An excerpt characterizing Urnula goblet
Comprehension of the laws of this movement is the goal of history. But in order to comprehend the laws of continuous movement of the sum of all the arbitrariness of people, the human mind allows arbitrary, discontinuous units. The first method of history is that, taking an arbitrary series of continuous events, consider it separately from the others, whereas there is and cannot be the beginning of any event, and always one event continuously follows from another. The second method is to consider the action of one person, a king, a commander, as the sum of the arbitrariness of people, while the sum of the arbitrariness of people is never expressed in the activity of one historical person. Historical science in its movement constantly accepts smaller and smaller units for consideration and in this way strives to get closer to the truth. But no matter how small the units that history accepts, we feel that the assumption of a unit separated from another, the assumption of the beginning of some phenomenon and the assumption that the arbitrariness of all people is expressed in the actions of one historical person are false in themselves. Any conclusion of history, without the slightest effort on the part of criticism, disintegrates like dust, leaving nothing behind, only due to the fact that criticism chooses a larger or smaller discontinuous unit for the object of observation; to which it always has the right, since the historical unit taken is always arbitrary. Only by admitting an infinitely small unit for observation - the differential of history, that is, homogeneous drives of people, and having achieved the art of integrating (taking the sum of these infinitely small ones), can we hope to comprehend the laws of history. The first fifteen years of the 19th century in Europe represent an extraordinary movement of millions of people. People abandon their usual occupations, strive from one side of Europe to the other, rob, kill one another, triumph and despair, and the whole course of life changes for several years and represents an intensified movement, which first goes on increasing, then weakening. What is the reason for this movement or according to what laws did it take place? The human mind asks. Historians, answering this question, tell us the deeds and speeches of several dozen people in one of the buildings of the city of Paris, calling these deeds and speeches the word revolution; then they give a detailed biography of Napoleon and some people who were sympathetic and hostile to him, talk about the influence of some of these people on others and say: this is why this movement took place, and these are its laws. But the human mind not only refuses to believe in this explanation, but directly says that the method of explanation is not correct, because in this explanation the weakest phenomenon is taken as the cause of the strongest. The sum of human arbitrariness made both the revolution and Napoleon, and only the sum of these arbitrariness endured and destroyed them.
Unusual mushrooms. Funnelman
Hello dear reader!
For some reason, a rather persistent conviction has developed that everything unusual is somewhere far away ... not with us. Here are the unusual mushrooms - they do not grow in our forest, but there ... most likely, in the tropics.
In fact, unusual representatives of the mushroom kingdom can be found anywhere.
We just don't always pay attention to them. And if we do, then most often we will disparagingly call it "toadstools"
Meanwhile, among the unusual mushrooms there are quite edible and even tasty ...
I recently wrote about horned mushrooms. And now the turn has come for another forest miracle. Meet the horn-shaped funnel (Craterellus cornucopioides).
Funnel mushrooms in a spruce-birch forest
Funnel mushroom - description
The unusual mushrooms in the photo met me in early September in a spruce-birch forest. But the funnel mushroom also lives in deciduous and mixed forests, in oak forests, in beech forests. It can also be found in a pine forest, but not in a pure lichen pine forest, but in a green moss forest with an admixture of spruce and deciduous species. It often grows along roads, paths, and does not like dense thickets.
Evaluation of taste, benefits and possible harm
The funnel-shaped funnel has a pronounced mushroom flavor that will decorate any dish or sauce. Gourmets claim that it has a bright mushroom flavor with hints of haze and fruity aroma.
All mushrooms of the Chanterelle family are rich in potassium, calcium and phosphorus. There is relatively little protein in them (only 28.3%), but there are enough vitamins of groups B, A, D and polyunsaturated fatty acids.
The funnel-shaped funnel, collected in clean places, does not harm. Like any mushrooms, it is contraindicated for people with sensitive digestion.
Medicinal properties and application in traditional medicine
It is believed that the horned funnel has bactericidal properties and also stimulates the immune system. Previously, it was applied raw or in powder form to wounds and abscesses. They also used it as an antihelminthic agent: the fact is that the funnel-shaped funnel contains the substance chitinmannose, which is poisonous to parasites. It is thanks to her that pipe mushrooms, like chanterelles, are not wormy.
Now in the West, the antimutagenic properties of the funnel-shaped funnel and its antitumor effect are being actively studied. The first results have already been obtained, the work of scientists continues.
False and poisonous counterparts of Hornbeam Tubes
Most often, the horn-shaped funnel is confused with the chanterelle. Sometimes both are called the Black Chanterelle, although this species does not exist. Funnelhogs and chanterelles are relatives, albeit quite distant: they belong to the same family, but of different genera. It is very simple to distinguish them: the gray chanterelle has pseudo-plates, and the funnel-shaped funnel has no folds, it has wrinkles.
Chanterelle gray
However, both of them are edible, so even if they are confused, nothing unpleasant will happen. The gray chanterelle is considered by some to be tasteless and for this is referred to as conditionally edible mushrooms, but the same is said about the common chanterelle.
There is an opinion that the goblet funnel is similar to the sinuous funnel. But the second one is much smaller (3-5 cm both in height and in diameter) and of a completely different color. Sinuous funnels are also of a darker color, but in this case they have a light rim along the edges of the cap, which you will never find in a horn-shaped one. The sinuous funnel is classified as inedible because of its tastelessness.
Sinuous funnel
Somewhat similar to the funnel-shaped funnel-shaped Urnula goblet. It is inedible due to its unpleasant taste. In contrast to the urnula, the flesh of the horn-shaped trumpet-mushroom is brittle, and the edges of the cap are turned away. It looks more like a chanterelle, and the head of the goblet urnula resembles a cognac glass.
Urnula goblet
Until recently, the funnel-shaped funnel-shaped Craterellus cornucopioides and its North American cousin Craterellus fallax were considered different species and even found a difference in their gastronomic quality. However, genetics put an end to the controversy between the cooks, and now there is no need to describe the completely insignificant difference between these forms, which turned out to be genetically identical at the species level.
Description
Fruiting bodies - first clavate and closed, then opening into deep-chalky apothecia on a long false stalk, 4.5-10.5 cm high and 2-7 cm in diameter, shortening and expanding with age. The edge of the apothecia is often torn or stellate. Internal spore-bearing surface - hymenophore - smooth, black to brown-black; the outer sterile surface is velvety-fleecy, black-brown or black-gray.
Spores are generally white.Asci cylindrical, 200-600 × 12-17 µm, contain 8 spores, each of which is unicellular, broadly elliptical, with smooth walls, 25-35 × 12-14 µm. Paraphysis threadlike, with a club-like thickened end, pale brown.
It has no nutritional value, it is considered an inedible mushroom. It has an unpleasant taste, but does not contain toxic substances.
Growing at home and in the country
Funnel-shaped funnels are not the most popular plants in summer cottages, but in vain: they, like chanterelles, can protect other mushrooms from being eaten by worms.
On the plots, horn-shaped funnels are planted at any time of the year and under all kinds of trees. To do this, they dig up the ground at the roots by 5-15 cm, depending on how close the rhizome of a particular tree is to the soil surface. The top layer of soil is removed, sprinkled with mycelium evenly, covered with a mixture of soil with humus, and on top - with earth removed from the planting site. Watered only during dry periods, keeping the soil moist.
You can sow mycelium while planting trees or bushes. It is simply spread over the bottom of the seedling hole.
When cultivated indoors, the yield of the funnel-shaped tubular will be lower. They are grown in the same way as champignons, with only one exception: seeds of any sown grass are added to the substrate for planting. You will need to do the following:
- Prepare a composition from forest soil or from garden soil with the addition of sawdust.
- The mycelium is sown in containers or bags with a substrate in a ventilated greenhouse with a temperature of 22 ° C.
- Water gently while maintaining moisture.
- Immediately after sowing, you can cover the soil with foil.
- The harvest should be expected in 5 months, sometimes in a year.
Time and place of fruiting of Craterellus hornform
The horned funnel can be found in deciduous and mixed forests of all continents of the Northern Hemisphere. It is found in different climatic zones between the tundra and the tropics. He especially loves mountains and foothills.
Grows well in Europe, including Scandinavia and Finland. In Russia, it is distributed in the European part, Western Siberia, the Far East and in the mountainous regions: in the North Caucasus and in the Altai Territory.
The best symbionts of the horned trumpet mushroom are beeches and oaks, but they are also found under birches and other deciduous trees, sometimes under spruces. Prefers calcareous and clayey soils, places - open, light. It can often be found near the roadside.
The horny pipe mushroom begins to bear fruit in July, but is found in greatest numbers in Russia from mid-August to the end of September. In warmer countries, the peak of growth is shifted a little further along the calendar - until mid-October-November.
Horn-shaped funnels, as a rule, are found in groups. But even large clusters of them are not easy to detect: the dark color merges with the ground and fallen leaves.
Horn-shaped mushroom
The horn-shaped funnel is a representative of the Chanterelle family. It belongs to the class Agaricomycetes.
Botanical characteristic
Fruit body y mushroom funnel horn-shaped It has a characteristic tube or cup shape that tapers towards its base. The length of the fruiting body is 5-12 cm; its structure is empty (hollow). This bowl has a gradual transition to a mushroom leg. In this case, the deepening of the cap smoothly passes into the cavity of the leg (through).
Other names of the fungus are the horn-shaped tube mushroom, gray and funnel-shaped funnel-shaped, horn-shaped craterellus. By the way. He is mistakenly called the gray chanterelle.
The mushroom cap looks like a funnel, it grows up to 3-8 cm in diameter. In young specimens, the edges are wavy, turned outward, in adults they develop into torn or lobed ones.
The inner surface of the mushroom fruiting body has a fibrous structure and is covered with small scales. The color of the upper surface depends on the age of the fungus:
- the color of young specimens is brown-black,
- the fruiting body of an adult fungus is colored dark gray,
- the overgrown horn-shaped funnel becomes almost black.
The outer surface is covered with hymenium (spore-bearing layer), while in young specimens it is smooth, and as the specimen matures, it becomes lumpy and wrinkled. The color of the lower surface is initially gray-brown, then gray-gray, and in the process of spore maturation it becomes sprinkled. Sometimes there are also yellow specimens. The dried mushroom becomes an order of magnitude lighter.
The fungus lacks hymenophore pseudoplates, which are inherent in many representatives of the Chanterelle family.
Irina Selyutina (Biologist):
The folded hymenophore, unlike its fellow lamellar hymenophore, is represented by rather thick folds of tissue, or, as they often say, wrinkles, on the surface of which a spore-forming layer is located - hymenium. Since these structures are not, in their essence, plates, but only resemble them externally, hence the prefix “pseudo-” came from. Mushrooms with this type of hymenophore are often described as lamellar.
The mushroom leg is short and narrow, no more than 0.8-1 cm in thickness. It narrows towards the base. The structure is tough. The color is similar to the color of the mushroom cap.
The mushroom pulp is too thin, filmy, easily breaks, initially gray or dark brown, almost black in adult mushrooms. The smell and taste of raw mushrooms are not noted, they are exacerbated in the process of drying and heat treatment.
Geography of distribution
Most mycologists classify the horn-shaped funnel from the Chanterelle family as mycorrhizal organisms capable of creating a symbiotic association with the roots of a part of higher plants. However, some experts consider it to be living on the remains of living organisms, referring to the number of saprophytes.
The fungus grows more often in large crowded intergrown groups and colonies. It is difficult to detect due to its coloration similar to fallen leaves.
The funnel grower prefers to grow in deciduous and mixed forests in important areas, fallen oak and beech leaves, clay and limestone soils. It is most often found in open, illuminated places, near roads, on the edges of ditches and near paths. It is permissible to find mushrooms in mountainous areas.
The geography of distribution covers the temperate zone of the Northern Hemisphere, including tropical regions. The pipe mushroom grows in European, North American and Asian territories, taking over Japan. In Russia, it is found in the regions of the North Caucasus, Altai and the Far East, the West Siberian plain and in the European part.
For your information. Best of all, the funnel pot "gets along" with pine and spruce, but it can grow quite well next to a beech or oak. But you are unlikely to succeed in "organizing" a friendship between garden trees and this amazing forest miracle.
Similar varieties
The horny tube-mushroom has varieties that are similar in external description, including:
- Sinuous funnel pot: it is distinguished from the horn-shaped funnel with a lighter, yellowish color and a strongly dissected mushroom cap.
- The chanterelle is gray: on the underside of the mushroom cap it has a hymenophore, represented by pseudoplates.
- The urnula is goblet: it has a funnel-shaped fruit body in the form of a glass of almost black color.
Description of the mushroom
The horn-shaped funnel is also called the Horn-shaped tube mushroom or the funnel-shaped funnel. Sometimes it is called "gray chanterelle", but this is wrong. Finns call it "black horn", British - "cornucopia", Germans and Italians - "pipe of the dead", and French - "pipe of death".
Such gloomy names of the delicious mushroom are explained by its unusual color and fruiting time: in Western Europe, pipe-mushrooms appear in early November, and on the 2nd day is the Day of Remembrance. In Latin, the gloomy gifts of the forest are called Craterellus cornucopioides.
It is not easy to buy a funnel-shaped funnel in Russia: it is a slow-moving product. In dried form, it is sold for 900-1500 rubles. per 100 g, fresh - 13.5-15 thousand rubles. for 1 kg. Black horns are very light, so a kilogram is quite a lot.
Hat
The black, funnel-shaped cap with beautifully curved edges is 5–8 cm in diameter. Older specimens have a ragged edge line, sometimes forming lobes. The upper surface of the cap is dark gray to black, fibrous, scaly. The depression passes into the leg cavity.
Hymenophore
It does not have the usual visible plates or tubes. Gray, wrinkled, the transition to the leg is not pronounced. In old mushrooms, it is covered with an easily removable bluish bloom.
Pulp
Filmy, brittle. In adult specimens it is black, in young specimens it is dark gray. Raw funnel hoppers have practically no funnel-shaped taste and smell.
Practical use
The funnel is an edible mushroom. For Western European chefs, it is a delicacy. Suitable for use without preliminary heat treatment. For food purposes, use only a tubular mushroom funnel, removing the coarse stem. The mushroom is an ingredient in the preparation of various first and second courses, sauces and seasonings.
It lends itself well to drying, but becomes brittle and crumbles. When dried, the palatability is enhanced.
There are many pigments in the fruit bodies of the funnelfoot, which give a specific black color, therefore, when cooking, the water becomes colored and becomes bluish-black. This "transformation" often scares people who first encounter a funneller.
Euphorbia tirucalli
It is very bushy, its stems resemble numerous green sticks, there are no leaves or thorns. The tops of the shoots are colored bright pink and orange. At home, it can grow up to two meters. This plant belongs to the group of succulents, which is why it is unpretentious in care. This spurge needs moderate watering, it can safely survive being in direct sunlight without the risk of burns.
In winter, it is recommended to introduce this plant into the wintering state, lowering the temperature to 15 degrees. The juice, like all other milkweed, is poisonous and can cause allergies.
