Description and places of distribution of torn fiber

Similar species

Inattentive mushroom pickers can make a fatal mistake by confusing Patuillard fiber with some types of edible mushrooms and enthol, which, however, do not have the characteristic reddish shades and spots on the cap, stem and plates. Exactly the same main difference from the dangerous fiber in the row of May (May mushroom). There is not the slightest shade of red in the coloration of this edible species. The ryadovka pulp is also distinguished by a characteristic flour smell.

Much more similar to the deadly poisonous relative of the fiberglass Gode - also toxic, with a pronounced reddish color, but smaller in size, with a swollen leg at the base.

Definitioner

Basidia (Basidia)

Lat. Basidia. A specialized structure of sexual reproduction in fungi, inherent only in Basidiomycetes. Basidia are terminal (end) elements of hyphae of various shapes and sizes, on which spores develop exogenously (outside).

Basidia are diverse in structure and method of attachment to hyphae.

According to the position relative to the axis of the hypha, to which they are attached, three types of basidia are distinguished:

Apical basidia are formed from the terminal cell of the hypha and are located parallel to its axis.

Pleurobasidia are formed from lateral processes and are located perpendicular to the axis of the hypha, which continues to grow and can form new processes with basidia.

Subasidia are formed from a lateral process, turned perpendicular to the axis of the hypha, which, after the formation of one basidium, stops its growth.

Based on morphology:

Holobasidia - unicellular basidia, not divided by septa (see Fig. A, D.).

Phragmobasidia are divided by transverse or vertical septa, usually into four cells (see Fig. B, C).

By type of development:

Heterobasidia consists of two parts - hypobasidia and epibasidia developing from it, with or without partitions (see Fig. C, B) (see Fig. D).

Homobasidia is not divided into hypo- and epibasidia and in all cases is considered holobasidia (Fig. A).

Basidia is the place of karyogamy, meiosis and the formation of basidiospores. Homobasidia, as a rule, is not functionally divided, and meiosis follows karyogamy in it. However, basidia can be divided into probasidia - the site of karyogamy and metabasidia - the site of meiosis. Probasidium is often a dormant spore, for example in rust fungi. In such cases, probazidia grows with metabasidia, in which meiosis occurs and on which basidiospores are formed (see Fig. E).

See Karyogamy, Meiosis, Gifa.

Pileipellis

Lat. Pileipellis, skin - differentiated surface layer of the cap of agaricoid basidiomycetes. The structure of the skin in most cases differs from the inner flesh of the cap and may have a different structure. The structural features of pileipellis are often used as diagnostic features in descriptions of fungi species.

According to their structure, they are divided into four main types: cutis, trichoderma, hymeniderma and epithelium.

See Agaricoid fungi, Basidiomycete, Cutis, Trichoderma, Gimeniderm, Epithelium.

Cutis

The type of cap skin, consists of creeping non-gelatinized hyphae located parallel to the surface. The surface of the cap looks smooth.

Lat. Cutis.

See Gifa.

Torn fiber: edibility, description and photo

Torn fiber (Inocybe lacera) is a poisonous representative that mushroom pickers should not be put in their basket. It grows in the mushroom season, when there are a lot of honey mushrooms, russula, champignons

It is important to distinguish fiber from other lamellar mushrooms that are conditionally edible, otherwise urgent medical attention will be required

What does a torn fiber box look like?

The torn fiber is small in size. Her hat is like a bell with a tubercle in the middle. It is colored in light brown, sometimes with a yellow tint, has a diameter of 1 to 5 cm. With age, the surface of the mushroom darkens, acquiring a brown color, the cap cracks along the edges. A thin cover in the form of a cobweb sometimes hangs from the fiber.

The stem of the mushroom can be either straight or curved, light brown with reddish scales. Its length does not usually exceed 8 cm, and its thickness is 1 cm. Wide brownish plates are spliced ​​with the stem. Spores are orange-brown. The flesh inside is yellowish-white at the cap and reddish at the stem.

Where the torn fiber grows

Broken fiber grows in damp coniferous and deciduous forests, willow and alder thickets. It can be found on the side of forest paths and ditches. She prefers sandy soils and shady secluded spots where good edible mushrooms grow.

Fibers are found both in numerous groups and singly. The fruiting season lasts from July to September.

Is it possible to eat a torn fiber

The mushroom has a mild odor and bitter taste, which at first feels sweet, but not worth eating. The torn fiber is poisonous, its use leads to death, if you do not provide assistance to the victim in time. The mushroom pulp contains a dangerous poison - muscarine in a concentration that is ten times higher than that of a red fly agaric.

The toxicity of the mushroom is not reduced as a result of heat treatment. Toxins are retained after cooking, drying, freezing. One torn fiber, caught in the mushroom harvest, can ruin all preservation or dishes for the everyday table.

Poisoning symptoms

Inexperienced mushroom pickers can confuse fiberglass with honey agarics; cases of poisoning with these mushrooms have been described. It gets very bad after about 20 minutes. after eating the fiber torn for food. A severe headache begins, the pressure rises, the limbs tremble, the skin turns red.

Muscarine, which is found in mushrooms, causes saliva and sweat, severe cramps in the stomach, intestines and other organs. There is a sharp pain in the abdominal cavity, vomiting and diarrhea. The heart rate slows down, the pupils are greatly narrowed, and visual impairment occurs. With a large amount of poison, cardiac arrest occurs.

First aid for poisoning

At the first symptoms of poisoning, you must call an ambulance. Before the arrival of doctors, they try to provoke vomiting in the victim and give an enema to remove the contents of the stomach and intestines. Fortunately, there is an antidote for muscarine - atropine, but doctors will inject it. Before the ambulance arrives, you can use any sorbent - activated carbon, Filtrum or Smecta.

In the hospital, where the victim will be taken, his stomach will be washed with a tube. If symptoms consistent with muscarine poisoning develop, atropine will be administered subcutaneously as an antidote. They will make a dropper to improve the general condition.

If the dose of toxins is small and first aid for poisoning was provided on time, the prognosis of treatment is favorable. The use of inedible mushrooms by children is especially dangerous. They need a much lower dose of muscarine to stop their heart than adults, and help may not come in time.

Conclusion

Torn fiber is a dangerous representative that should not be confused with honey agarics, champignons and other lamellar mushrooms.It contains the deadly poison muscarine, which causes vomiting and diarrhea, severe stomach pain, and cardiac arrest. The victim needs immediate help, since the poison begins to act within 20-25 minutes after eating the torn fiber.

Poisoning and first aid

• In the fruiting bodies (mushrooms) there is a high concentration of the substance muscarin, which belongs to toxins. Its content in Fiber patuillard is 25 times higher than in classic red fly agarics.
• The action of the poison affects the functioning of the autonomic nervous system. When ingested in high doses, muscarine causes death due to the arrest of the heart muscle and the cessation of respiratory function. On average, depending on the weight of a person, a lethal dose will be from 10 to 80 g of fresh fiber pulp.
• The first signs of poisoning appear in the period from 30 minutes to 2 hours after the product is consumed. The victim develops lacrimation, there is a sharp drop in pressure and pulse. Further breathing is disturbed, profuse diarrhea and vomiting begin. The patient's condition deteriorates sharply as the symptoms increase. If you suspect poisoning, you need to urgently call an ambulance, and before that, provide first aid.
• Before the arrival of the doctors, if possible, they wash the victim's stomach. He also needs to drink crushed activated carbon, dissolved in water, or another fast-acting sorbent, which, even in small doses, is not absorbed by the body. Inducing vomiting is necessary only if it is known that a poisonous mushroom has been eaten, but the symptoms of poisoning have not yet appeared. Without medical assistance, the risk of death of the victim is very high.
• Poisonous mushrooms are often similar to edible ones. A careful study of its features will allow you to avoid poisoning with the Fiber Catouillard. A novice mushroom picker should not put dubious specimens in the basket, but rather go on a quiet hunt accompanied by a knowledgeable companion.

False doubles

Earthen fiber, fortunately, is almost impossible to confuse with any edible or conditionally edible species. There is only a distant resemblance to champignons and the so-called May mushrooms. Common are the color and shape of the cap, as well as the time and territory of growth, but even an ordinary person will not be difficult to distinguish them by just comparing photographs.

Champignon

May mushroom

The earthen fiber has a clear similarity with its poisonous counterparts. For example, its white subspecies can be confused with Mycena Pura. The main differences of the latter are a wet grayish-brown cap with a pronounced furrowed edge, a hollow stem and a clear radish smell.

Mycena clean

It is even easier to distinguish the fiber by its rare reddish plates. There is also some possibility of confusion between inocybe geophylla and cortinarius rubellus (known as "the most beautiful webcap"), since these mushrooms are similar in shape to the cap, however, at the first glance at the photo of the webcap, a fundamental difference is noticeable - its rather bright red color.

Inocybe geophylla

Fiber fiber

Fibrous fiber - Latin Inocybe fastigiata

People call it a cone-shaped whip.

Description

Mushroom cap

The cone-shaped pod builds up a medium-sized hat: its diameter is 30-80 mm. In youth, it resembles a wide cone or a knobby bell. Later, the mushroom becomes more widespread - so much so that the jagged or torn edges of the hats rise at a nearly 90 degree angle. But mostly it remains half-spread, with a mound in the middle and longitudinal cracks.

The hats are golden-yellow or brownish in color, the middle always looks darker. They are filled with white flesh that does not change color after cutting.

Hat bottoms are formed by semi-free narrow plates of grayish-yellow, yellowish-olive or yellowish-brown color.

Fibers reproduce by oval spores of a tobacco-brown hue, which form in a brownish spore powder.

Stipe

A thick and taut cylindrical stem of the fiber, straight along its entire length or slightly curving, reaches 10-15 mm in thickness and 40-100 mm in length. The base of the legs is somewhat widened and covered with scales, and on top - with a mealy bloom. The color of the leg is the same as the cap.

Fibrous fiber - Latin Inocybe fastigiata

Growing places

Fibrous fiber prefers conifers and deciduous forest, is found in the Carpathian, Polesye territory, inhabits forest-steppe zones.

Fruiting occurs in small groups and falls, depending on climatic features, from June to October or from July to October.

Edibility

These mushrooms have a tasteless and disgusting smelling pulp, which contains a lot of muscarine toxin. If you use this poisonous mushroom, muscarine, of which, by the way, it contains twenty times more than in fly agarics, it will affect the nervous system and other organs in the shortest possible time.

Already after 20 minutes, the victim's arms and legs begin to shake, there is severe sweating and increased saliva production, heartburn, nausea and vomiting, intestinal cramps and diarrhea, blurred vision, a sharp decrease in pressure. Due to the sudden appearance of tachycardia and lack of oxygen, the skin turns blue.

If the poisoned person is not given medical assistance in time, the heart may stop, or the victim will die because he cannot breathe.

False doubles

The danger of inocyba lies in its similarity with other species that do not contain toxins. It is useful for the mushroom picker to study the photo of the Patouillard fiber and similar specimens in order to better understand what the differences are.

Edible mushrooms with which this species can be confused:

• Ryadovka May or May mushroom - the main differences are the absence of red in the color of the cap and a pronounced flour smell;
• russula - not very similar to a poisonous species, but novice mushroom pickers can still make a mistake. The russula, unlike the fiber, has the usual mushroom smell, the flesh does not turn red in the places of pressure and there is no tubercle in the center of the cap;
• Royal champignon is a delicious edible mushroom that is somewhat similar to the poisonous inocyba. However, its color does not have a red tint, the fruit does not turn red when pressed, and the plates on the inside of the cap are beige.

The toxic counterpart is the less poisonous mushroom Fibers Gode, which differs only in its smaller size and a leg that is swollen at the bottom. Red tints are also present in the coloration.

The photographs show exactly how the Patuillard fiber differs with similar appearance. Even a beginner will be able to determine the characteristics of mushrooms.

Fiber patuillard

Fiber patuillard - Latin Inocybe patouillardii

In another way, it is called Brick Fiber or Blushing Fiber.

Description

Mushroom cap

The diameter of the Brick Fiber hats ranges from 30 to 90 mm. Young specimens have “headdresses” in the form of cones or bells, the hats of adult mushrooms spread out and retain barely noticeable mounds in the middle.

They become covered with a smooth, fibrous skin that cracks as the fungus ages. At first, it has a white color, later it turns yellow, reddens and turns red.

The caps fill with a whitish flesh that turns red as it ripens, as well as when pressed and broken, especially in adult fungi.

Hat bottoms are filled with many frequent even or tearing plates, adhering to the stem or free. At first they have a white color, later they become sulfur-yellow, brownish-olive, pinkish and brown, with red spots. If you press on the plate bottom, it turns red.

Patouillard fibers reproduce by oval tobacco-brown spores that form in ocher-brown spore powder.

Stipe

The height of the reddening Fiber leg is no more than 70 mm, the thickness is 5-10 mm. Tight, cylindrical legs, filled with flesh, have a slight expansion at the bottom and are colored like caps, but slightly lighter. They are covered with a white coating. Over time, the legs can be partially or completely colored in reddish or reddish shades.

Fiber patuillard - Latin Inocybe patouillardii

Growing places

These fibers prefer loam and limestone-rich soil. They are found in conifers and deciduous forests with beech and linden trees, as well as in garden and park areas. The mushroom is widespread in the European part of Russia.

Fruiting of the fibula is family or two or three mushrooms, and occurs in May - October. It bears fruit especially abundantly in August - September.

Edibility

The pulp of Fiber brick does not smell and at the beginning of life has an unpleasant aftertaste. In the future, she begins to exude a sharp alcoholic aroma.

The fungus is poisonous: only 10 g of fruit bodies can be fatal, since they contain an extremely high amount of muscarin - several tens of times more than in fly agaric.

20 minutes after eating such mushrooms, the autonomic nervous system is affected, the person begins to vomit and vomit, diarrhea is observed, arms and legs tremble, dizzy, the heart works intermittently. Large doses lead to cardiac arrest or complete respiratory depression.

Similar types and differences from them

A similar fiber resembles such inedible mushrooms:

• Bulb fiber. It features a larger hat (about 60 mm), tapered and tall legs (about 80 mm). Its fruiting occurs in August - October, more often under birches, in tall grass.
• Fractured fiber. It differs from Fiber with an umber, more voluminous cap (about 70 mm) and a long, wide, white or ocher-white leg (diameter - about 10 mm, height - 80 mm). Mature caps retain sharp mounds in the middle. It can bear fruit in parks, on paths and meadows - in summer and autumn.
• The fiber is fibrous. It also has a larger hat (about 80 mm) and a high, up to 10 cm, leg about one and a half centimeters thick with a scaly base. Although this species bears fruit under the same conditions as the Amanita muscaria, its fruiting period is July - October.
• Earthen fiber. It is distinguished by a white, pale yellow, pinkish or purple hat with a silky surface. Despite the fact that this variety chooses conifers and a deciduous forest for fruiting, it begins in July and ends in August, and not in April, as in Fiber similar.

Earthen fiber

Earthen fiber is a poisonous representative of the genus, containing muscarine in its chemical composition.

The mushroom cap grows up to 1-3 cm in diameter. The shape is initially conical, then outstretched. When ripe, a tubercle forms in the central part. The surface is silky, the structure is fibrous. The color is initially white, over time it becomes light pink or light purple, sometimes yellowish. Cracking edges.

The mushroom leg grows 2-5 cm long and 0.2-0.5 cm thick. The structure is dense in young specimens, and hollow in adults. Straight in shape, without characteristic thickenings at the base, longitudinally fibrous. The upper part is covered with a mealy bloom. The color is closer to white, eventually darkens to brown.

The mushroom pulp has a faint earthy odor and an unpleasant aftertaste, thin and fragile.

Grows singly or in groups in woodlands of various types, mainly deciduous. Often found at road edges. Able to form mycorrhiza with pine roots.

Other types of fiber

Fibrous fiber and earthen fiber are no less rare. These types of mushrooms are also deadly. In their appearance in the photo, they are similar to the fiberglass of the patuillard, however, there are a number of some differences.

The fibrous type has a specific covering of the cap and stem, which is velvety to the touch. This effect does not disappear even during the full maturity of the fungus during cracking. Earthen filaments differ in color at later stages of development. Her cap and leg can be a rich purple hue.

Symptoms of poisoning with these mushrooms are similar to those described above.

Fibrous fiber (fractured) (Inocybe fastigiata, Inocybe rimosa)

It grows in coniferous and deciduous forests, along the edges, in the grass. It grows from mid-July to September. The cap is 3-8 cm in diameter, at first conical, bell-shaped, later broadly bell-shaped, prostrate, with a sharp tubercle, radially fibrous, cracked, with translucent pulp, often with a wavy, cracking edge.

It is whitish in color, dirty yellow, yellow-ocher, brownish-yellow, orange-ocher. The flesh is whitish, yellowish, thin, brownish in the stem. The smell is usually unpleasant.

Plates are frequent, wide, almost free, at first light, whitish, grayish or yellowish, after gray-ocher, yellow-brownish, with an olive tint and a light jagged edge. Spore powder is white. Leg 4-10 cm long, 0.5-1 cm in diameter, fibrous, cylindrical, sometimes with a weak tuber, deeply buried in the ground, often twisted, at first whitish, later yellowish-brownish, ocher-brown, with a powdery coating above, at the base flaky. Fibrous fiber is deadly poisonous!

Contains the poison muscarine.

Poisoning signs and first aid

When poisoning with muscarine, a convulsive syndrome develops within 2 hours with typical symptoms, expressed in:

• excitement against the background of delirium and aggression;
• dizziness;
• profuse separation of sweat, saliva, tears, nasal discharge;
• trembling limbs;
• convulsions;
• dilated pupils;
• respiratory failure;
• disorders of the digestive system.

When a large number of fungi enter the body, the picture of poisoning becomes acute, collapse and death are possible

Therefore, it is very important at the first signs of torn fiber poisoning to take the most urgent measures - call a doctor, and while waiting for him to rinse the victim's stomach abundantly, force him to take activated charcoal or other sorbent

To protect yourself from the risk of poisoning with poisonous mushrooms, you should always follow the first rule of lovers of quiet hunting: "If you doubt a mushroom, go around it."

Nutritional properties of fiberglass acute and hallucinogenic effect

These are inedible hallucinogenic mushrooms, they are not harvested, much less grown. Known cases of poisoning are extremely rare.

The mushroom has a high content of an alkaloid - muscarine. This substance is capable of causing a hallucinogenic state similar to poisoning. Sometimes these mushrooms provoke addiction, since they have a narcotic effect on the body.

What is the effect of acute fiber poison?

Muscarin is an unusual poison that has a point effect on specific cholinergic receptors, they are even called muscarinic receptors.

The characteristic toxic effect of muscarin is paralysis of the nerves in the respiratory organs and the most powerful contraction of the muscles of the stomach and intestines. This contraction is so strong that the movement of the bowels becomes visible externally. The spasms first begin in the stomach, and then they involve the rest of the smooth muscle organs, such as the bladder and spleen.

This poison has no effect on the central nervous system in its pure form, but it largely attacks the peripheral system, resulting in lacrimation, salivation and profuse sweating.With irritation of the gastrointestinal tract, an increased secretion of bile of gastric juice occurs.

Patuillard fiber is the most dangerous mushroom of the genus

Fiber patuyara is a mushroom of the Spiderweb family, genus Fiber. Also, the mushroom is called blushing fibula.

The Latin name is Inocybe patouillardii.

Fiber patuillard is a deadly poisonous mushroom, it is one of the most dangerous in the genus.

Description of the fiberglass patuillard

The hat is usually reddish in color. Its diameter is 3-9 centimeters. The shape of the cap is at first bell-cone-shaped, but later it straightens out, while a protruding tubercle remains in the center. The cap is covered with a smooth skin that appears to be very dry. The edges of the cap have deep radial cracks.

The pedunculus stem is the same color as the cap or is slightly lighter in color. Its length is 4-10 centimeters, and its diameter is 0.8-1.5 centimeters. The stem is cylindrical, strong, dense, fibrous, slightly thickened at the base. There are grooves along the entire length of the leg.

The pulp is white, its taste is peppery, and there is practically no smell. If damaged, the flesh turns red, especially for older specimens. The plates are located very often, they are not wide.

The color of the plates is pink at first, and later brown with red spots. On the edges of the plate are white with fluff. Spore powder of ocher-brown color or brown.

The shape of the spores is bean-shaped or oval, the surface is smooth, the color is brown.

Variability of the fibula patuillard

The color of the cap varies from white to ocher and gray, and in mature mushrooms it can be brick red. If you press on the leg, it turns red. The color of the plates is reddish at first, and then becomes olive brown or rusty brown. The pulp often turns pink.

Distribution and seasonality of patuillard fiber

This type of fiber grows in forests of various types, in gardens, parks. These fungi settle mainly on clay and calcareous soils. They enter into mutually beneficial alliances with beeches and linden trees.

Patouillard fibrils grow in small groups or singly. They mainly choose mountainous and hilly areas. These mushrooms are distributed locally in Europe and certain regions of Asia. They are often found in the European part of Russia, as well as in the Caucasus. They bear fruit from August to September.

Similar species

The May row is outwardly similar to the fiberglass patuyard, but differs in that its pulp does not have a red tint, but it smells like flour.

Godet fiber also looks like a patuillard fiber, but its size is smaller, the base of the leg is swollen, and the flesh does not have a reddish tone. Novices may confuse the patouillard fiber with some mushrooms.

The toxicity of the fibrous patuillard

The fiber of the patuillard is deadly poisonous. It provokes the most dangerous muscarinic poisoning, ending in a lethal outcome. muscarine in patuyard fiber is 25 times higher than that in red fly agaric.After 30 minutes - 2 hours, symptoms of poisoning appear:

• Diarrhea;
• Vomit;
• A sharp drop in blood pressure;
• Tachycardia;
• Difficulty breathing
• Redder than the skin;
• Constriction of the pupils;
• Severe chills.

The victim is given salted water, atropine and glucose. Seeking medical attention is compulsory.

Related species

Bulb fiber is a poisonous mushroom with an umber-brown conical cap, which then becomes flat-spread. Its diameter is 30-60 millimeters.

The surface of the cap is bare, but later radial cracks appear on it. The leg is cylindrical, slightly narrowed at the top, up to 80 millimeters high and up to 8 millimeters thick. One-color leg with a cap.

The pulp has an unpleasant taste and smell.

Fruiting onion from August to October. These mushrooms grow in deciduous forests. They meet in small groups or singly. They are found under birches, in damp places.

The fiber is similar - a poisonous mushroom.His hat is small - 1-4 centimeters in diameter. Its shape changes from conical to broadly convex. The texture of the cap is fibrous.

Its surface is covered with brown or brown-black scales. The flesh is whitish or yellowish in color with an unpleasant odor. The height of the leg reaches 6 centimeters, and the thickness is up to 0.6 centimeters.

There is a mealy bloom in the upper part of the leg.