Facade brickwork repair

Causes and consequences of the destruction of masonry

Violation of the external and internal integrity of the brickwork occurs for many reasons. The most common of them are incorrect calculation of the maximum permissible load on the foundation and violation of construction technology. In addition, the masonry begins to collapse with soil heterogeneity, the absence of expansion joints and the close occurrence of the upper aquifers. And also among the reasons note the shrinkage of the foundation, violation of the depth of its foundation and deformation processes in the beams arising from the effects of moisture.

Excessive weight load of the snow cover also affects. A thick layer of snow exerts significant pressure on the supporting structures, resulting in their weakening and destruction. Often the cause of the beginning of the violation of the integrity of the masonry is a leaking roof. Water penetrates into the brick walls and has a destructive effect on the material.

The destruction of the masonry occurs gradually, and the tension arising at its first stage is absolutely imperceptible to the outsider's view. Only a professional can feel that something is wrong, who, by the appearance of microcracks, will be able to recognize the beginning of destructive processes. Over time, microcracks grow, interconnect, form a network and attack vertical seams, which, in turn, threatens a serious violation of the integrity of the building. The most negative consequence of such processes is the unhindered passage of cold air inside the walls, which entails their freezing.

With the onset of heat, the brick begins to thaw, as a result of which the wall becomes damp and becomes a favorable environment for the appearance of mold. In addition, the decorative coating also begins to crack and flake off, and plaster and ceramic tiles begin to fall off. At the initial stages of the destruction of masonry, when visible deformation processes are not yet observed, rusty spots may begin to appear on the walls. This indicates ongoing corrosion processes on fittings or embedded parts located inside the wall. To combat the destruction of brick walls, as well as to increase their strength and durability, they use the injection method - sequential injection of various materials into the masonry.

Brickwork injection

Our company provides qualified services for the injection of brick and rubble masonry. In particular, and first of all, this applies to old and historical buildings to which special requirements are imposed in the course of restoration work.

Typically, the ultimate goal of injection work in masonry is to increase the load-bearing capacity, fill voids, rebuild and, if necessary, redecorate. It is very often necessary to carry out a "shut-off waterproofing".

When using injection technology, it is possible to avoid larger measures, such as, for example, a complete disassembly of defective areas.

This is especially important during restoration work, when the object needs to be inflicted with the least damage.

Advice

Injection works of masonry provide for drilling holes and pumping through the packers / injectors installed in them of repair compounds on a mineral or polymer basis, depending on the tasks and technology of work.

It should be borne in mind that the layout of the holes depends not only on the design, but also on the material for injection.

So, when pumping mineral compositions, the distance between the packers for effective filling of voids should be no more than 12-15 cm! Very often in projects there is a distance of 300 - 500 mm, while it should be borne in mind that the filling of the voids in this case will be localized mainly around the hole and you should not expect complete filling of the masonry voids. However, when using polymer compositions, the distance between the holes of 300 mm is quite justified, due to their increased fluidity.

In Inject LLC you can always get the qualified assistance of our specialists in the above-listed works.

INJEKTSCHLAUCHSYSTEM. The basis of INJECT SYSTEM ... The sleeve for packers with a collet head (mouthpiece) is ... The collet head for the packer is an adapter that allows you to conveniently, quickly and ...

* The line of injection materials "Inject" has passed the "Expert Commission for Innovative Technologies and Technical Solutions" and is included in the Register No. 4/2013, and Register No. 1/2016 dated February 29, 2016 of innovative technologies and technical solutions used in construction at sites of the city order of the city of Moscow.

Replacing masonry

Restoration of external walls is possible using one of the technologies:

• counter drilling. At a certain distance, holes are drilled, placing them sequentially or staggered. If the wall is thick, it is best to drill from two sides, along one axis. After that, the holes are filled with creamy hydrophobic compounds;
• analysis of individual sections of the wall with subsequent restoration. This method involves financial costs. Its meaning is that the deformed area is dismantled, after which the restoration of the masonry begins with new bricks intended for restoration;
• saw technology. The brick surface is sawn horizontally, the cutting zones are stamped with materials with waterproofing properties, the gap areas are filled with a mineral-based suspension, which is intended to stabilize the statics of the brickwork. The repair method is considered effective, but it is quite expensive;
• strengthening the walls. Not a bad option for preserving the integrity of the load-bearing wall and restoring its load-bearing capacity. It is carried out using metal, composite, reinforced mortar or reinforced concrete clips.

Steel clip

This is a frame system made of reinforcing rods of large cross-section, iron corners, steel strips, on top of which a metal mesh is fixed. After that, the surface of the wall is plastered with cement-based or polymer-based mortars, and the second method is more effective, since the polymer-cement-based mortar mixture does not create an additional load on the structure and increases its bearing capacity by sixty percent.

Use of composite materials

Such repair of seams and other damaged areas of the brickwork of the facade ensures the strength of the walls for vertical compression, shear and shear along the cross-section. Carbon or fiberglass is used as a reinforcing material.

Reinforced concrete cage

Its components are metal reinforcement and concrete mortar. The main characteristic is considered to be an excellent strengthening ability, but at the same time there is a significant drawback - a large mass of the structure, which creates an additional loading effect on the foundation foundation.

The clips can be based on pilasters, meshes or reinforcing cages. On a brick wall, the material is fixed with anchors or pins, a mortar mixture is applied on top.

According to the installation methods and purpose, rigid belts are divided into several varieties:

• local;
• general;
• clip mounted around the entire perimeter;
• belt used when tearing off the corner;
• a clip installed at the break in the wall;
• a belt used when the inner wall leaves the front one.

When destroying brickwork, it is recommended to use a special brick stone for restoration work for repairs. It is made by firing, the material has a difference in the form of non-standard sizes.

Crack inspection

Depending on the stress state of the masonry, four stages of its work are distinguished.The first stage is a stressed state that does not create damage in the masonry; the second stage is the appearance of minor hairline cracks in individual bricks; the third stage - with an increase in the load, the cracks, merging with each other and with vertical seams, stratify the masonry into separate seams; fourth stage - destruction of masonry

In this regard, it is very important to establish the reasons for the appearance of cracks in the masonry already in the first two stages. Cracks are detected by visual inspection of surfaces, as well as selective removal of protective or finishing coatings from structures. It is necessary to determine the position, shape, direction of propagation along the length, width of the opening, depth, age, and also to establish whether their development continues or has stopped.

It is necessary to determine the position, shape, direction of propagation along the length, width of the opening, depth, age, and also establish whether their development continues or has stopped.

Visual inspection consists of examining cracks. Highly located cracks are viewed through binoculars. A clean fracture surface indicates a recent crack origin, a contaminated fracture surface indicates a long-term

Particular attention should be paid to identifying cracks that coincide with the seams of the brickwork, since they are quite difficult to detect

To determine the opening and depth of cracks, there are currently a number of instruments, of which the most convenient in the field is a set of probes, preferably of the needle type (or templates with applied strokes of the appropriate thickness), as well as more complex instruments - slot meters and crack meters (Fig. 2 ).

Rice. 2. Mechanical slot meter three-axis (a) and string (b)

Important indicators are the time of occurrence of cracks and external circumstances, which could be the reasons for the deformation of the building. The picture of wall damage becomes much more complicated when cracks occur from various reasons and at different times, therefore, for their analysis it is necessary to have materials on engineering and geological conditions, history of design, construction and operation of a building, on the location of underground networks.

The results of the inspection of cracks must be presented visually. Cracks are applied to the diagrams of facades, interior walls, wall sweeps.

For clarity, the diagram can be performed in perspective. The cracks are numbered, their length and dimensions (opening width, depth) are indicated, their beginning is noted at a given time, the places and numbers of the attached photographs are indicated. During long-term observations, deformation marks (beacons) are established in the place of the greatest development of the crack.

The lighthouse is a plate 200 ... 250 mm long, 40 ... 50 mm wide and 6 ... 10 mm high, imposed across the crack (Fig. 3). The preferred material of the lighthouse is gypsum or cement-sand mortar.

Rice. 3. Plaster beacon

As a beacon, two glass or metal plates are also used, each fixed at one end from different sides of the crack, or a lever system. The rupture of the lighthouse or the displacement of the plates in relation to each other indicates the development of deformations. In dry rooms, paper strip beacons can be installed.

The lighthouse is installed on the main wall material, after removing the plaster from its surface.

It is recommended to place the beacons also in the previously cut down line. In this case, the plaster is filled with gypsum or cement-sand mortar.

The location of the cracks is schematically applied to the wall sweep diagram, noting the numbers and date of installation of the lighthouses.

Inspection of lighthouses is carried out a week after their installation, and then at least once a month. In case of intense cracking, daily control is required. When observing the development of a crack along its length, the ends of the crack during each inspection are fixed with transverse strokes. The date of inspection is stamped next to each stroke.The observation log records the number and date of the installation of the lighthouse, the location and layout, the initial width of the crack, the change in the length and depth of the crack over time. In case of deformation of the lighthouse, a new one is installed next to it, which is assigned the same number, but with an index. Cracked lighthouses are not removed until the end of observations.

If within 30 days the change in the size of the cracks is not recorded, their development can be considered complete, the beacons can be removed and the cracks can be repaired.

When does the need arise?

Reinforcement of a brick stone wall by injection is performed in the following cases:

• to stop destructive processes;
• the emergence of the need to create a hydrophobic barrier on the line of moisture penetration through the pores of the building material and wall cracks;
• to fill the appeared luminal areas with a dense mass;
• in order to obtain the effect of reinforcement with hardened polymer components;
• to strengthen the insulating qualities of the foundation in grounded structures;
• form a bunch of diverging parts into one whole.

The injection method for the formation of additional water protection in the wall is used in the construction and repair of buildings and structures of various levels of complexity - subway lines, underground parking lots, sewer collectors, swimming pools, basements, etc.

The composition of the injected injection depends on the level of destruction of the building material and the structural differences of the object.

Repair and reinforcement of brick walls

Repair of brickwork of external walls using jointing

If the cause of the deformation of the masonry was the weathering of the seams to a great depth, then this deteriorates its thermal characteristics, and also reduces the bearing capacity. Such a defect can be eliminated by strengthening the seams with a cement mortar.

Before joining the walls, the seams are cleaned and thoroughly washed with water. Then they should be filled with a cement compound and smoothed out with a special tool.

Bulkheads with single cracks are restored by injecting a liquid composition (polymer cement or cement) into them.

When eliminating defects in the arched lintels, the load is initially removed from them, and then completely shifted.

Repair of ordinary and wedge-shaped lintels is created by strengthening the reinforced concrete or steel beams.

Repair of cracks in brick walls

After the building has finished shrinking, small flaws in the brickwork can be eliminated with concrete mortar, having prepared the wall in advance. If they are wide enough and in large quantities, then the re-laying of the damaged area is used.

Restoration of severely deformed sections of brickwork

The loss of the bearing capacity of some parts of the wall leads to the fact that it becomes necessary to replace them for the entire thickness of the outer brick wall. This method allows you to completely restore the previous appearance of the building and eliminate the defect as accurately as possible.

Progress:

• initially, you should create a temporary fastening of the upper section of the wall that cannot be replaced;
• then it is necessary to disassemble the damaged place, re-shift it. For this, brick and M100 mortar are used;
• masonry must be carried out with a full planting of bricks. The top between the old and new masonry is carefully sealed with a semi-rigid M100 cement mortar;
• when re-laying the walls, which will then be included in the joint work, it is allowed to use the wedging of the mixture using steel wedges;
• dismantling of temporary fastening is done after reaching 50% of the design strength of the new masonry.

Recommendations:

• before starting work on the re-laying of the walls, it is necessary to eliminate the causes of deformation;
• load-bearing brick walls, which do not need to change floors, are shifted with preliminary installation of multi-tiered temporary fasteners;
• temporarily created fasteners are removed a week after the completion of the last tier of masonry;
• before unloading the required section from the wall above it, unloading beams with punching and sealing of their furrows should be laid above it on both sides. The winding up of the latter begins from a weakened area. All this can be done with a pneumatic hammer. The vertical gaps between the masonry and the beam are poured with a plastic cement composition, and the gaps between the lower surface of the masonry and the top of the beam are treated with a hard and greasy cement solution.

Stiffness Belt

To reduce the sensitivity of the brickwork, builders introduce a special rigid belt (channel) into it, which subsequently takes on tensile forces and stops the development of deformation.

Types of rigid belts:

• local;
• arranged around the perimeter of the building;
• general;
• used when tearing off the corner of the structure;
• used when the outer wall is torn off from the inner one;
• used when breaking a building.

Actions to create a stiffening belt are performed in turn:

• first on one side;
• then from the opposite.

The main condition for arranging stiffening belts is the installation of tie bolts.

Elimination of a crack on the facade of a building video:

Brick Wall Reinforcement Guide

• Stages of deformation of brickwork
• Technique for strengthening brick surfaces
• Restoration of brick partitions
• Repair and restoration of brickwork
  • Recreation of a brick covering by jointing
  • Getting rid of cracks in brick floors
  • Restoration of highly worn areas
• Additional options
• Installation of reinforced concrete belts

Any building, regardless of whether it is residential or abandoned, is subject to gradual destruction. The walls, the foundation, the brick itself are deformed. The reason for such manifestations can be the mistakes of builders during the construction of the structure, improper operation of the building, low rates of design work. Timely elimination of such consequences will return the building to its previous appearance and extend its life. Strengthening brick walls can help in such a situation.

Deformation of a brick wall requires reinforcement. With the help of masonry reinforcement, the load-bearing capacity of the wall can be fully restored.

And why is the integrity of the brickwork violated? This can be influenced by:

1. The heterogeneity of the soil composition under the building.
2. Increased load on the foundation and load-bearing elements.
3. Lack of expansion joints between parts of the structure.
4. Uneven loading on the subgrade.
5. Subsidence of the foundation.

How to repair brickwork yourself?

First, you need a special set of tools and solutions, namely:

• perforator
• drill;
• hammer;
• chisel;
• jointing;
• Master OK;
• metal brush;
• building dye, additive;
• cement mortar.

Phased restoration of brick walls

To observe the expansion of cracks in brick walls, gypsum (a) and plate (b) beacons are used.

Only when you have firmly strengthened and fixed the wall, you can proceed directly to the repair, that is, to the restoration. With a drill with a special nozzle, cut the bricks to be removed and all their adjacent seams. With a hammer and a chisel, knock down the joints around the perimeter of the damaged brick, break its fragments and remove them. At the same time, try not to damage whole bricks nearby. Restoration of brickwork at this stage requires the preservation of their integrity

These bricks should be carefully cleaned of the old mortar by pre-moistening with water from a hose or using a damp sponge.

Prepare the mortar by adding a bonding agent. Dye can also be added here, if necessary. Apply the mortar on all sides of the gaps from the removed bricks. The solution layer must be at least 2 cm.Next, soak the bricks in water, grease with a solution on all contact sides and insert in place of the removed ones. For the correct installation of the bricks, you need to tap on each trowel handle, then they will lie smoother, without distortions. During work, fill in the joints, form the seams with jointing, do not forget to wipe off the drips. After completing the repair work, remove the supports and other reinforcements.

As practice shows, restoration in the construction sector (especially detailed restoration) is one of the most urgent today.

Types of brickwork restoration

There are several ways to repair a brick wall. The technology is selected depending on the causes and degree of deformation. However, before proceeding with the main stages of work, it is necessary to prepare the structure. The restoration is carried out as follows:

1. Thoroughly clean the masonry from dust and dirt.
2. Rinse off the remaining plaster with a strong pressure of water.
3. Dry the wall by spraying it with heat from a cannon or hair dryer.
4. If there are cracks, it is necessary to remove any detachments or mortar that does not adhere well.

Construction injection

Causing is used to restore silicate brick with your own hands if large cracks and cavities are observed. To eliminate them, in accordance with this method, use:

• epoxies;
• polyurethane;
• minerals.

This method is one of the most effective of all. Injection is carried out according to the following algorithm:

1. Wall treatment with a special solution that does not allow moisture to pass through.
2. Crack plugging.
3. Installation of parkers in the cavity.
4. Administration of solutions for injection under pressure. In order for the mixture to penetrate into the smallest cracks, you can add fine sand to it.

Masonry ablation

When performing this technique, it is assumed that the wall will be completed with the missing elements. This method helps to freshen up the appearance of the brick structure. Such restoration technology is rather laborious, since it requires exclusively manual work and processing of a limited area. Masonry removal is carried out in stages:

1. Shredding and cleaning of old material.
2. Flushing with water the place of contact of obsolete masonry with new fragments.
3. Installation of new material on the mortar, observing the dimensions of the seams, the order of laying out and dressing with old fragments.
4. Cleansing newly installed material from solution drips.

Strengthening structures

The structure can be updated by improving the strength characteristics. The technique is used if it is necessary to restore a fragment that is located in the area where the foundation has subsided. For strengthening, it is necessary to install piles under the base of the wall. This process is laborious, it requires strict adherence to the rules and stage-by-stage performance of work:

1. Expose part of the foundation in the place where it subsided.
2. Go deeper under the foundation and install the formwork and reinforced frame.
3. Lay out the bottom with 5-10 cm gravel.
4. Pour with concrete and allow to dry.
5. Repeat the procedure after 1-1.5 m.

Masonry jointing

When using a low-quality solution during long-term operation, it may be necessary to restore the joints. The procedure consists in joining the inter-brick space in order to further fill it with a new mixture. Algorithm of work:

1. Expand the seams as deep as possible using a chisel.
2. Remove dust and dirt.
3. Introduce a solution with a sticky mass into the cavity.
4. If damaged fragments are found, they must be replaced.

Other restoration methods

You can restore a brick wall by removing moisture from the pores in the material and minimizing salt deposits. This can be done using special solutions. They are applied to the surface of a brick structure and, penetrating into its structure, remove sulfates to the outside. After the material has dried, it must be cleaned off with a spatula.

Reasons for the destruction of brick walls

The structural integrity of brick walls is violated for several reasons, the main of which is the general draft of the building. A year or two after the completion of construction, the building will still shrink and the restoration of the wall will be required in any case. The pressure of the masonry on the foundation causes the inevitable deformation of the latter, which leads to a defect in the basement. And then the crack goes along the entire height of the brick walls. The influence of atmospheric precipitation can also be added here. In addition to cracks, wall deflection can occur. This happens due to the strong pressure of the vaults and ceilings. In this case, you should find out the cause of the deformation, and only then decide whether to restore the wall or demolish it, building a new object, taking into account all the errors. Let's talk in more detail about the restoration of old brick walls. First of all, it is necessary to assess the quality of the masonry, make a visual inspection of the joints, and determine the condition of the bricks and masonry composition. In other words, it is calibrated.

Installation of reinforced concrete belts

Strengthening the surface with a reinforced concrete cage is carried out by fixing it around the entire perimeter - in this way, a reinforcing mesh is formed.

This method of rebuilding brick walls is characterized by significant cost savings. It is carried out in a short time, however, when it is erected, the pressure of the mass on the base increases noticeably.

When using a reinforced concrete structure, it is important to take into account technical indications such as:

The reinforced concrete cage is fastened with clamps to the brick wall along the entire perimeter, forming a reinforcing mesh.

1. The clip is 4-12 cm thick.
2. Fine-grained concrete mortar not lower than class 10.
3. Longitudinal fittings А240-А400 / AI, AII, AIII class.
4. Transverse armature A240 / AI class, distance not more than 15 cm.

Reinforcement of the surface with a reinforced concrete layer is associated with the fastening of the reinforcing mesh along the entire base, it should be fixed with special latches. To restore the integrity of the wall, a kind of shell with a very strong coating is organized. The result of its impact is determined by the state of the masonry itself, the strength of the concrete coating, the percentage of surface reinforcement. This design is able to take on a small proportion of the load, thereby facilitating the laying.

Small interlayers of the clip are fixed to the surface, after which the base is plastering. High layers are organized using formwork, reinforced along the entire height.

The installation of a composite clip is also used.

The steel structure compresses the masonry on both sides, thereby increasing the level of its resistance.

The use of composite raw materials gives the best results for strengthening the brick surface. The raw materials are based on strong fibers, fiberglass materials are used. They increase the compressive and shear strength of structures. The prepared brick is treated with mortar and then primed. Then metal frames are attached and temporary fasteners are removed, the walls are painted and plastered.

If the walls are reinforced with steel structures, then the steel frame is a metal device that significantly increases the main purpose of the surfaces.

To erect such a structure, reinforcement rods d up to 12 mm or steel clamps are used, they are welded to the corners. They are placed in the solution at the corner points to strengthen the area. Such elements are located at a distance of 500 mm. Steel corners are covered from above with a metal mesh. For large volumes of work, a mortar pump is used.

You can strengthen the brick when the case is brought to its logical conclusion, which will cause renewal of damage. It is necessary to carry out reconstruction in a timely manner, which will prevent the walls from collapsing.The considered methods of strengthening brick surfaces make it possible to increase the stability indicators of the device to loads, deformations and factors of seismological significance.

How to understand when it is time to repair?

Repair of the front surface of external brick walls begins immediately after damage is detected and the root causes are eliminated

Before work, it is important to determine the condition of the masonry and seams, the degree of surface destruction. Damage to the cladding is formed in several stages:

• Under the negative influence of weather and mechanical factors, tension appears in the masonry, imperceptible to an unprofessional look, but there are no obvious signs of destruction yet.
• On the brick blocks, small cracks appear in separate places, which are called "hairline".
• The cracks spread over a large area, uniting into one large one, while the vertical part of the seams is captured, due to which the masonry is damaged and crumbles more.
• If the destruction is not eliminated at the previous stages, damage to the brickwork and the facing layer begins.

What mixes should I use?

The technology of injection of cracks in masonry is based on the use of one of five special mixtures, differing in the methods of application, performance and functionality.

Microcement composition is often used when performing injection. Such mixtures are based on granules of finely ground cement clinker. The mass fills all the microscopic voids in the walls, hardening, forms a substance that, in terms of its operating parameters, resembles the characteristics of monolithic concrete. The advantage of such compositions is considered to be environmental safety, due to the absence of toxic components, the ease of drawing up a mortar mixture, and an acceptable cost. It should be noted that cement-based mixtures perfectly combine with resins based on polymer or silicate components. This feature makes it possible to use them for the repair of the lower masonry rows, which is a rather complicated procedure. There is one significant drawback - the solution hardens for a long time, sometimes up to four hours.

The second group of water-repellent compounds is represented by polyurethane resins, which include hydroactive polyurethane. The effectiveness of eliminating leaks is explained by the ability of the material to foam immediately upon first contact with water, forming a spongy structure. According to the degree of intensity of resins to form foam, they are divided into two groups. The first is represented by one-component mixtures that can increase in volume up to fifty times. The second group of resins on a two-component basis is used to create an elastic filling with a low percentage of foam formation, but a high stiffness index. Such resins are slightly inferior to the compositions of the first group in terms of the volume of the formed foam, they can increase in volumes up to twenty times. Polyurethane mixtures create high adhesion with many building materials, they are inherent in the ability to adjust the intensity and speed of polymerization. The mixtures are resistant to the effects of the chemical environment, from the point of view of environmental safety, they do not bring harm to the human body. In addition to all the advantages, the materials do not shrink and are resistant to vibration. No significant drawbacks were found for these compositions. The materials do an excellent job with the functions assigned to them.

Brick walls are injected with epoxy resins - two-component compositions with a low viscosity index. There is no solvent in the material, the composition polymerizes in twenty-four hours. It is used to repair facade seams, seal cracks, strengthen masonry rows and restore integrity to walls. The advantage of resins is good adhesion, no shrinkage and solid mechanical strength.Unfortunately, such compositions are quite expensive and take a long time to polymerize.

Methyl acrylate gel is a mixture that increases in volume during the solidification process. It is used to restore brick stone walls and improve their waterproofing protection. With the help of acrylic injection, it is possible to renew or level the masonry if its destruction is in its initial stage. The mixture adheres well to other materials, resists the effects of acidic environments, works on wet surfaces, has excellent fluidity and an affordable price. Its downside is that its use is possible only at the initial stages of destructive processes.

The fifth group of materials is silicate two-component resins based on water glass. The product perfectly resists deformation manifestations, the effects of alkalis, acids and salt compounds. With the help of such injection, a partial repair of the walls is carried out without their preliminary dismantling. The material is inexpensive, hardens quickly, does not shrink. No significant drawbacks were noted, but there is one feature: the cracks are first filled with liquid glass, after which calcium chloride is supplied.