Grape

Big city problem

Modern man has little faith in such legends. Scientists also break myths. Zoologists have found that the legs of this bird are very short, and it is this length that helps to keep balance. In addition, all the tiny winged ones move by leaps.

The researchers first added the prefix "home" to their name. Indeed, now these birds live very close to human habitation. The homeland of birds was Northern Europe, but over the centuries of evolution, they have settled throughout the globe.

Today it is increasingly difficult for them to survive in large cities. More often, parents think about how to feed a sparrow chick. There are few insects in large populated areas, so dad and mom add bread and seeds to the child's diet, which they do not really like.

Sometimes chicks fall out of the nests. To understand how to save a sparrow baby, you need to determine the cause. If you find a cub on the ground, look around.

If a sparrow chick falls out of the nest by accident, return it back. Sometimes babies instinctively reach out for their parents, falling from the trees. If everything is in order with the "bird house", the parents are in place, then the tragedy will not happen.

Natural disasters can also destroy the nest: hurricane, thunderstorm. In this case, you can help the birds by restoring the home. Take the little ones back to the renovated home and watch them. If the parents respond to the call of the cubs, the rescue mission is over. If this does not happen, you will have to feed the young.

Sparrow chicks grow up to an independent age of 2-3 weeks. This is how long it will take to hatch the cubs.

Frontignac

Up to -34 ° С, which makes it possible to grow it as a non-covered one. Frontignac is a red-wine grape variety, released in 1996. Medium ripening, ripens in the Kiev region in early September. Bushes vigorous, early fruiting. The bunches are medium, medium dense. The berries are black, small, round. Bunches can hang on bushes for a long time, accumulates sugar well up to 24-26%, but acidity is also high. Even in wet years, damage to the berries by gray rot and cracking was practically not observed. Productivity is plentiful, sometimes crop rationing is required.

Up to -34 ° C, a gray-berry variety of Frontignac from which white wines are prepared. The vine has essentially the same characteristics as Frontignac. However, the wine is very different, with aromas of peach, apricot, pineapple and citrus on the palate without any herbal or labrus flavors. This variety has not been tested at the Geneva Experimental Station.

Types and their description with photo

The species has a large number of subspecies that you need to be able to distinguish, since some of them are poisonous and can be dangerous to human life.

Real

Tinder fungus is considered the most common. This species belongs to perennial species, and you can find it throughout the year. It is mainly attached to deciduous trees such as birch, beech, alder.

Tinder real

It can also be found on stumps and felled trees. You can meet him most often in the northern hemisphere. Fruiting bodies can grow singly or in groups. All representatives of the Coriolaceae family are inedible and the Present subspecies is no exception.

Birch

Other names for the subspecies are chaga or canted. It is a widespread annual subspecies that develops under the bark of a tree. The shape of the fruit part of this type is flat, up to 40 cm in diameter, the color of the growths can be black or brownish with white veins (at first it is lighter, and eventually darkens).

Spores have the shape of an ellipse, at first colorless, then brownish-yellow in color. The fungus is formed from hard growths. The surface of the growths is wavy, covered with a crust.On the cut, the flesh is from dirty yellow to brown, easily separates from the tubular layer. The mushroom is found in birch forests of Russia, in Europe, America and Korea.

Tinder fungus birch

It takes root well not only on living trunks of deciduous trees, but also on dead birches. This subspecies provokes the appearance of white mold. For medicinal purposes, it is used in the form of infusions, decoctions as an antitumor and anti-gastritis agent. Fruiting from mid-summer to early winter.

Leafy

This subspecies differs from others in its large size. The fruit part can reach 1 m in diameter and weigh up to 20 kg. You can find such a mushroom in mid-August, most often on stumps or old trees. Such a representative is rather rare. Small wavy shapeless caps form a large body.

The cap is fleshy, narrowed at the base. The upper part is brown, and the lower surface is represented by small tubes. The pulp is light, with a pleasant aroma. The size of the leg does not exceed 10 cm. This subspecies is edible, therefore it is often eaten boiled and fried.

Another feature of the leafy tinder fungus is its ability to grow rapidly. So, the cap reaches a mass of 10-12 kg in a few weeks. The pulp is always soft and fresh. All parts are edible after careful heat treatment.

Interesting to know!

Such a fungus never grows on diseased trees.

Sulfur yellow

The main feature of this conditionally edible species is the dirty yellow scaly surface of the cap. The mushroom reaches about 30-35 cm wide. Fruit bodies are fleshy, juicy and friable in consistency, but brittle.

Large pores can be easily seen on the underside. The tubular part is formed by small pores. The pulp is white, juicy, with a sour aroma. Such a subspecies grows on stumps or conifers, and the peak yield is observed in spring.

Winter

The mushroom has a small cap, up to 10 cm, yellowish in color, the surface of the cap of young organisms can be covered with short villi. The leg is not more than 1 cm in height, the tubular part is white, it turns brown in dry mushrooms.

The pulp is white. The subspecies belongs to saprotrophs and grows on stumps and deciduous trees. It is harvested in the fall, and only young, long-boiled hats are considered edible.

Winter polypore

Scaly

The cap of the subspecies reaches 50 cm in diameter, cream-colored, covered with bright brown scales. Leg up to 4 cm in height, dark brown, light tubes. The pulp is milky in color, with a pleasant aroma and taste. It grows mainly on fruit and deciduous trees from early summer to September.

Scaly polypore

The subspecies is classified as a parasite, as it provokes the appearance of yellow-white rot. All parts are edible, but only young specimens.

Growing methods

To grow a tinder fungus at home, it is imperative to study the peculiarities of its relationship with the substrate, in contrast to other mushrooms.

Parasitism is characteristic of tinder fungi. The substrate is made from sawdust, shavings and young branches. It is poured with boiling water and cooled to room temperature.

Take flat white mycelium of the mushroom and mix thoroughly with the soil mixture. The mass is neatly folded into plastic bags, small cuts are made in them on the side in a checkerboard pattern, and then placed in conditions of high humidity (80%) and a natural change of lighting. As soon as the first crop appears, it is harvested and used for its intended purpose.

Dry hemp or wood blocks are well suited for growing. After making a deep cut in the trunk, white mycelium is placed in it. The fungus will grow faster in wet conditions. After 4 months, a generation of mushrooms appears, which is harvested to get a new one.

Inedible tinder fungus

Inedible polypores are not deadly, but they can cause unpleasant symptoms:

• an allergic reaction;
• intoxication of the body with the corresponding symptoms - vomiting, dizziness, nausea.

Many tinder fungi, including inedible ones, are actively used in medicine - they are used to prepare medicinal products. Any use of mushrooms should be preceded by a consultation with a therapist.

Birch

Likes to grow on dead birch trunks. Its body is convex, gray-white in color. It contains a lot of amino acids and trace elements. This was appreciated by microorganisms and insects, generously laying larvae in the fungus. Pharmacology uses fungal polymers from this fungus to produce dietary supplements for diabetics.

The video tells about the birch tinder fungus, its various uses (medicine) and other useful properties. The blogger shows from his own experience how to use it correctly:

Beveled

It is also called chaga. Grows on birches, alder, mountain ash. The body is hard, woody. Irregular shape, rough surface. Color - dark brown or black. The section has white streaks. Chaga is used in medicine - for decoctions and infusions.

Haired

Prefers stumps and semi-dry trees. The hat is large and rough and looks like a sponge. At a young age, it has a yellowish or grayish color; as it grows, it becomes brown with a greenish tinge. The taste of the pulp is unpleasant - bitter, gives off anise.

Humpbacked

The hat is shaped like a semicircle. The shade is greenish. The pulp is firm - white or yellow. The surface of the cap is velvety. The fungus strengthens blood vessels. It is part of the drugs that treat sarcoma, throat cancer, leukemia. Recent studies have shown that the humpback tinder fungus has a detrimental effect on the AIDS virus.

Larch (real)

Grows on larch, fir, cedar. It has a thick fruiting body. Length - 30 cm. Coloring - white or yellow. The surface is rough. There are furrows and brown spots. Young - soft, later - hard, crumbling. Bitter taste.

Lacquered (Reishi)

A mushroom with unique properties. It is actively used to treat oncology and the cardiovascular system. It is in demand in folk medicine.

Frost-resistant Buffalo grape

A grape variety with American roots. The result of hybridization of varieties "Herbert" and "Watkins". Bred at Cornell University, New York. It is considered the best variety in the group of isable varieties due to its high yield, large and attractive bunch and excellent taste. Although there are winegrowers who have a different opinion about Buffalo.

The bushes are vigorous. The vine is dark brown. Leaves with tomentose pubescence, large. Bunches are medium, up to 0.5 kg, round-conical, classic isabelle look. Berries weighing up to 5 g, dark blue almost black, very tasty (relatively isable group). The variety is extremely productive. On arched formations, up to a centner of berries is obtained from a bush.

Reproduction

Reproduction of potatoes can be done in two ways - vegetatively and sexually.

The vegetative method of reproduction is the cultivation of potatoes from tubers. Also, this method includes reproduction using segments of stems, on which there must necessarily be one apical or several lateral vegetative buds.

The most common way is to grow potatoes from tubers. And stem cuttings are planted in cases where the number of tubers is limited, and some new valuable variety requires a quick introduction into practice.

Its most important parts are stamens and pistils. Complex processes associated with sexual reproduction take place in them.

In flowering plants, the male gametes (sperm) are very small, while the female (eggs) are much larger.

Each pollen grain of angiosperms consists of vegetative and generative cells. The pollen grain is covered with two shells. The outer shell, as a rule, is uneven, with spines, warts, and outgrowths in the form of a mesh. This helps the pollen grains stay on the stigma of the pistil.The pollen of the plant, which matures in the anthers, by the time the flower blooms, consists of many pollen grains.

Collection rules, medicinal properties, contraindications

Experts recommend collecting tinder fungus in the spring, as at this time they accumulate useful substances. It is not recommended to collect old mushrooms, because they may contain harmful substances accumulated from the environment.

The mushroom should be cut from the tree as high as possible. Not recommended for cutting from dry trees or stumps. Separate with a sharp knife or ax. Experienced mushroom pickers recommend gathering on the waning moon according to the lunar calendar.

The birch species has the greatest number of useful properties, therefore it is used for medicinal purposes. However, there are also contraindications for the use of such drugs.

Medicines are prepared exclusively from powder. Tinder fungus preparations are used to treat intoxication, which is associated with a high content of agaric acid. Also, beneficial substances contribute to the production of liver enzymes that break down amino acids. Tinctures are also used for more serious diseases, such as tuberculosis or oncology.

In cases of treatment, the drugs are taken for several months, with repeated courses of treatment 2-3 times a year. It is not recommended to undergo treatment with drugs based on tinder fungi for pregnant and breastfeeding women, children who have not reached 5-6 years of age, as well as for any allergic diseases.

For the preparation of medicines, chaga is harvested throughout the year, but only from living and healthy trees. Tinctures are prepared from the collected tinder fungi. For their preparation, use vodka, boiling water or just warm water. Such tinctures are stored in cold places, and preparations are prepared only from powders.

Beneficial features

The medicinal properties of tinder fungus began to be used for a long time. Examples of its use are found in the medical literature of Ancient Greece and China. A tinder fungus is an organism that contains a mass of resinous substances, polysaccharides, vitamins and minerals. Young fruit bodies harvested in the month of May are especially beneficial.

The features of the medicinal tinder fungus are hemostatic, antimicrobial action. Agaric acid promotes the elimination of toxins accumulated in the body, cleanses the body of toxins and cholesterol plaques. Lanophil polysaccharides allow you to gently cleanse the liver, improve blood circulation.

By settling on trees, the parasite destroys them. Despite this, it is classified as a sanitary species that cleanse the forest of old trees, which makes it possible for the young to fully develop.Its importance in agricultural activities is invaluable. The parasite produces a large number of living bacteria, under the influence of which old trees quickly rot and turn into natural fertilizer

However, it is important to ensure that polypores do not spread.

In a garden, the appearance of fungi on trees is prevented by following elementary agrotechnical rules. If you do not take preventive measures on time, but simply remove the mushrooms from the bark, they grow every year and, like a sponge, absorb useful substances from the vessels and sieve cells of wood. As a result, the tree will have to be uprooted.

Popular varieties

The most popular varieties:

1. Larch (real). These mushrooms are characterized by a spreading fruiting body (20-30 cm long), painted in an off-white hue. In young plants, the flesh is soft and elastic, in mature plants it is hard and crumbly.

Tinder fungus is not edible, but it is used for medicinal purposes for the preparation of infusions, decoctions and powders aimed at removing toxins, carcinogens from the body, destroying the pathogenic flora of the liver, lungs, biliary tract, accelerating metabolism (for weight loss). Most often it grows on dead wood and dead wood.

1. Flat (sulfur yellow). A characteristic feature of the mushroom is a voluminous dark golden cap (20-30 cm in diameter), visually reminiscent of polyurethane foam. On the surface of the fruiting body, uneven nodules are often present, covered with a dense matte skin.

The sulfur-yellow polypore is edible only at an early age, since the caps of overripe plants are excessively hard. In addition to the food industry, the mushroom is used in pharmacology for the production of drugs aimed at combating rheumatic tuberculosis, esophageal cancer, impotence, stomach ulcers, diabetes mellitus, and liver diseases.

1. Lacquered (Reishi). A distinctive feature of the mushroom is a shiny, plausible cap, planted on a side volumetric leg. Moreover, the color of its fruiting body can vary from bright orange to dark red.

Lacquered polypores are used exclusively for medical purposes, since the mushroom is inedible. It is the strongest immunomodulator with pronounced antioxidant properties. It is believed that the fungus is able to suppress the growth of cancer cells and is useful for people suffering from arthritis, rheumatism, asthma, and respiratory diseases.

Reishi studies on the possibility of its use for medicinal purposes are ongoing to this day.

1. Umbrella. The rarest species of tinder fungus listed in the Red Book. The fruit body of the fungus consists of many small brown caps, bordered by multi-colored wavy stripes. The culture grows in places with high humidity, especially at the base of stumps and trunks of beech, maple, birch, hornbeam.

The umbrella tinder fungus is classified as an edible mushroom.

1. Birch. Mushroom with globular fruiting bodies, light pulp and smooth gray-white skin. This parasite grows exclusively on birch tree trunks. On its basis, drugs and biologically active complexes are created, aimed at restoring the intestines (eliminating constipation), increasing the body's immune response, and calming the nervous system. The mushroom weakens appetite, has strong diuretic properties, due to which it is used for weight loss.

At an early age, birch tinder fungus can be used for food.

In addition to the medicinal and nutritional value, mushrooms are the most important component of the cycle of substances in nature. Polypores, decomposing organic compounds to mineral ones, have a positive effect on soil biocenosis.

Medicinal properties of true tinder fungi.

The people call the real tinder fungus deciduous, larch sponge and blood sponge, the latter name is no coincidence, because it is used as a hemostatic agent.The pores of the present tinder fungus perfectly absorb blood, creating something like a bandage.

The healing properties of true tinder fungi are extensive. These mushrooms have been used for therapeutic purposes since tsarist times. In Russia, they became so popular that at some point they began to be imported abroad. Tinder even received the honorary name of "the king of all medicinal drugs."

These mushrooms were actively used for medicinal purposes in Greece. The Greek connoisseur Dioscorides called this mushroom a panacea and prescribed it for various internal diseases. The doctor believed that real tinder fungi help to restore strength, relieve depression and fatigue.

True polypores in Ancient Greece were very expensive. King Mithridates found out that if you take an infusion of this mushroom regularly, you can protect yourself from the effects of the poison. Throughout his reign, the king drank this remedy. And at one moment the king was depressed, he wanted to poison himself by taking a large portion of the poison, but the toxins not only did not work, but did not even cause digestive irritation.

Real tinder fungi are able to remove toxins from the body, modern scientists have recorded this. The tests were carried out on mice, and the results were amazing - arsenic compounds and mercury dichloride were released from the body of the animals. This is facilitated by agaric acid contained in the fruit bodies.

Also, real tinder fungi are able to restore the liver. Mushrooms contain the polysaccharide lanophil, which stimulates the liver to release enzymes necessary for proper function.

Tinder fungus is a truly unique mushroom; it also heals the lungs. Infusions made from real tinder fungus help with common coughs and serious pulmonary diseases, such as lung cancer and pneumonia. Also, the tinder fungus gives good results for tuberculosis.

In China, preparations based on tinder fungus have a very wide spectrum of action. They are used for overweight, lung disease, diarrhea, liver problems and even impotence. In addition, real tinder fungi can help rejuvenate the body, they have a positive effect on the condition of the skin and relieve fatigue. Women assure that after taking drugs based on tinder fungus, the skin becomes taut, and the nails stop exfoliating and grow faster.

Rules for the collection and preparation of real tinder fungi.

These mushrooms for medicinal purposes can be harvested independently throughout the year. But they should only be cut from living trees.

For prevention purposes, tinder fungi are used for about a month twice a year. But in the process of treating certain diseases, the period increases to 4 months.

Infusions from tinder fungus are made using boiling water, warm water or vodka. The infusion must be insisted. And it should be stored in the refrigerator.

The twins of the real tinder fungus.

A similar species is bordered tinder fungus. This is also an inedible mushroom. Its fruiting bodies are perennial, sessile, rounded or hoof-shaped. The diameter of the fruiting body can be up to 30 centimeters, and its height is 10 centimeters. Concentric zones are clearly visible on the cap. The color of the cap is gray-gray, gray-brown or almost black. There is a yellow-orange edge. The pulp is elastic, dense, woody. The color of the pulp is beige or light brown.

These are saprophytic fungi, they cause brown rot on trees. They grow everywhere in the temperate zone. Bordered polypores settle on fallen trees of coniferous and deciduous species, but can infect living weakened trees. In Siberia, these fungi cause damage, they cause wood to rot in logging areas and in warehouses.

Preparations for homeopathy are made from bordered tinder fungi, they are actively used in Chinese traditional medicine.

Kishmish Katavba

Up to -29 ° С - and tastier than Spartan, but not as frost-resistant. Jupiter and Venus are similar to raisins. Can be grown as uncovered on arches, gazebos, etc.

Up to -29 ° C, you need to be prepared for the fact that once every 6-7 years it will completely freeze out to the level of snow. At the same time, next year Jupiter will quickly “beat off” new shoots from dormant buds and it will be possible to get a small harvest. We will test for lower temperatures, if Mother Nature permits. Seedless variety, early ripening (115-125 days). The bushes are medium-sized. Medium bunches weighing 1 kg. Berries are large, weighing 4-5 grams, color from red to blue-red when fully ripe. The pulp is fleshy and juicy, good taste with a light nutmeg aroma. The skin is thin, firm. Sugar accumulation up to 21%. There may be freezing and death of the kidneys in frosty winters and in the spring of freezing, when the temperature fluctuates (during the day, plus - at night below zero).

Up to -28 ° C and below, it is recommended for non-sheltering culture (arches, gazebos, etc.). Sary (1977) variety, early ripening, 120 days). Bushes above average vigor. The clusters are medium, from 200 grams and above, cylindrical-conical, medium density. Berries are small and medium 2-3 gr, round, blue. The pulp is fleshy and juicy, the taste is harmonious, with a light strawberry-nutmeg and black-currant aroma. The skin is not thick, it is separated by a “pouch”. Seedless class I. Sugar content 18-20%, acidity 6-7%.

Up to -32 ° C, which makes it possible to grow it as a semi-covering or non-covering, seedless grape variety. Selection: USA. Late ripening (late September-early October), isable type. The vigor of the bushes is medium to high. The flower is bisexual. The cluster is medium and large, wide, conical or almost cylindrical, with one, rarely two, wings, rather loose or dense. The berry is medium, round or oval, purple-red, dull, with a pronounced nutmeg. Sugar content 25%, acidity 8.8 g / l. Ripening of shoots is average. The yield is average.

Up to -34 ° C, early ripening (115-125 days). Own-rooted bushes are vigorous. The clusters are medium in size and large. The berries are round, yellow-green, with an average weight of 3-4 grams. Seedlessness of the 1st category, rudiments are either absent or very small, practically not felt when eating. Increased resistance to fungal diseases and frost. Harmonious taste with strawberry flavor. Bunches 800-1200 g.

Season and habitat of the mushroom

Tinder fungus belongs to the category of saprophytes. It is this fungus that is the main cause of the appearance of white rot on the trunks of deciduous trees. Due to its parasitism, thinning and destruction of woody tissue occurs. The fungus of this species is widespread enough on the territory of the European continent.

You can see it everywhere in many European countries, including Russia. The real tinder fungus parasitizes mainly on deciduous tree species. Plantings of birches, oaks, alder, aspen, and beeches are often exposed to its negative impact. You can often find real tinder fungus (Fomes fomentarius) on dead wood, rotten stumps and dead trees.

The growth of mushrooms is significantly influenced by pressure and temperature. The parasite stops growing if the oxygen pressure is less than 1.5 atm, and the temperature is 17.5 ° C, and breathing becomes anaerobic. With this type of breathing, the release of carbon dioxide and pressure are in direct proportion. Metabolism and nutrition in tinder fungi depend on the characteristics of the substrate and the physiological state of the tree.

Most of the carbons that mushrooms feed on are undissolved. Therefore, mushrooms contain enzymes and enzymes that convert insoluble substances into soluble ones.

The main role in the decomposition of wood is played by exozymes, which the fungus will release directly into the wood. Then enzymatic cleavage occurs, compounds are formed that feed on the parasite. All tinder fungi are capable of destroying cellulose.

Exoenzymes are also involved in the spread of polypores over the substrate. They dissolve the cell membrane, then the hyphae penetrate into the cell, and anywhere. Tinder fungi can cause brown or white corrosive rot.

The development of white rot is facilitated by the flat tinder fungus (Ganoderma applanatum), fungi of the genus Inotous and fellinus. Pine sponge or root sponge causes speckled rot.

Where do tinder fungi grow

Tinder fungus is considered a perennial mushroom, so you can find it in nature all year round. Their pores are most often clustered on deadwood and stumps, much less often they parasitize on already weak trees. But this fungus can also develop on dead wood for several years after the death of the plant, causing brown rot. Typically, tinder fungi prefer hardwoods:

• beech;
• alder;
• Birch;
• Cherry;
• willow;
• oak;
• Linden;
• white acacia;
• poplar;
• larch;
• pear.

Less commonly, this family of mushrooms can be found on bare, yew and eucalyptus. The parasites are located at the bottom of infected trunks at a height of 3 to 20 meters. Often grows in forests and parks, forms on trees that grow within the city, near roads. Fruiting from May to mid-September. Distributed throughout Russia, in addition to the Far North.