.
- The inner lumen of the chimney should not be less than the diameter of the outlet from the furnace.
- When installing a pipe, it is forbidden to mount a horizontal outlet more than 1 m.This critically reduces the efficiency of removing combustion products.
- The passage of the pipe through the ceiling, attic and roof overlap is equipped with special pass-through nodes, which ensure the insulation of the pipe from the combustible structures of the building. Inside the premises, the distance between the pipe and walls or other combustible materials must be at least 1 m.
- When installing the pipe by connecting individual segments, the sealant at the joints must have a heat resistance of the order of 1000 degrees.
- A pipe that has a high thermal conductivity (for example, metal) must be insulated when passing through the attic (if cold) and on the street section above the roof. With a side outlet (through the wall), the entire street part of the chimney is subject to insulation.
The composition of the structures of external chimneys
Diagram of the chimney-exhaust device for a gas boiler.
Before choosing chimneys, their material and the boiler itself, it is necessary to calculate the costs, and for this to understand the device and find out all the elements that make up the external chimneys
After familiarization, it is best to make a drawing and gradually determine, starting with the most important. If this part of the work is done correctly, then in the future there will be no problems.
The first step is to select any device for the production and release of thermal energy. It is chosen depending on the wishes regarding the appearance, power, environment, financial capabilities and many other factors. Then it is worth thinking about taps, they are needed to regulate the movement of gases. They are usually mounted using argon or electric tungsten welding, they often have various viewing windows and dampers, and the taps themselves must be mounted with a certain slope.
Together with the taps, you can also choose the chimneys themselves, the cross-sectional area of the pipe cannot be less than 8 cm² per 1 kW of heating device power. All external chimneys must have thermal insulation, for which basalt fiber or ceramic wool is used. These materials do not interfere with the operation of the channel, because the gas removal rate should be from 0.15 to 0.6 m / s.All pipelines with additional materials are placed in a protective, stable casing, which forms a sandwich. The top - the part of the pipe protruding above the roof - is also located in the casing that protects it. Its diameter gradually decreases and at the end it tightly wraps around the pipe and all its elements, protecting the heat-insulating material from environmental influences.
After the main selected parts, it is worth paying attention to the rest of the elements of the smoke exhaust system - brackets for the fastening device, a cap, dampers, which are mounted in places of pipe bends, in bends, transitions and tees
The tees themselves, stands, dowels, pipes for draining unnecessary condensate, viewing windows and doors for them and revisions take not the last place, it is very important to choose the right dimensions, the number of revisions and dampers, since in case of breakage or clogging of pipes, they can be easily cleaned
Features of installing a chimney for long-burning chimneys
One of the disadvantages of convection ovens is the susceptibility to the formation of condensation with a pronounced smell of tar and flammable properties, which can greatly spoil the appearance of the chimney and increase the risk of fire. The chimney should, as far as possible, minimize the formation of condensation.
When installing the sandwich, this point should be taken into account and installation should be carried out "by condensate" when the lower link is put on the upper one. Seams should be carefully sealed.
To increase the heat transfer of the convection oven, an economizer can be additionally included in the chimney circuit. This element ensures the consumption of part of the thermal energy of the exhaust gases for heating the air inside the room.
Chimney calculation
In order for the heating system to function with maximum efficiency, it is important to correctly calculate all the parameters of the smoke exhaust duct.
- Chimney length. Regardless of the location, the total height of the structure must be at least 3 meters. The height provides traction in the firebox, while taking into account the location of the chimney relative to the roof ridge.
- Pipe diameter. There is an unspoken rule here that the cross-section of the pipe should be 10 times smaller than the combustion chamber.
Also, Buleryan's performance is taken into account. For example, a chimney with a diameter of 14 cm will best correspond to a heat transfer of 300 Gcal / hour.
Installation methods
There are two options for laying the chimney: external and internal. Both provide the proper functionality, and the choice in favor of one or another method depends on the conditions of a particular project.
The complexity of the passage through the roof, walls and ceilings, climatic conditions, aesthetic appeal of the structure, project implementation costs, etc. are taken into account.
Laying inside the house (CHIMNEY # 1). It is mandatory to provide passage through the ceiling and roof. Since the chimney can heat up to 50-300 ° C (the spread is due to the pipe material and the presence of thermal insulation), the passage hole must provide fire protection. For these purposes, a gap of 20-25 cm is left, which is filled with non-combustible material - expanded clay, asbestos, etc. A long horizontal section of the chimney will negatively affect the draft level. Its length should not exceed 3 meters.
Outer chimney lining (CHIMNEY # 2). In this case, the pipe is output to the street through the wall. For wooden buildings, the conclusion is made according to the same rules as for the passage through the ceiling or roof. No additional gaps are required for brick walls. Some people prefer to mount the chimney outlet to the street through the window opening.Wall mounting is done with clamps. If the pipe rises significantly above the roof level, it is worth adding stretch marks. A heavy ceramic chimney will require a separate foundation.
Choosing a chimney
So, let's try to answer the question: which chimney is better? The main thing that is worth understanding is that the choice of a chimney in no case should be made based on its price.
Of course, the price plays an important role, but not the main one. In order to determine which chimney to choose, use the following rules:
- What type of heating will you use.
- Decide which fuel is best for you financially.
- What type of unit will you use.
- How are you going to install the chimney. After all, if you cannot invite competent specialists for the installation of a chimney, then you need to calculate your own forces for the installation of one or another chimney.
- Calculate the intensity of use of your heating system.
- Correctly assess your knowledge and experience in the construction of chimneys.
Pretty simple rules. But using them, you will no longer have a question - which is the best chimney?
It will become clear to you that the best chimney is the one that allows your heating system to function efficiently, safely and economically.
Indeed, if it is possible to construct a brick chimney that fits your unit in all respects, it will not be entirely reasonable to purchase an ultra-modern, super-fashionable other chimney.
Although everyone has the right to decide this issue at their own discretion. The only thing to keep in mind is safety.
Whatever you choose, it should work safely for you and those around you.
Buleryan stove: advantages and disadvantages
Buleryan (Bullerjan) - one of the varieties long burning ovensoperating on the convection principle.
Buleryan stove
The design was developed by Canadian inventor Eric Darnell in 1975, after which the patent rights were bought by German businessmen who launched the serial production of stoves under this brand.
The stove combines the functionality of a standard wood-burning firebox, air heater and gas generator. Buleryan is capable of working in two modes:
- Kindling. More air is supplied to the burning wood, which contributes to their rapid combustion and accelerated heating of the room.
- Gasification. Oxygen supply is minimized. Firewood gradually smolders, and the room warms up more slowly. In this operating mode, one bookmark of firewood will be enough for 10-12 hours of continuous work.
The power of such a furnace depends, first of all, on its dimensions. It can be enough not only for heating a private house, but also for large industrial buildings, warehouses.
Of the shortcomings of Buleryan, we note:
- Ability to work exclusively on wood.
- High content of soot in exhaust gases.
- Soot also forms condensation in the chimney from a mixture of tar, water and soot. After a long period of inactivity, an unpleasant odor will be present during combustion.
- Some experience is required to properly operate the oven.
Installation work rules
Features and technology of installation of a horizontal chimney allows you to carry out all DIY work with basic knowledge and skills.
If we are talking about boilers with a special turbine, then everything is simple: a coaxial chimney is installed. In other cases, the horizontal section of the chimney must support natural draft. Therefore, the installation of "snake" systems is carried out strictly in accordance with the technological requirements. The design consists of several turns, in which horizontal sections alternate with vertical short ones, ensuring complete removal of combustion products.
Refractory bricks are used for construction. At the same time, to organize the turning channel, it must be cut in half. The main thing at each stage is to control the preservation of the same section of the air channel. The structure is folded alternately in sections.The parts that will be located in the places where the air flow turns up are rounded off by cutting and grinding the corners.
At each stage of laying the rows, it is necessary to distribute the solution so that tightness is ensured
Particular attention should be paid to the installation of metal doors or knocked out bricks
Basic withdrawal methods
The pipe layout should be based on the withdrawal method:
- The coaxial system is brought out through the wall, followed by insulation and sealing of the pipe location.
- When withdrawing through ceilings and roofs, a "snake" chimney is advisable. In this case, the height of the structure is calculated so as to provide traction and eliminate turbulence (installation methods recommend the presence of 4-6 turns).
Horizontal chimney diagram
Service
Any chimney is prone to clogging with combustion products such as soot and soot. Therefore, in addition to external aesthetic finishing, it needs constant cleaning. If a standard vertical chimney is not difficult to get rid of the blockage, then the horizontal shafts must be cleaned separately.
In the case of coaxial systems, the cleaning work does not take much time and effort, since the structure is made of stainless steel, and the strong air flow pushing out the combustion products does not allow soot and soot to settle on the walls of the structure. To enhance the effect, chimneys are installed at a slight angle to the horizontal plane.
In brick systems of horizontal chimneys "snake", in order to ensure the cleaning of channels from soot, metal doors are placed at the level of each horizontal section. Due to the different properties of metal and brick, in particular heating and cooling, the efficiency of the entire structure decreases. To prevent this from happening, instead of doors, knock-out elements are often mounted - square bricks, which, if necessary, can be obtained, and after cleaning work, put in place.
In the first case, access to the duct is provided by opening and closing the product. In the second, before reaching the inner plane, it is necessary to dismantle one of the elements with little effort, and after cleaning work, install it in place, ensuring the safety of the seal. The number of such revision holes is four, but 6 turns with access points are also allowed.
Requirements for horizontal chimneys
The main condition for the functioning of any chimney is the presence of natural draft. To ensure this, the maximum length of horizontal sections in the entire system should not exceed 100 cm.
If there are several bends, as in snake chimneys, there is a high likelihood of turbulence and soot settling. To eliminate such shortcomings, the surface inside the system must be completely smooth, the corners must not be sharp. The requirements also include the obligation of the same section along the entire length of the structure.
Due to the difficult operating conditions, the chimney must withstand the effects of acids, condensate, mechanical stress and high temperatures, and maintain its tightness for the longest possible period.
Of black metal
For the manufacture of the device, welded pipes made of ferrous metal are used. The main advantage of chimneys is their low cost. On average, such a pipe costs the owner 80% cheaper than a brick one. However, there are many disadvantages of such pipes:
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- The fragility of the structure, provided by the corrosive instability of the material.
- Increased fire hazard due to the rather fast burning out of the walls of the flue duct.
- Large weight of the structure.
Increased condensation formation during operation of the heater.
Cast iron pipes can be bricked or painted in almost any color with a special heat-resistant paint
The inside of the system is most often treated with special compounds that make it especially smooth, which is very important to prevent the accumulation of soot and to facilitate cleaning of the device. In general, the system has more disadvantages than advantages.
It is installed when they want to save money. However, you need to be prepared for frequent repairs and a short pipe life.
In general, the system has more disadvantages than advantages. It is installed when they want to save money. However, you need to be prepared for frequent repairs and a short pipe life.