Standards, GOST, PUE

Dignity

• The main advantage of point lighting is the uniform, diffused and soft luminous flux that the devices emit.
• The variety of shapes, sizes and colors of spotlights on the lighting market allows them to perfectly fit into any interior style.

Types of spotlights

• The compact design and beautiful appearance make it possible to decorate the room with style and elegance. Elegant lamps with crystal inserts will add luxury and uniqueness to the design. Whichever spotlight you choose, any lamp will wonderfully fit into your kitchen interior.
• Convenience and functionality are important when choosing any lighting fixture. Swivel and ceiling-wall designs of lamps help to visually expand the kitchen space, raise the low ceiling, and zone the kitchen-studio.
• Spotlights remain popular despite their high cost. With their small size, they deliver maximum luminous flux with low power consumption, which makes them quite economical. In addition, spot lighting can be used in parts, allowing you to illuminate only the desired part of the room.

Features of kitchen spot lighting

This type of lighting looks great in interiors that are implemented in the style of minimalism, loft, and hi-tech. However, such elements can harmoniously complement the basic chandeliers.

The layouts of point-type luminaires are different: for all areas of the ceiling, in the form of a circle, in 2 lines, or in a checkerboard pattern.

When creating lighting in the interior of the kitchen, one should take into account its compatibility with furniture, ceiling and floor coverings.

For compact rooms, it is better to choose light shades of walls and curtains, which will allow you to increase the area of ​​space when the rays of light are reflected. Glossy stretch canvases make the lighting more intense.

Requirements for lighting industrial premises

Normative acts contain the following basic requirements for industrial lighting:

• the illumination of the premises is evenly distributed;
• the illumination standards for a specific type of work are observed;
• the functioning of light sources is stable;
• general coverage of work areas is more intense than local coverage;
• corridors and production areas where work is not in progress are illuminated by more than 25% of the general light standards and not less than 100 lux;
• there are no harsh shadows from the lamps;
• luminous elements of local sources are not in the field of view of employees;
• local luminaires are equipped with opaque reflectors.

Particular importance is attached to life safety when using light devices:

• the use of incandescent lamps with a power of 100 W or more is prohibited;
• the color temperature of the luminaires is allowed in the range from 2400 ° K to 6800 ° K;
• ultraviolet waves with a length of 320–400 nm cannot be more intense than 0.03 W / m², the presence of ultraviolet radiation with a wavelength of less than 320 nm is prohibited.

Backlight types

There are several types of lighting in the kitchen:

natural. It is believed that natural light is optimal for the human visual system. It is created using side window openings. Natural light is the light that the sun gives, whether behind clouds or without darkening in the morning and afternoon;

Daylight

Artificial lighting

artificial. In the evening and at night, artificial lighting is necessary for the kitchen. This is a controlled lighting that is adjusted by a person depending on his needs.

The second type of backlighting is formed by installing various kinds of lighting devices in the room. To illuminate the kitchen, when the norm for this parameter is fulfilled in accordance with SNiP, you can use lamps:

ceiling type. As a rule, there is a chandelier that is placed above the dining table;

• wall type. These lighting fixtures are often used to illuminate a niche. Often, for such purposes, LED strips are used, which are attached on top of a niche formed by a kitchen set. Also, surface-mounted or recessed luminaires can be used here, which are mounted in or on the surface of hanging cabinets;
• decorative illumination of floor cabinets and pedestals. It is purely aesthetic and is used to illuminate a room at night.

All lighting fixtures that will be installed in the kitchen must create such lighting so that it is as close as possible to the level that natural lighting in the kitchen gives. Actually, the norms for SNiP reflect this.

Basic rules for placing spotlights

To create the main lighting in the kitchen, spotlights must be mounted at a distance of 30-40 cm, retreating from the corner of the wall 20 cm. One spotlight can illuminate up to 2 square meters. meters of the room, or it is recommended to use 20 W lamps for each 1 sq. ceiling meter. If spot lighting is combined with other light sources, then the number of spotlights should be reduced.
The most versatile option for the location of spotlights is to place them above the working area or around the perimeter of the room, the central place in the kitchen is given to a chandelier or ceiling lamps, which are mounted above the dining table or bar.

Option for placing spot lighting above the bar

Well-positioned spot lighting will change the kitchen space by filling it with soft and diffused light.
In small rooms, it is recommended to install only rotary spotlights, the lighting of which is directed to the ceiling. A chandelier in such a room is not used at all.
Spotlights look especially interesting on two-level ceilings, where they play the role of decoration and highlighting the levels of the structure. For this, built-in lighting devices are used.

Organization of spot lighting is not only beautiful and stylish, but also cost-effective and convenient. Competent spot lighting will allow you to get a good luminous flux, zone and visually change the space. Spotlights can be installed not only on the ceiling, but also built into kitchen cabinets. In addition, such devices are perfectly combined with other light sources. Spotlights with LED lamps will bring a special economic effect.

About the location of outlets and switches

To feel comfortable, it is worthwhile to correctly position the sockets and switches. The number of outlets is selected taking into account the location of the existing equipment. Therefore, it is of great importance to draw up a kitchen plan with the placement of furniture and electrical appliances.

In this case, it is worth considering the following features:

1. Each kitchen has a refrigerator. The outlet should be located behind it. The rated current is 6 amperes.
2. If you have an electric stove, you will need a 25 amp socket. It should be placed behind or under the slab. If you have a gas stove with ignition, you will need a 6 amp socket.
3. If you have an electric oven, you will need a 16-25 amp socket. The specific parameters depend on the power. The socket should be placed under the kitchen furniture.
4. The microwave requires a 6-20 amp socket. It depends on the power of the device. The location is selected taking into account the placement of the microwave. However, this is most often done under kitchen furniture. The same applies to the dishwasher.
5. If a washing machine is planned to be installed in the kitchen, the outlet is placed behind it. The current is 10-16 amps.
6. One of the most difficult issues is the localization of the hood outlet. It is best to place it under the ceiling. It is allowed to do this a little higher than the headset or behind the ventilation. The current should be 6 amps.
7. In the working area, sockets are made for connecting temporary devices - a combine, a mixer, a meat grinder. 2-3 sockets can be placed on the apron. It is best to choose a current of 10 amperes.

The placement of the switches is also important. It is worth determining the number of lamps and the type of lighting:

1. First of all, you should focus on general lighting. To do this, use a chandelier with many lamps, ceiling lighting. It is also permissible to use sconces on the walls. Conventional or point instruments are often used. Such lighting is often turned on with a switch at the entrance. If there is little natural light, use a two-button switch. This will help to include not all general lighting during the day, but part of it.
2. The room should have local lighting. It illuminates the work area. Directional or spotlights are suitable for this. Sometimes a wall lamp is used. The switch should be placed outside the working area. It is often placed on an apron or directly on furniture. Rope switches are often used.
3. Zone lighting is used to visually highlight the dining area. Table, ceiling or floor lamps are suitable for this. Switches are usually located in a dedicated area. To do this, use conventional switches that are attached to the wall. Luminaires are also suitable.
4. If there are design elements, decorative lighting is used. It is not worth using separate switches for it. Typically, these luminaires are turned on at the same time as the main lighting.

Do-it-yourself wiring rules

Lighting can only be installed in a glazed balcony. Open - there is a high risk of moisture getting into sockets, switches or lamps. True, if the balcony is not glazed, lighting can be installed, but you need to protect the electrical wiring from water, and use street lamps with closed shades as lighting fixtures. Before laying the wiring into the loggia, you need to see which wires are used in the apartment: aluminum or copper. In the house, all wiring must be of the same type, otherwise the connection of different wires will lead to a short circuit.

Internal or external electrical wiring can be installed on the balcony. To install hidden wiring in the wall, you need to make special channels - strobes. In the future, all the wires are hidden behind the plaster. For external wiring, you need to buy plastic cases in which the electrical wires will be hidden.

All work on the installation of lighting is done with the electricity turned off on the dashboard. The wires to the balcony are pulled from the nearest outlet. It is taken apart to get to the main electrical cable. A wire is connected to it and taken out through a hole in the wall to the balcony. This power cable is pulled into a junction box, and from there wires are scattered to sockets and switches for luminaires.

Dining table lighting - 6 popular options

The electrical appliances for the dining area are selected based on the placement of the table.

1. If the dining table stands against the wall, then the lighting of the sconce in a small kitchen at the level of 1.2 meters from the countertop will suit it. The ideal option here is a transforming bracket, with which you can adjust the height of the sconce.

2. The center table is best illuminated with a pendant lamp. Lampshade can be slotted for casting shadows. The pendant lamp structure must be movable. Raising the lampshade upwards, you can create an atmosphere of solemnity, and by bringing it closer to the table, add intimacy.

3. One pendant lamp is enough for a small table. A huge table needs at least two or three lighting fixtures.
4. A group of luminaires placed in a row or at an arbitrary distance from each other will add a bold accent to the dining area.
5. You can also additionally place a plasterboard structure of spotlights above the tabletop. This will add light and comfort to the room.
6. There is also a bus system of lamps, which involves the movement of the dining table.

Unusual lamps always look original, which you can make with your own hands

Luminaire arrangement

The light in the interior of the kitchen-living room should be uniform and fill the entire area of ​​the room, leaving no dark corners. There should be no shadow in the working and dining area. The lamps in the kitchen-living room are positioned so that the light does not create glare and does not irritate the eyes. To do this, you should correctly choose lamps with a power that provides a moderate luminous flux.

It should be borne in mind that if there are many light sources in the room, then they should have low power, not dazzle and at the same time not be too dim.

In the photo, the design of the kitchen-living room, complemented by spot lighting and decorative LED lighting.

A certain lighting solution can contribute to the visual correction of the shape and size of the room. For example, in order to lengthen a room, it is appropriate to arrange several lamps in the longitudinal direction. Due to the transverse placement of the lamps, it will be possible to give the kitchen-living room proportional square outlines. In a narrow room, due to the illumination of the far wall, the space will visually become much larger.

The photo shows an example of the placement of lamps in the interior of the kitchen-living room.

Lamps, lined up in a straight line, raise the ceiling plane and endow the kitchen-living room atmosphere with weightlessness. In order to smooth the vertical and horizontal geometry of the room, luminaires with reflectors are installed.

A completely different effect, concealing the height of the room, can be achieved by using ceiling lamps with light rays falling on the walls. The organization of perimeter ceiling lamps will make the shape of the room more expressive and visually expand the space.

The photo shows the light design of the combined kitchen-living room, made in the style of French Provence.

Kitchen lighting options

For comfortable homework, it is necessary to provide good lighting for the table and gas stove. The choice of placement of spotlights on the ceiling depends on the material from which it is made:

1. Traditional (whitewashed) ceilings do not imply design delights, since they do not have technical equipment. For such a surface, the installation of a standard chandelier or lamp is suitable.
2. High temperature resistant gypsum plasterboard ceilings can be equipped with any kind of lighting fixture.
3. Stretch ceilings are equipped with LED lamps that do not have a high degree of heating.
4. Rack ceilings, as well as plasterboard, are equipped with any lighting fixtures.

Dinner Zone

The most popular is the large pendant lamp, which is located above the central part of the table top. An ideal option would be the ability to adjust the length of the suspension of the plafond. The optimal distance from the light bulb to the table is 1.5 meters

It is important that the light does not hit the eyes of those sitting at the table, therefore, models with translucent shades should be preferred. If the dining table is located next to a wall, local kitchen lighting can be used.

Backlight options:

• spots or sconces;
• floor lamp on a curved tripod;
• a table lamp with a diffusing shade;
• wall-mounted spotlight.

The contour illumination of the glass table with LED strip looks spectacular.

Working space

For illumination of the stove, the best option are lamps built into the hood of the hood. They are only effective when combined with general lighting. It is not recommended to use only local illumination during cooking. Luminaires built into the tops of the cabinets not only add light to the kitchen, but also make it more spacious.

You can illuminate the work surface (sink, table) in different ways, but the most effective are LED lamps, which are mounted in the lower part of the wall cabinets. These can be either standard point elements or LED strips. It should be borne in mind that replacing a light bulb in a spotlight is much easier than assembling and reinstalling a tape.

The power of the elements must be thought out in advance. In most cases, the LED illumination of the working surface is not the main one and is used as an additional element. The general background of the entire working surface can be provided with illumination from floodlight devices that are placed on the ceiling.

General illumination

Provides lighting for the entire kitchen space. This can be a chandelier installed in the center, recessed or surface-mounted lamps on the ceiling, evenly distributed throughout the kitchen. The points of light must be distributed evenly, one per 1 square meter is enough.

The standard version with a ceiling chandelier can be successfully used in any kitchen layout. Located in the center, it allows high-quality illumination of all points of the room. Light from the center equally spreads throughout the space.

Spot lighting involves the use of a large number of miniature devices that are mounted inside the ceiling. Such a system has a significant plus - the lamps do not hang over your head and do not create inconvenience even in low rooms.

4 secrets of illuminating the working area in the kitchen

The illumination of this zone can already be built into the furniture set, but the price of the order also rises accordingly. Therefore, it is better to deal with lighting separately in order to save money.

Best of all, fluorescent, halogen and LED lamps will cope with electric lighting of work surfaces. They are installed on the lower surfaces of the cabinets and have a directional light and are easy to use. A large assortment of such lamps includes the presence of models of spotlights in a metal frame and elongated lamps in a plastic box. Such devices have hidden wiring, protection from water, grease and dust.

With the help of RGB LED strip, sealed in an aluminum or plastic box, you can create completely new types of interior lighting, place it for the kitchen as an option for the work area. The light of the lamps can be multi-colored and controlled by a remote control or a switch with a rheostat.

Glass cabinets or shelves, illuminated from below, look spectacular and fashionable.

There is another type of local illumination of the working area, this is an electric lighting integrated into a glass apron located over the entire area of ​​the working area.

It draws extra attention and looks very pretty.

Daylight

The natural light source depends directly on the stage of the day, season, weather conditions, as well as the geographical location of a particular area

It is important to direct the building to the cardinal points in order to maximize the use of the environment for the benefit of the person

Natural lighting is the most comfortable, favorable, physiologically important and correct for people. In most regions of the country, it is impossible to provide the daylight rate due to climatic conditions, the latitude at which the building is located. These facts are both advantages and disadvantages of natural light.

Natural lighting.

Organization by zone

When choosing an interior design, it is worth considering the principles of zoning. There are a number of interesting options.

General light

In the kitchen, you cannot do without general light. Instead of a centralized chandelier, it is recommended to use surface-mounted or built-in ceiling lights. They will provide more even illumination. To ensure the maximum degree of comfort, it is worth choosing luminaires equipped with a diffuser. But it should be borne in mind that they usually cannot be rotated. Therefore, it is recommended to professionally arrange the light in advance.

Track or string instruments are considered an alternative. Their advantage lies in the ability to move and turn in the required direction. If you plan to direct the lighting to the cabinets, it is worth considering the material from which they are made. When illuminating glossy facades, there is a risk of glare. Matte surfaces are much easier to highlight.

Spotlights

These lamps have excellent decorative properties and look very attractive. It should be borne in mind that such lighting is not always convenient when cooking. When choosing this type, you should give preference to LED lamps. They are considered more economical and practically do not heat up.

Halogen and fluorescent lamps are considered less preferred options. They get hotter and use more electricity. The most unfortunate solution would be the placement of incandescent bulbs.

Work zone

It is important to properly illuminate the countertop and sink area. It is worth making sure that no shadow falls on the products.

This will interfere with the cooking process. Overhead lamps are considered the best option for lighting the area above the table. They fit easily into the bottom of the cabinets and make work easier.

LED lighting, which is laid from the bottom of the cabinets, is also considered a good solution. It makes the working area more comfortable and safe. But the most unusual option is a backlit glass apron. The stove should be attributed to the working area. Luminaires that are mounted directly into the hood of the hood are suitable for lighting it. However, ordinary illumination is sufficient for this area.

Dinner Zone

The light above the surface of the dining table can be positioned in different ways. To do this, use a sconce, 1-2 lamps on a cord from the ceiling. The sconce is suitable when the table is located near the wall. When choosing the placement of a wall lamp, it is worth considering the degree of illumination and convenience

It is important that the lamp does not create discomfort. To do this, it is placed at a height of 60-80 centimeters above the table.

To achieve high-quality illumination of the table, a model that displays the shade far from the wall is suitable.

In closets

Lighting for cabinets and drawers is optional, but it adds value to the kitchen. Therefore, if you have financial capabilities, it is advisable to equip a kitchen set. To do this, you should use LED backlighting or single lamps. An excellent option would be to turn on the light only when you open a cabinet or drawer. When planning lighting, it should be borne in mind that light sources should not be turned on all at once. This should only be done when necessary.

Decorative

When decorating the interior, LED lighting is often used. It is not only functional, but also has decorative properties. In this way, it will be possible to highlight the apron.

The right choice of lighting for the kitchen, which fits into the design, allows you to create a good atmosphere. In addition, various appliances allow you to ensure the correct zoning of the kitchen, focus on the taste of its owner and feel comfortable when preparing dishes.

Above the bar

To illuminate the bar counter, different versions of lamps are suitable. To do this, use built-in fluorescent and LED lamps, spots, projectors. A small lamp on the table is a good solution. It is advisable to choose a model with an unusual lampshade.

Above the sink

The workplace above the sink should be well lit.Lamps above the sink are usually attached to the bottom of the kitchen wall cabinets. Lighting devices are placed in different ways. It is best to fix them closer to the outside of the elements.

Key requirements for balcony lighting

On the balcony, you can arrange a place for work or rest. It is desirable that this small room be glazed. For a more comfortable pastime, you will need lighting. Lighting devices are selected based on the style of the apartment, as well as taking into account the purpose of the additional light.

On a glazed balcony, the luminaire can be installed on the ceiling, wall or floor. The number of lighting fixtures depends on the area and purpose of the lighting. Built-in spotlights, suspended spots installed on the ceiling, are used for general lighting. Wall lights or sconces can be turned on while reading a book or magazine in the evening. If the balcony is not glazed, you can hang a street lamp with a metal frame and glass on the wall.

When organizing lighting on the balcony, the following points are taken into account:

• lamps are installed on a glazed balcony;
• the wiring must be protected from moisture penetration;
• to connect lighting devices to the balcony, they lay wires or use extension carriers.

Features of the room

The kitchen in any home takes a special place, as it prepares food and the whole family gathers together

Therefore, it is very important that all family members feel comfortable and comfortable here, and a positive and supportive atmosphere promotes food intake.
The simplest and most reliable way to give the kitchen the desired qualities is to create competent lighting.
Light for a person has always played an important role, since it is with our eyes that we perceive most of the information about the world around us. This is especially important for the kitchen, because a culinary miracle is happening here, and every little thing can affect the taste of the dishes.

Therefore, it is important that the hostess of the house has good lighting, so that all, even the most insignificant, food manipulations are well illuminated. But it is with lighting that some difficulties may arise here for the following reasons:

• very often kitchens are small in size, and it can be very problematic to accommodate all the necessary household appliances and a kitchen set on it;
• the presence of wall cabinets and floor pedestals creates a situation of the appearance of many darkened areas, especially above the work surface - sink, stove, countertop. Niches are created in these areas that need additional coverage;

• the need for additional lighting of the room, since the central luminaire cannot fully cope with the function assigned to it.

At the same time, the decision to use powerful light sources may not only fail to solve the existing problems, but also exacerbate them, negatively affecting people's health, and especially on the hostess.
Few people know that not only insufficient lighting, but also its excess can lead to:

• severe deterioration in visual acuity;
• the appearance of aggressiveness as a result of hyperexcitability of the nervous system;
• deterioration of the general condition of a person, which manifests itself in disability, loss of strength, etc.

To avoid such negative phenomena, it is necessary to organize lighting in the kitchen based on the luminous flux rate, which is contained in SNiP (building rules and norms).

Working lighting in the kitchen

The kitchen is a multifunctional room and is divided into separate zones: a place for cooking, a dining area, a place for cleaning dining utensils, etc. Naturally, it is highly desirable that each zone has its own light source, and the general lighting often serves as only an additional background. In some cases it is not even necessary, as functional light can compensate for it.

Work lighting is provided by local sources.At the same time, in order for it to fulfill its direct purpose, when organizing it, it is required to comply with certain rules, such as the required level of installation, location, etc.

The incident light should cover the work area as much as possible. Sometimes a light source built into the hood is sufficient. But if it does not meet the needs for light, additional sources are installed. In this case, it is desirable that they all be spectrally close to each other. Otherwise, the mismatch of light rays creates unfavorable conditions for human vision, when he constantly has to switch from one light to another.

Undoubted convenience are lamps with special clamps. Such a lamp can be fixed anywhere, and if it does not fit, simply remove it. But in practice, most people prefer recessed lights. They are installed under the shelves. The best option is elongated lamps.

They provide uniform illumination of the space and, thanks to their compact design, fit perfectly into the kitchen interior. Sometimes they are provided in ready-made kitchen sets. In this case, you only need to conduct electricity to them: the wire is taken out of the wall at a level slightly above the lower edge of the wall cabinets. Stand-alone luminaires require separate sockets.

The area above the countertop, as a rule, is replete with various kitchen utensils and the necessary household items. Hidden lamps are used to illuminate this area. If all the accessories are hidden and the interior does not imply anything superfluous, lighting is often organized using designer lamps.

In the kitchen, where there are no wall cabinets, stand-alone wall lamps are used. There are no model restrictions here.

Primary requirements

Previously, lighting with a chandelier in the center of the room was considered a popular option. However, today it is considered not very practical. A more functional solution would be to use different types of lighting. For this, directional light, point arrangement of lamps, LED lamps are used. As a result, it will be possible to create the required illumination in the right places. It is also allowed to use dimmers.

It is important to determine the number of lighting groups before starting repair work. To do this, it is worth considering the following features:

• the size and geometry of the kitchen;
• height parameters and configuration features;
• the number of illuminated stripes and islands;
• illumination of the working area.

Illumination standards

The illumination power is selected taking into account the parameters of the room - this should be done depending on the area. There is a special formula according to which it is recommended to divide the area by the number of lighting devices and add power to them. It corresponds to 20 watts per square meter.

There are also special tables that show an approximate illumination level for different rooms and types of lamps. In the case of using an incandescent lamp in the kitchen, this parameter is 12-40 watts. If halogen lamps are used, it increases to 35 watts.

Lighting rules

When creating an interior, it is worth considering the following parameters:

1. The perfect solution for the kitchen will be a chandelier, which has a movable bell. Thanks to this, it is possible to direct the light.
2. High quality cartridges should be preferred. Thanks to this, they will not burn.
3. Don't buy cheap lamps. Energy saving and LED lighting fittings are much better suited. They are distinguished by a long period of operation. Thanks to this, they can be recouped.
4. When choosing furniture with built-in lighting, it is worth considering the presence of bulbs in the kit. Once installed, it will be much more difficult to connect them.