Oyster mushroom late

Preparation

Late forest oyster mushrooms often have a bitter taste. It appears during the aging of mushrooms, as well as when they grow in a certain environment. Therefore, it is recommended to harvest only young fruits.

Oyster mushrooms are "clean" mushrooms, they practically do not need to be cleaned, you may only need to remove soil particles near the cut

The pigs must be handled very carefully, as they are fragile and crumbly, they must not be dropped. The prepared fruits are washed in plenty of water and soaked in a weak salt solution for half an hour.

This relieves them of bitterness. Then you can start heat treatment. Oyster mushrooms are used for cooking:

• soups;
• second courses;
• casseroles;
• salads;
• pickles.

The taste of these mushrooms goes well with meat, various vegetables and cereals.

Fried oyster mushrooms are very tasty. There is a widespread belief that this is a dangerous mushroom, which must be boiled before frying, but this is not true. Oyster mushrooms can be fried immediately after harvesting, they do not need to be re-cooked.

Oyster mushrooms fried with onions

This is a simple dish, but if you know some cooking secrets, it will turn out to be especially tasty and aromatic.

Ingredients:

• oyster mushrooms - 600 g;
• onions - 250 g;
• sunflower oil - 50 g;
• garlic - 3 teeth;
• dill - a few branches;
• green onions - several feathers;
• salt.

Preparation:

1. Cut the washed oyster mushrooms into small cubes.
2. Peel and chop the onion in the same way.
3. Heat a frying pan with a thick bottom, pour oil into it.
4. When the oil is hot, put the onion in it and fry until golden brown.
5. Add mushrooms and fry for 15 minutes, stirring occasionally.
6. Salt.
7. Peel and chop the garlic.
8. Chop green onions and dill.
9. Remove the cooked mushrooms from heat and immediately season with chopped garlic.
10. Sprinkle with herbs when serving.

Binder panel: photo and description

Panellus astringent - it may immediately seem like an unremarkable mushroom, if you do not know about its interesting characteristic - the ability to glow in the dark. Many mushroom pickers have repeatedly seen entire colonies of Panellus, clinging to rotten stumps or fallen trees, but did not think what kind of metamorphosis occurs with the coming of night.

Astringent panelus (Panellus stipticus)

Astringent Panellus (Panellus stipticus) is a bioluminescent fungus, a fairly common type of fungus, with an extensive habitat.

External description

The fruiting body of the binder panellus consists of a cap and a stem. The mushroom is characterized by leathery and thin flesh, which has a light or ocher color. She has an astringent taste, a little pungent.

The diameter of the mushroom cap is 2-3 (4) cm. Initially, its shape is reniform, but gradually, as the fruiting bodies mature, the cap becomes depressed, ear-shaped, fan-shaped, covered with grains and many small cracks. The surface of the cap is matte, and its edges are ribbed, wavy or lobed. In color, the cap of this mushroom can be pale ocher, light brown, ocher brown, or clayey.

The hymenophore of the binder panellus is represented by plates, which are characterized by a small thickness, grow to the surface of the fruiting body, are very narrow and are located at a short distance, reach almost downward along the stem of the fungus, have bridges, the same color as the cap (sometimes slightly darker than it). The color of the plates is often gray-ocher or light brown. Their edges are slightly lighter than the middle.

Season and habitat of the mushroom

It is possible to meet binder panel on a fairly large area. It grows in Asia, Europe, Australia, North America.The described species of mushrooms is found in the northern part of Russia, Siberia, the Caucasus, Primorsky Territory. But in the Leningrad region, this mushroom is practically not found.

Binder panel grows mainly in groups, on decaying stumps, logs, deciduous tree trunks. Especially often it grows on beeches, oaks and birches. The size of the described mushroom is very small and often these mushrooms completely cling to whole stumps.

Active fruiting of the astringent panelus begins in the first half of August. In some literary sources it is also written that the fruiting bodies of the described fungus begin to grow actively already in spring. Until late autumn, whole colonies of astringent panellus appear on deadwood of deciduous trees and old stumps, which often grow together at their bases. You can not meet them too often, and the drying of mushrooms of the described species occurs without involving the processes of decay. In the spring you can often see the dried fruit bodies of the astringent panellus on stumps and old tree trunks.

Similar types and differences from them

Panellus astringent is slightly similar in appearance to an inedible mushroom called soft (tender) panellus. True, the latter is distinguished by white or whitish fruiting bodies. Such mushrooms have a very mild taste, and they grow mainly on the fallen branches of coniferous trees (more often they ate).

Other information about the mushroom

The bioluminescent properties of the binder panel are due to a chemical reaction involving luceferin (a pigment that emits light) and oxygen. The interaction of these substances leads to the fact that the tissues of the fungus begin to glow greenish in the dark.

Binder panel: photo and description

Panellus astringent is, at first glance, an unremarkable mushroom, if you do not know about its interesting feature - the ability to glow in the dark. Many mushroom pickers have seen whole colonies of Panellus more than once, clinging to rotten stumps or fallen trees, but did not suspect what metamorphoses occur with the onset of night.

What does a binder panel look like?

Panellus astringent (Panellus stipticus) is a lamellar mushroom of the Mycene family. The fruiting body consists of a low stem and a fan-shaped cap.

At a young age, the cap is reniform, but as it develops, it acquires a depressed shape with tucked lobed or wavy edges, resembling an auricle. In a humid environment, the color of the cap is yellow-brown or clay, when dry it becomes light ocher. In rare cases, panelus binder can have an almost white tint. The diameter of the cap does not exceed 2-4 cm, its surface is dull, covered with grains and covered with small cracks.

The reverse side of the cap is represented by narrow thin plates located close to each other, sometimes branching or soldered in some places by bridges. Their color is identical to the cap, closer to the place of growth, the shade is more saturated. The spore powder is white; the spores themselves are oblong and bean-shaped.

The leg is located on the side. Poorly developed. Height - from 1 to 10 mm, with a diameter of 2-7 mm. The shape of the stem is cylindrical, often tapering at the base, without cavities inside. The upper part is pubescent. Color to match the hat or slightly lighter.

The pulp of the binder panelus is colored in a cream or ocher shade. The structure is leathery, elastic. The mushroom has a well-pronounced odor. The taste of the pulp is astringent, slightly pungent and bitter.

Why does Panellus astringent glow in the dark?

Astringent panelus is one of the few living organisms capable of bioluminescence. Other representatives of the kingdom of fungi glow due to bacteria that have settled on their surface. But Panellus astringent emits light due to its own enzyme - luciferase. When interacting with oxygen, the luciferin pigment oxidizes and begins to glow with a cool green glow. Mature specimens shine most brightly during the ripening period of the spores. The intensity is enough not to use long shutter speeds when photographing.

Where and how it grows

Panellus astringent mushrooms are widespread in North America and Eurasia. Australia. On the territory of the Russian Federation, it can be found almost throughout the forest zone. This light-bearing mushroom is not uncommon in regions such as:

Binder panelus prefers to settle on rotten wood, most often on stumps and fallen trunks of deciduous trees. He especially loves oak, beech, birch. It grows in numerous groups, sometimes completely enclosing stumps. The main fruiting period is from the first half of August to late autumn, in some places the species can also be found in spring. Fruit bodies do not rot, but simply dry up. You can often observe whole colonies of last year's mushrooms, accreted at the base.

Is the mushroom edible or not

This representative belongs to the category of inedible mushrooms. Forest fruits are not used for food, in any form. Some sources have information about edibility after heat treatment, however, it is better to refrain from eating them and not risk your health.

Doubles and their differences

Astringent panel can be confused with soft panel (Panellus mitis). The species is distinguished by a lighter, almost white color; in young mushrooms, the cap is sticky. The inedible twin settles on fallen branches of coniferous trees, most often on Christmas trees.

The conditionally edible autumn oyster mushroom (Panellus serotinus) is very similar to the binder panel. It is distinguished by a gray-brown or green-brown color of the cap, which is covered with a thin layer of mucus.

Conclusion

Panellus astringent is an interesting mushroom to observe and study. Few people manage to see it in all its glory, because at night in the forest you can only be by chance. Looking at the greenish mushrooms shining in the dark, one can once again see how diverse and amazing nature is.

Taxonomy

The scientific name of the genus is derived from the name of another genus - Panus Fr. (Panus) from which this genus was isolated.

Synonyms

• Dictyopanus Pat. 1900
• Pleurotus sect. Scytinotus (P. Karst.) Pilát, 1935
• Sarcomyxa P. Karst., 1891
• Scytinotus P. Karst., 1879
• Urosporellina E. Horak, 1968

Views

The genus Panellus includes about 55 species.

• Panellus albifavolus Corner, 1986
• Panellus alutaceus Corner, 1986
• Panellus ambiguus Corner, 1986
• Panellus aureofactus E. Horak 1980
• Panellus bambusarum Corner, 1986
• Panellus bambusifavolus Corner, 1986
• Panellus belangeri (Mont.) Singer, 1973
• Panellus brunneomaculatus Corner, 1986
• Panellus crawfordii (G. Stev.) Segedin, P. K. Buchanan & J.P. Wilkie, 1995
• Panellus dichotomus Corner, 1986
• Panellus diversipes (Berk.) Pegler, 1965
• Panellus edulis Y.C.Dai, Niemelä & G.F.Qin, 2003
• Panellus exiguus Corner, 1986
• Panellus fuscatus Corner, 1986
• Panellus glutinosus Corner, 1986
• Panellus hispidifavolus Corner, 1986
• Panellus intermedius Corner, 1986
• Panellus ligulatus E. Horak, 1983
• Panellus luminescens (Corner) Corner, 1986
• Panellus magnus Corner, 1986
• Panellus megalosporus Corner, 1986
• Panellus melleo-ochraceus Malençon, 1975
• Panellus microsporus Corner, 1986
• Panellus mitis (Pers.) Singer, 1936 - Panellus tender
• Panellus niger G. Stev., 1964
• Panellus parvulus Corner, 1986
• Panellus pauciporus Corner, 1986
• Panellus pendens Corner, 1986
• Panellus pusillus (Pers. Ex Lév.) Burds. & O.K. Mill., 1975
• Panellus pyruliferus Corner, 1986
• Panellus ringens (Fr.) Romagn., 1945 - Paste-like panelellus
• Panellus serotinus (Schrad.) Kühner, 1950 - Panellus late
• Panellus stipticus (Bull.) P. Karst., 1879 - Astringent Panellus, or rennet
• Panellus sublamelliformis Corner, 1986
• Panellus sublevatus Corner, 1986
• Panellus violaceofulvus (Batsch) Singer, 1936 - Almost violet panel

How not to be confused with other oyster mushrooms?

The autumn oyster mushroom has several twins. Most of all, it resembles Oyster mushroom or oyster mushroom - the mushroom is usually larger than late oyster mushroom, with a glossy cap of gray, brown or gray-violet color, up to 30 cm in size. The flesh of Oyster mushroom also has a faint pleasant smell.

Oyster mushroom

Another double is Oyster mushroom sheathed or covered. Grows on deciduous wood, mainly aspen. The color of her cap is gray, brown or light brown, heterogeneous with radial stripes of darker shades. The smell of sheathed oyster mushrooms is similar to that of raw potatoes.

Oyster mushroom covered

There is a distant resemblance to the orange oyster mushroom. She has a dry, fluffy orange or yellow cap. The plates are ocher in color, brighter than the surface. It grows on both coniferous and deciduous tree species. The pulp has a smell of rotten fruit, tough.

Oyster mushroom orange

Oyster mushroom autumn

Autumn oyster mushroom - Latin Panellus serotinus

In a different way, the fungus is called Willow Pig, Late Oyster Oyster, Alder Oyster Oyster or Late Panellus.

External characteristics

Mushroom cap

The mushroom has a medium-sized fleshy hat, reaching a maximum diameter of 50 mm, and a lobe-like shape. In adolescence, the caps are distinguished by slightly curved edges; in a more mature age, the edges become thin, straightened, and occasionally crooked.

The fleecy matte surface in the rainy season becomes shiny due to the release of a small amount of mucus. It is painted in a noble gray color, sometimes brownish - green, lilac - gray, brownish - gray. Occasionally it becomes covered with pale green - yellow spots.

The bottom of the hat is decorated with many adherent, weakly descending plates with straight edges. In young specimens, they are white, in adults, they are gray-brown, as if dirty.

The hats are filled with a tight, fleshy pulp of a whitish or yellowish hue, which softens during the rains. In mature autumn Oyster mushrooms, it is tough and resembles rubber.

The fungus reproduces by white spores.

Stipe

The willow pig has short curved lateral legs 20-30 mm high, differing in the shape of the cylinder, density, light hairiness and the presence of tiny scales.

In color, the leg is slightly darker than the plate hat bottom.

Autumn oyster mushroom - Latin Panellus serotinus

Growing places

Late oyster mushroom prefers the decaying woody material of aspen, maple, poplar and elm trees, and is found on their stumps. Growing together with their legs, the mushrooms form piles resembling roofing canopies.

Fruiting of the species occurs in September - December, until it snows, the temperature drops below + 5 ° С, and frosts will not hit.

Similar species

Late oyster mushrooms are similar to the following edible species:

• Oyster mushroom. Differs in the presence of aroma and dark - brown, brownish or lilac - gray hat.
• Sheathed oyster mushroom (covered). This mushroom prefers aspen wood and has a brown-gray or steel-colored hat and a wide plate-like fan-shaped hat bottom that covers a light membranous bedspread. In addition, this fungus smells like raw potatoes.

Although the Autumn Oyster mushroom does not smell, it belongs to conditionally edible mushrooms and can be eaten. The main thing is to first boil the mushrooms for 20 minutes, and pour out the broth. Only young specimens that have not yet become tough are suitable for food.

Biological description

The cap is 1–32 mm in diameter, kidney-shaped, with a dry or wet, smooth or fleecy surface, painted in whitish, greenish, brownish or lilac tones. The hymenophore is lamellar, glowing in the dark in some species. Plates are frequent or rather rare, white, ocher, olive, brownish or lilac in color.

The leg is not present in all species; it is very short, eccentric, fleecy, of the same color as the cap.

The pulp is odorless, with a bland or pungent taste.

Spores 3-11 × 0.5-3.5 microns, sausage, oblong, elliptical or cylindrical, amyloid. Basidia are tetrasporous, clavate, non-amyloid, 11-28 × 2.5-6.3 µm. Cheilocystids are cylindrical, clavate, fusiform or irregular, thin-walled. Pleurocystids are not present in all species. Pileocystids are present in most species, thin or thick walled.

Evaluation of edibility and possible harm

Late oyster mushroom is a category 4 mushroom, it does not have first-class taste. In Russia it has been known for a long time and was formerly called "ishiven".

It is recommended to collect them at a young age. Ripe fruits become tough and fibrous, with thick skin and a bitter taste.

Properly harvested and cooked, mushrooms are edible and healthy:

• they contain a set of vitamins, minerals and amino acids necessary for human life;
• the fats found in the pulp of oyster mushrooms, consist of polyunsaturated fatty acids, help to lower blood cholesterol levels;
• carbohydrates in the composition of mushrooms are easily absorbed, since they consist of 20% sucrose, glucose and fructose;
• polysaccharides contained in fruits have an immunomodulatory effect;
• mushrooms have a low calorie content due to the large amount of fiber, therefore they are successfully used to fight obesity.

In addition, oyster mushrooms contain substances that have antimicrobial and anthelmintic effects.

At the same time, there are certain restrictions associated with the consumption of pigs in food:

• due to the presence of chitin in the pulp, which is practically not absorbed by the body, it is not recommended to feed a child under five years old with mushrooms;
• children over 5 years old are better off eating them rarely and in small quantities;
• older people and those who have problems with the digestive system (gastrointestinal tract, liver, pancreas) and the excretory system (kidneys) should refrain from eating pigs;
• when collecting and processing oyster mushrooms, you need to be careful for people prone to allergies - fungal spores can enter the body by inhalation and cause an allergic reaction;
• so that oyster mushrooms do not harm, they should be eaten no more than twice a week.

Late oyster mushroom (Panellus serotinus)

Current title

Systematic position

Fungi, Basidiomycota, Agaricomycetes, Agaricales, Mycenaceae, Panellus

Etymology of the species epithet

Sērōtinus, a, um late, belated; late maturing. From sērus, a, um late; belated; later, mature, middle-aged; late coming true; late ripening; 2) twilight, late afternoon; 3) old, long-term; 4) long-lasting, lingering + -otinus, a, um quality.

Synonyms

• Agaricus serotinus Pers., In Hoffmann, Naturgetr. Abbild. Beschr. Schwämme (Prague) 3: 4 (1793)
• Pleurotus serotinus (Pers.) P. Kumm., Führ. Pilzk. (Zerbst): 108 (1871)
• Sarcomyxa serotina (Pers.) P. Karst., Meddn Soc. Fauna Flora fenn. 18: 62 (1891)
• Acanthocystis serotinus (Pers.) Konrad & Maubl., Icon. Select. Fung. 6: 364 (1937)
• Hohenbuehelia serotina (Pers.) Singer, Lilloa 22: 254 (1951)
• Panus serotinus (Pers.) Kühner, Bull. mens. Soc. linn. Lyon 49 (Num. Spéc.): 895 (1980)
• Dendrosarcus serotinus Kuntze, Revis. gen. pl. (Leipzig) 3 (2): 464 (1898)
• Pleurotus almeni (Fr.) P. Karst., Bidr. Känn. Finl. Nat. Folk 32: 89 (1879)
• Dendrosarcus almeni (Fr.) Kuntze, Revis. gen. pl. (Leipzig) 3 (2): 463 (1898)

Other names: Pannelus late, Autumn oyster mushroom, Alder oyster mushroom, Willow pig.

Late oyster mushroom is one of the latest growing mushrooms.

In Japan (the local name of the mushroom is Mukitake) it is considered one of the most delicious edible mushrooms and is used in folk medicine.

Habit

• Fruit body: Sedentary, cantilever, hoof-shaped, in the form of an irregular growth or rosette
• Fruit body: Cap and stem (agaricoid)

Hymenophore: Lamellar (including folded or with rudimentary plates)

Hat

Cap 2.5 - 8 (15) cm in diameter, from shell-shaped to prostrate, fleshy, at first with a roll-like tucked, then unfolding edge, not differentiated from the stem from above, intense greenish-olive with orange, lemon-yellow or purple shades and spots, glossy or dull, smooth or at the base pubescent with orange-ocher bristles.

The plates are adherent, infrequent, obtuse, forked-branched, waxy-subgelatinous consistency, from cream to intense orange.

Leg

The leg is short, differentiated only from below, cartilaginous consistency, rounded in outline, creamy orange with brownish punctate scaly, without ring and volva.

Pulp

The pulp is white, two-layered: the upper layer is gelatinous-cartilaginous, becoming brittle upon drying, the lower one is fleshy-fibrous (in the leg of an almost cartilaginous consistency).

Microscopy

Spores 4 - 6 × 1 - 1.8 μm, cylindrical with a suballantoid profile, smooth, thin-walled, amyloid, acyanophilic, pale yellow in mass.

Basidia 17 - 20 × 3 - 4 (5) μm, clavate-cylindrical, 4-spore, with a buckle at the base.

Pleurocystids 20 - 60 × 8 - 12 µm, do not differ in shape from cheilocystids.

Cheilocystids abundant, 40 - 60 × 7.5 - 12 μm, fusiform or clavate-cylindrical, thin-walled, hyaline.

Hyphae 2 - 8 (10) μm in diameter, with buckles, hyaline or in the cuticle with olive pigment, in the mediostratus of plates 2 - 2.5 (3) μm in diameter, thin-walled and randomly confused with the formation of irregular trams, agglutinated, in the medullary part 2 - 8 µm in diameter, strongly swollen at branch points (up to 10 µm in diameter), with strongly thickened walls, in the cuticle 2 - 6 µm in diameter, thin or thick-walled, strongly entangled, ending in cylindrical pileocystids.

Ecology and distribution

Substance: Woody plants (living trees, bark and dead wood)

On dying and dead trees, stumps, fallen trees, fallen branches and small woody detritus of deciduous, less often conifers.

Fruiting

From late September to November cold.

JanFebMarAprMayJun

JulAugSenOctNoveDec

The divisions correspond to the decades of the month.

Nutritional properties

Edible

Notes

Causes white rot.

Distribution in Western Siberia

Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - Yugra: Khanty-Mansiysk region, Mukhrino International Field Station (Bulonkova T.M.).

Description

Fruiting bodies are cap-stalk, the cap is fan-shaped, then sometimes reniform, with a somewhat lobed edge, in young mushrooms turned up, 0.5-3.5 cm wide, 0.2-3 cm long. The surface of the cap is somewhat cracking, yellow-brown in wet weather, light ocher when dry, rarely almost white.

The leg is lateral, poorly developed, but always noticeable, 1-10 mm long and 2-7 mm thick, cylindrical or somewhat narrowed towards the base, colored the same color as the cap.

Plates are frequent to rather rare, often intertwining and branching, weakly descending to the stem, colored in brown and yellowish-brown tones.

The pulp is dark yellow-brown or creamy, with a mushroom smell and a pungent bitter taste.

The spore print is white. Spores 3.5–5.5 × 2–3 µm, oblong to bean-shaped, amyloid. Cheilocystids are frequent, cylindrical, sinuous, up to 80 µm in length, uncolored. Pleurocystids are absent.

An inedible mushroom with a bitter taste.