Washer flat

Knurled and serrated lock washers

The degree of fixation can be significantly increased by using a lock washer with external teeth. The key features of this type of execution are the following:

1. External teeth can be of different sizes, the use of steel with increased wear resistance significantly increases the service life.
2. Engagement can occur with a wide variety of surfaces. You can often find a situation where the shaft has several stages.
3. The prongs can be bent several times, which allows the part to be reused several times.

When choosing, attention is paid to the outer and inner diameters. Also, a special processing technology allows you to cover the surface with zinc or another composition, which will significantly increase corrosion resistance.

Features of production

To obtain flat washers, you can use bar or sheet material, which is sharpened with the necessary tools. In the process of creating products, they can undergo heat treatment, which ultimately gives stronger and more reliable parts. The best option is considered to be materials on which a protective layer has been applied - their service life is much longer. One of the important points is the galvanizing procedure, which can be carried out in two ways.

Electroplated - a thin layer of zinc is applied to the washers due to the action of a chemical substance, which makes it possible to obtain a smooth product with an even coating.

If we are talking about aluminum washers, then they are treated with yellow chromating, which prevents the metal from deteriorating under the influence of corrosion. For best results, the washer blanks are washed, then etched, washed again and chrome applied, and then washed again.

Materials and coatings

Washers for various purposes are most often made of metal, they are assigned a strength class corresponding to the type of performance. For example, corrosion-resistant steel 20X13 or non-ferrous alloys are used for operation in corrosive environments. Bronze, aluminum, brass, copper washer will do just fine. Stainless steel options are also popular, and high-strength products are obtained by adding alloying components - most often chromium (40X).

Other requirements have to be taken into account as well. Washers of class 4.8 or 5.8 are not chrome plated, they are made of steel 10 or 20. If higher performance is needed, an unhardened composition 20G2R is taken.

The application of a protective layer has a positive effect on the characteristics of the product. The coverage can be like this.

• Galvanized. The outer protective layer is applied by hot or galvanized galvanizing.
• Cadmatized. It is applied to copper washers in fresh and salt water to protect against aggressive media.
• Multilayer in a combination of copper, chromium and nickel. Applied by electroplating. The product receives protection from rapid wear, the effects of acids and alkalis.

Differences from the nut

The washer, although it is an integral component of the screw connection along with the nut, has significant differences. The main one is the absence of threads. At the nut, it provides a secure connection with bolts, rods, screws. The washer does not carry a fastening function; rather, it acts as a gasket or an insulating component.

There are differences in the form of products. The nuts have external edges to facilitate installation. The key clings to them, allowing you to turn and fix or unscrew the product.The outer surface of the washer is most often smooth, in some cases toothed. The materials of manufacture, and the strength characteristics, and even the thickness, also differ.

Species overview

Washers are used for fastening polycarbonate and roofing structures, for a wire tray and fixing in a bolted joint and complete with screws, which allow to reliably isolate or fix the parts more firmly. There are highly specialized types of such products - for door hinges, electrical engineering, oil-resistant for machines and mechanisms.

Most often, for a threaded bolt, washers are made of stainless steel, galvanized, from non-ferrous alloys. They are also non-metallic, made of silicone, textolite. All types of washers can be divided into groups, according to their shape, size and other characteristics. Some of them are worth considering in more detail.

Insulating. This category of products must have dielectric properties, since it is used as a spacer between materials with high conductivity. Most often, a textolite washer is used, which has a fairly long service life.

Flat

The most common type of washer. Products can have a round or square shape, most often they are made of metal, but they can be fluoroplastic, as well as from other types of plastic. The size range of flat washers is the widest; they can be reinforced, reduced or increased.

Square options are most often used when assembling wood structures with a similar section. Reinforced flat washers are thicker. This is a necessary condition for reducing the deformation effect on the plane of the part.

Reduced

Belongs to the category of flat washers. They differ in the area of ​​the contact surface. It is smaller than the standard options.

Enlarged

Large square or round flat washers of this type are used for assembly work. The increased contact surface area allows for a closer fit of the elements.

Spring loaded

Also, this washer can be called split or grover. Usually it is in the form of a 1-turn spring, in which there is a gap directed against the rotation stroke. When installing spring washers, it is possible to obtain a threaded connection that ensures maximum tightness without the risk of loosening. Fixation takes place with a special edge on the product. It crashes into the plane of the support, wedging in it.

The double-turn spring washer is used in the installation of railway tracks. Single-turn has a wider purpose. For its manufacture, they choose not rods or metal in sheets, but only wire of certain grades of steel. Wave spring washers are made of zinc-plated or oxidized steel.

Rectangular

This type of flat metal products is similar to square and rounded, but has a different section. The main field of application is the assembly of solid wood structures.

Growers

This name hides all the same spring washers made in accordance with GOST 6402. The ends of such a fixing hardware are located in different planes.

Stop

The locking washer is intended for locking the threaded connection. Such products have a serrated inner or outer surface. In the process of tightening the fastener, the self-locking part is deformed, acting as wedge clamps. The lock washer, fitted with a foot or toe, prevents the bolt from loosening. During installation, its protruding element is bent towards the edges of the nut.

The lock washers also include castellated washers with a multi-footed design. They are made from steel and softer metals. The so-called "sprocket" is also a lock washer, has external teeth. Locking varieties are used to prevent axial displacement.

Anti-vibration

A special category of washers is vibration damping. It is intended for installation in metal frames, in the places of their contact with the base, to prevent the transmission of structure-borne noise at the attachment points. Such products are made from synthetic elastomers, most often rubber.

Washer types

The din lock washer is often used as a fastening element, which excludes the possibility of unscrewing under normal operating conditions. It should be borne in mind that there are a fairly large number of different types of similar products, the classification is carried out according to the form and type of material used. An example is the fact that spring steel is often used, which is characterized by high elasticity. All lock washers are divided into several main groups:

1. Grover.
2. Serrated.
3. Poppet.
4. With special notches and grooves.
5. With paws.
6. Wedge.

All types of lock washers are characterized by their own specific features that must be taken into account. An example is the common version with internal tines or grooving. Their features are as follows:

1. The main part is represented by a ring made of metal.
2. Cuts are created along the surface, located in different planes.

In most cases, the washer is manufactured using spring loaded steel. During the production process, it undergoes elastic deformation, due to which the likelihood of spontaneous unscrewing of fasteners is excluded

Almost all Grover type retainers have a square cross section. At the same time, for a significant expansion of the field of application, an anti-corrosion coating can be applied to the surface. The problem with most metal parts is that prolonged exposure to high humidity causes rust to appear, and over time it reduces performance.

There is also a split washer on the market that is flat or tapered. In this case, depending on the area of ​​application, the teeth can be located inside and outside. This group is divided into several subgroups:

1. Poppet.
2. With different paws.
3. With protrusions.

A lock washer with lugs is used when it is necessary to ensure high reliability of the connection. The multi-footed surface engages with special grooves, thereby eliminating the possibility of the fastener turning. The feet can be of different lengths.

Applications

Washers are in demand in various fields of activity. They are used in the assembly of furniture structures, the connection of building elements, the installation of pipelines and linear communications. Elastic silicone options are in demand in everyday life. In industrial production, the main areas of use of washers can be called machine building, shipbuilding, machine tool building.

The purpose of the washer is determined depending on the shape and design. For example, oblique ones are necessary to compensate for the difference in angles of parts or planes; they are used to attach I-beams. Contact ones improve the adhesion of fasteners to the surface. Retainers are necessary to prevent unscrewing of parts; they are needed in one-piece structures. To compensate for dynamic loads and vibrations in machines and mechanisms, spring washers are used.

Materials (edit)

Various materials can be used for the production of washers. The most demanded are:

• carbon steel;
• alloy steel;
• stainless steel;
• brass;
• copper;
• plastic;
• wood;
• cardboard;
• rubber.

The coated steel washer, as well as galvanized varieties, are the most demanded parts, as they have good strength and resistance to various influences. Plastic options are considered a good alternative, as there is no need for additional processing during the production process.

By using different materials, you can select parts for different areas and achieve the best result.

Description and purpose

With long-term operation of many technical devices, the main criterion for durability is the strength and reliability of the connection of different parts of the structures. A correctly selected multi-foot lock washer avoids spontaneous loosening of the fasteners, and so-called feet help it in this.

When using slotted nuts on the shafts, these devices completely save the structural unit from destruction. In the grooved groove, the lock washer is fastened with a protrusion on the inside, in turn, this makes axial rotation impossible, while maintaining the normal, unobstructed movement of the fastener in the direction of length. 6 special lugs at an inclination of 25 degrees, exclude unscrewing, but the part is effective only in relation to slotted types of nuts.

Therefore, the latching device with an inner tab has the following characteristics:

• the presence of external and internal protrusions;
• mainly the fastener is used for nuts of a certain size - with a diameter of 10-130 mm;
• the arrangement of the legs along the outer diameter can be different, sometimes they are made to order according to the presented drawings, which is due to the specifics of the design for which the fasteners are used;
• since during operation the legs of the element can be bent many times, the main material for their production is high quality plastic stainless steel;
• depending on the thread diameter of the spline parts, lock washers are made of thin metal sheets with a thickness of 0.8-2 mm, in addition, the surface of the washers is covered with a protective anti-corrosion layer.

The main area of ​​application of the part is all kinds of structures and structures of industrial importance (any mechanisms that are subjected to loads on the rotation axis during operation, on the shafts of centrifugal, vane pumps, gearboxes that change the power of cars and production equipment). But in everyday life, the device also found its use - they are often replaced by ordinary flat washers with a hole inside. True, then it is required to select the desired type of nut for engaging the legs.

Dimensions and weight

The use of washers has its own characteristics and nuances, therefore, in some cases, it becomes necessary to know the exact size and weight of the product. To navigate these indicators, you can use the table in which the parameters are indicated for 1 piece:

The diameters and weights of washers of different sizes differ significantly from each other, therefore it is important to pay attention to this. In addition to this table, there are weight data for light, normal, heavy and extra heavy washers. For some types of work, these values ​​will be especially important, therefore it is worth paying attention to the marking and other characteristics of the washers in the process of working with them.

For some types of work, these values ​​will be especially important, therefore it is worth paying attention to the marking and other characteristics of the washers in the process of working with them.

See below for an overview of the different types of washers.

Primary requirements

Washers are standardized products that must meet specific requirements. Among them is the absence of visible defects. Burrs and sharp edges, cracks and tears are not allowed on the surfaces of products, traces of rust are also considered unacceptable. According to the accuracy class, the products can belong to class A or C, have a flat round, oblique square or serrated shape.

Manufacturing can be carried out with or without coatings. Heat treatment of products in production is carried out on an individual basis.For steel washers of accuracy class A, hardness values ​​are set at 140HV, for C - at least 100HV.

Description and purpose

When working with fasteners, a number of difficulties arise from time to time, which were solved only with the advent of washers. With a small metal flat disc with a hole in the center, the technician can avoid:

• spontaneous unwinding of parts;
• damage in the process of screwing fasteners;
• insufficient tight fixation of a bolt, screw or self-tapping screw.

Despite the simplicity of the design, it is the washer that makes it possible to increase the clamping surface, and in some cases to make the connection of parts more dense. Due to the breadth of application of this product, manufacturers have taken care that the diameter of the inner hole is different.

Flat washers can be made of various materials, but their quality remains unchanged, which is controlled by GOST 11371-78. On sale you can find this product in two versions:

1. no chamfer - the washer has the same width of the entire surface;
2. with a chamfer - there is a bevel of 40 ° to the edge of the product.

Depending on the application, you can choose between simple washers or reinforced washers that can withstand heavy loads. This option is successfully used in light and heavy industry. The most popular uses for washers are:

• shipbuilding;
• mechanical engineering;
• assembly of agricultural machinery;
• production of machine tools for various purposes;
• construction of oil mills;
• work with refrigeration equipment;
• furniture industry.

To understand what washers are needed for what, it is important to know the technical characteristics of each product option.

What it is?

Washer is a metal or polymer product included in multi-piece fasteners. It is needed to increase the plane of the support with which the screw or bolt contacts. Sometimes this element acts as a retainer - such washers are called locking, locking, they prevent the connection from being unscrewed. They are installed in especially critical areas - where the loosening of fasteners can be dangerous.

In joints where soft surface material may be damaged, place a washer under the nut. If the part requires sealing of the joint, silicone or fluoroplastic products are used. For machine building, machine tool building, other industries, products are used from metals and alloys, including stainless, non-ferrous. The standard washer looks like a flat piece with a solid surface, there are options with a slot or notches. Also available are gear elements with hooks on the inner or outer diameter.

Varieties

The appearance of washers made it possible to be confident in fasteners with the help of self-tapping screws and screws, therefore these products are widely used in various industries. Due to its great popularity, many varieties of this part have appeared:

locking - they have teeth or paws, thanks to which they allow fixing fasteners, preventing them from spinning;

If we consider the variety of washers in more detail, you can notice a difference in some criteria:

• diameter - external indicators of diameter are usually not so important, and internal dimensions can have the following dimensions: 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 27, 30 , 36 mm and more;
• width of fields - washers are divided into wide and narrow varieties;
• shape - flat variety, corresponds to GOST 11371 or DIN 125, this option is the most common; flat increased corresponds to GOST 6958 or DIN 9021, this is a reinforced washer due to longer fields; grower room complies with GOST 6402 or DIN 127, also called spring; quick-release locking device conforms to DIN 6799; square washers, which can be wedge-shaped, corresponding to GOST 10906-78, or square for wooden products, corresponding to DIN 436.

All normal washers must meet quality requirements, therefore, for most of them, GOSTs are provided

There are quite a lot of washer options, and the number can be replenished, therefore it is important to study the classifications and correctly select additional products for fasteners