Strobilurus cuttings (Strobilurus tenacellus) photo and description

April

Spring mushrooms taste good

In the second month of spring, the weather is much warmer, and therefore more species of spring mushrooms appear. They occupy not only forest clearings and stumps, but grow in fields, parks and even gardens. Edible April spring mushrooms have a pleasant taste and aroma.

The characteristics of the varieties and their habitat are described in the table below.

Mushroom name	Description of the fruiting body	Place of growth
Giant stitching, bunchy stitching	Irregularly shaped beige-brown hat with deep grooves and dents, outwardly resembling a brain. Giant morel can reach 12-15 cm in diameter. The leg is thin and is located underground.	Pine forests with sandy soil, mixed forests. Grows on the remains of rotten wood and leaves.
Morel conical	The body is small in size and cylindrical in shape. The cap is a marsupial, with deep dents resembling a honeycomb, has a light or dark brown color, fits snugly to the lower part - the leg. The leg is white, low, porous inside.	Coniferous forests with rare alders, aspens, birches on the soil with a high sand content. Selects illuminated places - meadows, edges.
Oyster mushrooms	Shell-like caps with edges curled inward. The width of the upper part sometimes reaches 17-18 cm. The leg is thin, unable to hold the entire mass. The color changes from gray to ashy with purple. Older specimens fade to white.	Any substrates, rotten wood, old branches, tall stumps.
Spring honey mushroom	Small spherical caps with thin legs. The color scheme is brown and beige-brown. There is a girdle on the leg (the remains of a private veil), below its fruiting body is covered with scales. It grows in groups, sometimes growing together by the edges of the fruiting bodies and forming aggregates.	Wood sawdust, rotten branches, stumps. Prefers moist places in the grass. Found in meadows, in the garden, in the forest.

Definitioner

Basidia (Basidia)

Lat. Basidia. A specialized structure of sexual reproduction in fungi, inherent only in Basidiomycetes. Basidia are terminal (end) elements of hyphae of various shapes and sizes, on which spores develop exogenously (outside).

Basidia are diverse in structure and method of attachment to hyphae.

According to the position relative to the axis of the hypha, to which they are attached, three types of basidia are distinguished:

Apical basidia are formed from the terminal cell of the hypha and are located parallel to its axis.

Pleurobasidia are formed from lateral processes and are located perpendicular to the axis of the hypha, which continues to grow and can form new processes with basidia.

Subasidia are formed from a lateral process, turned perpendicular to the axis of the hypha, which, after the formation of one basidium, stops its growth.

Based on morphology:

Holobasidia - unicellular basidia, not divided by septa (see Fig. A, D.).

Phragmobasidia are divided by transverse or vertical septa, usually into four cells (see Fig. B, C).

By type of development:

Heterobasidia consists of two parts - hypobasidia and epibasidia developing from it, with or without partitions (see Fig. C, B) (see Fig. D).

Homobasidia is not divided into hypo- and epibasidia and in all cases is considered holobasidia (Fig. A).

Basidia is the place of karyogamy, meiosis and the formation of basidiospores. Homobasidia, as a rule, is not functionally divided, and meiosis follows karyogamy in it. However, basidia can be divided into probasidia - the site of karyogamy and metabasidia - the site of meiosis. Probasidium is often a dormant spore, for example in rust fungi. In such cases, probazidia grows with metabasidia, in which meiosis occurs and on which basidiospores are formed (see Fig. E).

See Karyogamy, Meiosis, Gifa.

Pileipellis

Lat.Pileipellis, skin - differentiated surface layer of the cap of agaricoid basidiomycetes. The structure of the skin in most cases differs from the inner flesh of the cap and may have a different structure. The structural features of pileipellis are often used as diagnostic features in descriptions of fungi species.

According to their structure, they are divided into four main types: cutis, trichoderma, hymeniderma and epithelium.

See Agaricoid fungi, Basidiomycete, Cutis, Trichoderma, Gimeniderm, Epithelium.

Effects on pests

Strobilurins are contact fungicides with a curative effect and a partial systemic effect (they move within the leaf).

The fungicidal effect of strobilurins is due to the ability of substances to suppress mitochondrial respiration of pathogen cells. These drugs are most effective when used in the early stages of infection, as they inhibit conidial germination, the initial growth of mycelium, and prevent sporulation. At consumption rates of 100-300 g a.i. / ha, they prevent the development of pathogens from the classes of basidiomycetes (rust), ascomycetes (powdery mildew), oomycetes (downy mildew) and deuteromycetes (septoria), while having a long-term protective effect - up to six weeks. Strobilurins successfully suppress the development of fungal populations resistant to benzimidazoles, phenylamides, and sterol synthesis inhibitors. But with the widespread use of substances of this group, the accumulation of genotypes resistant to strobilurins in the population occurs very quickly.

Mechanism of action

cbc₁with

The drugs have three sources of efficacy for a completely new mesosystem action. They interact well with the surface of plants, are absorbed by the waxy layer of leaves and fruits; later, they are redistributed at the microlevel over the surface of the plant due to the formation of the gas phase and the constant influx of the active substance. In addition, they penetrate plant tissues and have translaminar activity, which increases their effectiveness.

In addition to their excellent preventive action, strobilurins are powerful antisporulants. This means that when processing after infection of plants with pathogens, they do not prevent the appearance of infectious spots, but secondary spores in this spot are practically not formed.

This is especially important for diseases such as apple scab, when economically significant losses are usually associated with secondary spores developing on infected leaves, that is, with secondary re-infection and spread of the disease. Strobilurins, to a greater extent than other medicinal fungicides, reduce the number of sporulating infectious spots during early spraying.

Resistance

mechanism of action

Field resistance to strobilurins was registered in cucumber powdery mildew, grain crops powdery mildew, and gray rot pathogens in greenhouses.

Resistance arises due to the mechanism of action: in mitochondria, when strobilurins inhibit the activity of cytochrome b, alternative pathways of electron transfer can be easily activated. Recently, data have appeared that a high degree of resistance to strobilurins (for example, 200 times less sensitivity to them in a field isolate of the pathogen of wheat powdery mildew) is due to one point mutation in that part of the cytochrome b molecule that determines the binding of this enzyme to fungicides. At the same time, the active center of the enzyme does not change, and resistant (mutant) forms of fungi do not lose their viability as a result of mutation and the acquisition of resistance to strobilurins.

To prevent the emergence of acquired resistance, it is allowed to carry out only 1-2 treatments per season (in some cases, three) with an interval of 14-16 days and use drugs only in the system of alternating fungicides with a mechanism of action different from strobilurins. For vegetables and fruits, these are triazoles, ethylene bisdithiocarbamates, preparations based on copper and sulfur.When processing annuals in the treated area, it is necessary to practice changing crops.

Edible strobilurus, Strobilurus esculentus

Hat: Diameter 1-3 cm, hemispherical in youth, then prostrate. In the center, as a rule, there is a characteristic darkish tubercle. The edges are wavy, the plates are translucent. Color - cream, from light, whitish to almost brown. From moisture it becomes dark, shiny. The pulp is thin, with an intense and very pleasant scent.

Hymenophore: The plates are loose, frequent, rather wide, whitish (not pure white), often with darker spaces.

Spore powder: White.

Leg: Thin, 2-3 cm in height, hollow, lighter on top, below - the color of the cap (various shades are possible). The flesh of the leg is creamy.

Spreading: It occurs from mid-April to late autumn, although the main fruiting peak occurs in the spring. It grows on spruce cones buried in coniferous litter.

Similar species: On pine cones, the twine-footed strobilurus (Strobilurus stephanocystis), as well as the cutting strobilius (Strobilurus tenacellus>), grow. They are indistinguishable from each other.

Edibility: The mushroom is edible and has a great aroma, but its size does not allow us to consider Strobilurus as a food product.

Author's notes: It was at the very beginning of my mushroom career. Having already heard a lot about spring pineapple lovers, I was in the mood for easy success. It was not there. In the middle and end of April, I climbed all the Moscow forest parks, carefully looking for “little brown hats” under belated snow and vaguely feeling that I was somehow deceived. There were none! On May, I went to the village, where I gloomily plowed through the spruce forests. There was nothing in the first spruce forest. In the second - nothing too. It seemed that there was nothing in the third, when suddenly. In short, I found it. Found it all the same. In a single place, under a single spruce - mixed with alkaline mycena (Mycena strobilicola). Neither strobiluri nor mycenae were found anywhere else. Such is the mushroom forest.

It should also be noted that it is not for nothing that in some places this Strobilurus is called not edible, but juicy. The point, of course, is not that he has some kind of juice - it's about the smell. And he has such a smell that you rock. You will download in an amicable way. Good smell, delicious, mushroom.

Delicate spring mushrooms somehow do not tolerate the first heat of May very well: they dry out very quickly, wrinkle and lose all aesthetic appeal. However, Strobilurus esculentus is a swift mushroom: as soon as coolness sets in, it returns to its favorite buds.

The late and bustling spring of 2012 was to their liking. In the spruce forest I did not want to walk at all - it was very strange to walk over live mushrooms.

The roots of the edible strobilirus go deep into the bump. And if you take into account that the cones themselves are quite deeply immersed in the litter, it turns out that it is perfectly visible in the picture. Most of the mushroom is hidden from prying eyes; only a neat “carnation” sticks out on the surface.

Edible strobilus is easy to identify: it is enough to see a spruce cone nearby (which is not difficult) and to smell the mushroom from the accompanying mycens. By the way, it is curious that in our area (from where, in fact, the photographic cone), alkaline mycenes first grow, then edible strobiluriuses, and only then, in late autumn, mouse-tailed beospores (Baeospora myosura). And the woodpecker who trained the cones for this whole feast was recently spotted at the telegraph pole. In short, each has his own hobby.

I really wanted to make sure that this glorious mushroom really originates from a cone, but I spoiled one immediately, without getting to the bottom of any cones, and I felt sorry for the rest: there were not so many of them, but all that were gathered around a single Christmas tree ...

Edible strobilus

External description

Hat: At first, the cap is in the shape of a hemisphere, then, as it matures, it becomes prostrate. The diameter of the cap is three centimeters. The color ranges from light brown to dark shades. The cap is slightly wavy at the edges. Adult mushrooms have a small, noticeable tubercle.In wet weather, the surface of the cap is slippery. Dry - matte, velvety and dull.

Plates: not frequent, with intermediate plates. The plates are whitish at first, then acquire a grayish tint.

Spore powder: light cream.

Leg: rather thin, only 1-3mm thick, 2-5cm high. Rigid, hollow, in the upper part of a lighter shade. The leg has a tapered base with woolly strands ingrown into the leg. The surface of the leg is yellow-brown, ocher, but under the ground it is pubescent.

Spores: smooth, colorless, elliptical. Cystids are rather narrow, obtuse, fusiform.

Flesh: firm, white. There is very little pulp, it is thin and has a pleasant aroma.

Similarity

The edible strobilurus bears a resemblance to the edible root pseudo-hiatula. A distinctive feature of psvedagiatulu is rounded wide cystids.

As the name implies, the Strobilurus mushroom is edible.

Spreading

Edible strobilurus is found exclusively in spruce, or forests mixed with spruce. It grows on spruce cones that have sprouted in the soil and cones lying on the ground in places of high humidity. Fruiting in early spring and late autumn. Several fruit chalk is formed on the cones.

Video about edible Strobilurus mushroom:

Remarks

The word esculentus in the name of the mushroom means "edible".

Mushroom photo Edible strobilus from questions in recognition:

Cutting strobilurus (Strobilurus tenacellus)

Synonyms:

Strobilurus bitter
Pineapple lover tenacious
Collybia tenacellus

Hat:
in a young mushroom, the cap is hemispherical, then it opens and becomes practically open. At the same time, the central tubercle remains, which is generally not very pronounced. The surface of the cap is brown, often with a characteristic reddish-reddish tint in the center. The diameter of the cap is up to two centimeters. The cap is very thin and brittle. The edges of the cap are smooth or pubescent, also thin. According to some observations, the color of the cap varies greatly from whitish to brown, depending on the growing conditions of the fungus: the illumination of the place, the ground, and so on.

Pulp:
thin, but not brittle, white. In adult mushrooms, plates shine through the edges of the cap. The pulp has a pleasant mushroom aroma, but it tastes bitter.

Plates:
loose, not frequent, white or yellowish.

Spore Powder:
White.

Leg:
the leg is very long, but most of it is usually hidden in the ground. The leg is hollow inside. The surface of the leg is smooth. The upper part of the leg has a whitish color, the lower part has a characteristic brownish-red color. The height of the leg is up to 8 centimeters, the thickness is no more than two millimeters. The stem is thin, cylindrical, matte, cartilaginous. The leg has a long, shaggy or pubescent tapered base, with which the mushroom is attached to a pine cone buried in the ground. Despite its thinness, the leg is very strong, it is almost impossible to break it with your hands. The pulp of the leg is fibrous.

Spreading:
Strobilurus is found in pine forests. Fruiting time from mid-April to mid-May. Sometimes you can find this mushroom in late autumn, depending on the characteristics of the growing conditions. Grows on fallen cones near pine trees. Grows in groups or singly. A fairly common view.

Similarity:
Cutting strobilurus resembles the twine-legged Strobilius, which also grows on pine cones, but differs in the smaller size of the fruiting body and the lighter shade of the cap. It can also be mistaken for a Juicy Strobilurus, but it grows exclusively on fir cones, and its leg is much shorter and there is a pronounced tubercle in the center of the cap.

Edibility:
Young mushrooms are quite good for eating, but here are their sizes. Is it worth fooling around and collecting such a trifle. But, in the spring forest, there is often to collect, then there is nothing more, therefore, as an option, you can try and Strobilurus cuttings.

Remarks: despite the almost complete similarity, the cuttings Strobilurus is still not as attractive as the closely related species S. Esculentus.The smell is pleasant enough, but not strong, the taste is bright, but not memorable. But, at the same time, it is much more pleasant to collect these tiny mushrooms growing on cones in a pine forest than to wade through a groin spruce forest.

The article was compiled using the following materials:

Ganiev M.M., Nedorezkov V.D. Plant protection chemicals. - M .: KolosS, 2006 .-- 248 p.

Grishechkina L.D., Dolzhenko V.I. Biological rationale for the use of strobilurins in the protection of grain crops. Materials of the All-Russian meeting "Modern systems of plant protection against diseases and the prospects for using the achievements of biotechnology and genetic engineering" 16-18.07.2003. Golitsyno, 2003

Zinchenko V.A. Chemical plant protection: products, technology and environmental safety. - M .: "KolosS", 2012. - 127 p.

Kalinina A.A. Feature of strobirulin containing fungicides. Materials of the reports of the participants of the VI meeting - seminar "Prospects for the use of new forms of fertilizers, protection means and plant growth regulators in agricultural technologies" Anapa-2010 "/ All-Russian Research Institute of Agrochemistry named after D.N. Pryanishnikov. - Moscow, 2010

5.Popov S.Ya. Fundamentals of chemical plant protection. Popov S.Ya., Dorozhkina L.A., Kalinin V.A. / Ed. Professor S. Ya Popov. - M .: Art-Lyon, 2003 .-- 208 p.
6.