Drawing up a project or diagram
Even skilled, experienced stove-makers work according to diagrams and drawings. And it is simply necessary for beginners to use them for the construction of a brick fireplace. The order is irreplaceable when laying the main part and is calculated before the start of all work.
Having decided with the dimensions of the fireplace for the room, you can take an interest in the photo of the options for the execution of the external part in the catalogs and use the ready-made schemes for the ordering of fireplaces. But in any case, for successful construction, they need to be carefully studied and sketched for their own concept on an ordinary piece of paper.
For fruitful work, you need a view of the fireplace from the front and from two sides, or one if they are the same. It would be nice to make a vertical section of the structure on paper indicating the heights of all important horizontal layers: ash pan, cornice, grate, bottom and top of the furnace section, smoke collection chamber, tooth, installation location of the slide gate and others.
Fireplace construction and installation
Choosing the type of fireplace and its location in the house
Fireplaces can be classified according to many parameters.
They are distinguished by the materials that were used in their construction:
- made of metal (usually manufactured);
- from concrete;
- from natural stone (buta);
- from brickwork.
Having chosen a brick fireplace project, you need to decide on the following issues:
-
What type do you want to fold:
- closed (built into the wall, even during the construction of the house itself);
- half-open (attached to the wall);
- do-it-yourself brick corner fireplace;
- island (standing separately).
Fireplace types
- Determine a place for him.
- Calculate the required amount of building material for its construction.
The device and size of the hearth
Structurally similar fireplaces, whose example is shown in the photo, are similar to traditional "brothers" of the wall type. The hearth consists of an open firebox without an ash chamber, a cone-shaped smoke collector with a chimney tooth and a straight chimney. The difference is in the triangular cross-sectional shape, which complicates the construction process.
The principle of operation of a triangular fireplace remains the same: firewood is burned on the bottom of an open firebox, combustion products are removed through the chimney shown in the diagram below. A part of the heat is retained by the chimney tooth (in general, about 20%), the rest goes away with the smoke due to the natural draft arising in the vertical channel.
In order for the hearth to properly serve as a source of heat, it is necessary to select the size of the structure for the volume of the room and take into account a number of points:
The size of the furnace opening is determined as 1/50 of the area of the room (usually the fireplace is located in the living room). The height of the portal is made approximately twice the maximum depth of the fuel chamber.
With low draft, smoke will enter the room, and excess will lead to increased heat loss, especially when the fireplace is not on
Therefore, the optimal section of the chimney is taken at the rate of 1/9 of the area of the furnace niche.
For the normal operation of the fireplace stove, it is important to organize the flow of air into the living room, otherwise the draft in the chimney will deteriorate.
Burning firewood often "shoot" heat particles through the front opening. To avoid a fire, a pre-furnace sheet of metal is laid on the floor in front of the hearth.
If the structure is adjacent to the walls of a wooden house, then the combustible surfaces must be protected with roofing galvanized.
To simplify your calculations, a table will help, where the dimensions of the portal and the cross-section of the chimney duct of corner fireplaces are indicated, depending on the size and volume of the room.
We propose to consider the construction of a brick hearth in a private house or in a country house using the example of the classic Annushka fireplace shown in the photo.The project is designed to heat a living room with an area of 18–20 m² with standard ceilings, the section of the furnace opening is 70 x 50 cm (width x height).
Often, a simplified method of building a brick hearth using a cast-iron fireplace insert is implemented in residential buildings. How this is done is described in detail in the video:
Design features
When they first hear about fireplace stoves, the owners of country houses often shrug their shoulders: why spend efforts on building a heating device of such a design, if you can build one of the well-proven stoves such as Dutch, Swedes, hoods (bell-type stove), etc. the fact that they do not know the peculiarities of the work of fireplace stoves, and after all, when developing them, they combined all the best from two completely different heating devices.
Combining a stove with a fireplace allows you not only to heat the room with high quality, but also to make its interior unforgettable
The main advantage can be considered that two modes of operation of a double heat generator can be used to heat the room.
Fireplace mode
In this case, the smoke from the hearth through a special smoke collector will be directed into the gas duct located on the back wall of the heater and then directly into the chimney. The construction of an almost straight channel allows you to avoid a decrease in draft, so the intensity of firewood burning will be maximum.
Using a heating unit as a fireplace is very convenient for irregular fireboxes, for example, in a country house or in country houses, where in winter they visit only on weekends. In this case, the temperature in the room will become comfortable literally within one hour.
Stove advantages
The combustion products do not "fly out into the chimney", as is the case with a fireplace, but are redirected to additional channels located on the sides of the heater, where they give off all the heat to the walls of the structure. The duration of combustion of the same amount of fuel during furnace combustion is significantly increased, since the operation of the unit most often occurs at the smoldering border. This is achieved by adjusting the air flow through the blower. Due to the expansion of the furnace massif, it has improved heat storage properties and allows even after complete combustion of the fuel to give off the accumulated heat for a long time.
If an irregular operating mode is expected, then most often the heat generator is operated according to the following scheme:
- When firing up, a vertical channel is opened, which translates the unit into fireplace mode.
- After the room temperature rises to a comfortable level, close the vertical duct valve and close the blower door to maximize the burning time.
As you can see, the fireplace stove is a successful symbiosis of several heating devices. However, this is not the end of its merits.
The use of a fireplace cassette increases the hygiene of the structure and facilitates the construction of the heater
Heating devices can be performed both with an open and closed fireplace insert. In the latter case, a heat-resistant glass door or a special cast-iron cassette (insert) is used. Limiting the amount of incoming air allows you to increase the operating time of the fireplace and increase its efficiency.
We start with the foundation
The main rule when building a fireplace: the foundation must be made reliable. This means that they are erecting it separately from the building, otherwise uneven shrinkage will lead to cracks in the fireplace walls. There will be a threat to safety, because the combustion part and the chimney canal may be damaged.
When the structure is placed next to the load-bearing wall, a sand layer is spilled between the foundations of the house and the fireplace. The upper level of the foundation is compared to the floor.
The deepening into the ground is not made too deep.If the soil is mobile, a sand and gravel layer should be made at least 50 cm thick. It will play the role of a compensator during capillary rise of groundwater. This is a kind of waterproofing of the base and fireplace walls.
For pouring, take concrete M150. Reinforcement is mandatory. The formwork will turn out to be strong if it is made of boards or plywood, fastened with self-tapping screws. In terms of parameters, the foundation should be larger than the structure itself, at least 0.1 m on each side. On the drawing of the fireplace, the required parameters of the foundation are usually indicated.
Roofing material must be laid on top of the concrete, which will not allow moisture to be drawn from the soil. After that, you can do the markup and start laying, strictly adhering to the scheme.
What can the finished ordering scheme look like?
For a small living room, it is better to choose a brick masonry project for a corner fireplace, this approach will save the available space.
Often, such fireplaces are installed in bedrooms, which allows them to be well heated in the cold season.
For laying a corner fireplace, red ceramic and refractory bricks are used. It is customary to lay out the outer walls of the furnace structure from ceramic products, and the furnace from refractory material.
Usually fireplaces with parameters meter by meter are built from 200 pieces. red ceramic bricks and 100 pcs. refractory.
The simplest ordering of the fireplace, which can be used by a stove-maker starting to lay fireplaces, is shown in the figure.
To equip such a fireplace, you will need a minimum amount of material, but, despite this, a room fireplace laid out according to the above scheme will be able to provide heating for a sufficiently large room, 30 - 35 m2.
The design parameters are 650 x 1150 mm, 250 pcs are enough for the project. ceramic bricks and hundreds of refractory.
In order to prepare a mixture for laying a simple fireplace, you will need to stock up on 40 kg of oven clay, 150 - 200 kg of sand and some cement.
It is necessary to purchase a metal corner for the construction of a firebox and a pipe damper in advance.
If you have to provide fireplace heating for a living room with a large area, then the best solution may be an English-style fireplace.
To lay out such a solid structure, a stove-maker must not only know how to lay fireplaces, but also have experience.
1. fireplace portal (front wall); 2. air circulation chamber (smoke collector); 3. hearth of a fireplace; 4. protective platform; 5. refractory lining of the hearth; 6. red solid brick; 7 firebox jibs; 8. hole for cleaning; 9. gate (damper); 10. chimney; 11. metal framing corners.
For the construction of a structure with a direct chimney, about 300 pieces will have to be purchased. bricks for the formation of external walls and 130 pcs. refractory products for the construction of a furnace, four bags of quarry sand (50 kg each), two bags of furnace clay (20 kg each), one bag of M200 or 300 cement for preparing a mortar mixture.
One of the important steps in designing a fireplace is the choice of location. This procedure is carried out taking into account the location of the rafters and other elements of the attic floor.
The location of the chimney must pass a considerable distance from them, which is very important to ensure the required fire safety class. In addition, if the laying of the fireplace with your own hands is done in a multi-storey country house, then you need to make sure that the chimney does not go out into the window or doorway on any floor
In addition, if the laying of the fireplace with your own hands is done in a multi-storey country house, then you need to make sure that the chimney does not go out into the window or doorway on any floor.
Device and principle of operation
The fireplace stove is installed on a foundation slab equipped with a drainage pad made of sand and gravel. The structure has two combustion chambers.The one that forms the working area of the fireplace has an increased height and can be equipped with a glass door. Often it has a curved shape - thus it is possible to increase the area of the reflective surface.
Gas flow diagram inside a combined type heater
Under the firebox it is made both in the shape of a rectangle and a trapezoid. In the latter case, it tapers towards the back wall, which is oblique, with a small sill - a chimney tooth or a gas sill. Its purpose is to keep carbon deposits that settle on the walls of the chimney. There is a smoke collector above the firebox, which goes into a straight gas channel.
The furnace has a reduced size and bottom air blowing. Depending on the configuration of the heater, the vault of the firebox is equipped with a hob or covered with brickwork. The combustion products from the furnace rise into vertical channels, equipped in accordance with the schemes of Dutch or Swedish stoves.
The internal structure of the fireplace stove
In order to prevent the ingress of combustion products into the room, the smoke channels of both devices are equipped with valves, which are closed as necessary. In addition, the chimney is equipped with an additional damper that prevents heat leakage after the fuel has completely burned out.
Fireplace mortar
Laying out the fireplace is not easy, it is important to use high-quality mixtures and properly dilute the consistency. The easiest way is to purchase ready-made mixtures, as a rule, they are sold in bags of 20-30 kg
They are better because they are already packaged according to the classification and norms.
By the way, in addition to the composition, pay attention to the technical parameters, that is, to the level of heat resistance. After all, remember that fireplaces, in principle, are used more often, so the firebox must have excellent thermal performance.
You can make a solution with your own hands, but this will require sand, best washed, clean, sifted with a diameter of 0.2-1.8 mm
It is also better to use only greasy clay. It is difficult to pick up the consistency, with a sufficiently strong excess of the clay mixture, it will crack or leak. But, on the contrary, when there is not enough clay, there will be no strength.
Masonry mortar
Clay should be selected better than pure, in which the minimum content of impurities. The best option is considered to be the so-called blue clay, but you can also use the classic red one. Remember that the proportions must match the following: 1/1 or 1/3.
However, the exact ratio is selected directly on the spot, you can tell by eye. For control, you can use the folk method, so a 5 cm mortar is placed on the brick. We put another brick on top. The principle is, if after five minutes, having taken the upper brick, the lower one does not fall off, then the solution is suitable.
Remember that construction will tolerate an excess of clay, but its lack will definitely affect the strength characteristics of the structure. But, of course, for simple construction, you don't need to bother with this so much, it is better to buy a ready-made mixture.
Do-it-yourself fireplace masonry
Very close attention should be paid to the layout of the first row of bricks, which, as a rule, are laid without the use of mortar. It is required to check the level of the level of the rows, the rectangularity of the turns and check the order
In the future, before laying the brick on the mortar, lay it out on dry in order to determine the compliance with the ordering scheme. Laying a brick with your own hands is very exciting and soon a novice master easily copes with it.
It is recommended to take a photo of the intermediate processes, so that in the future, if necessary, it is easy to restore the sequence of works in memory.
To prevent the brick from absorbing all the moisture from the solution, it should be soaked in water for 20 minutes to gain moisture.
The first row of bricks takes the master to the floor level. It can be placed in a quarter of a brick or in half. And the next rows are laid only flat. The entire part of the fireplace above the floor before the start of the firebox should be 30 cm or higher in height.
Further, the installation of an ash pan and a blower door is provided. The ash pan is sometimes made in the form of a drawer. The door is bought at a hardware store or cooked on its own from thick metal.
The fireplace is laid in accordance with a previously developed plan. The brickwork of the combustion chamber is carried out to a height that is adopted according to the project, and the height of the smoke collection chamber is usually five to six rows. The door in the furnace may be absent or be made of heat-resistant glass, which allows observing the flame tongues. It prevents sparks from scattering.
If the smoke passes through a brick chimney, then after each row of masonry, the protruding solution is cleaned with your own hands. grouting and smoothing joints. Any irregularities in the walls of the interior masonry reduce traction and contribute to the smoke of the room.
Having laid out the fireplace with their own hands, each owner can gather a circle of friends around this warm hearth or relax after work.
DIY fireplace construction options