Tuberous sclerotinia (Dumontinia tuberosa) photo and description

Malopa growing from seeds

Malopa is an ornamental herbaceous annual with large beautiful flowers. The plant is native to the Mediterranean.

Malopa - translated from Greek means "like a mallow." The large funnel-shaped flowers are a bit like the aforementioned flower, but still more graceful.

Sowing seedlings

Like all annuals, malopa reproduces by seeds. They retain their germination capacity for a long time - about 4 years after harvesting. Depending on the climatic conditions, sowing for seedlings is carried out from the beginning of March, and in open ground it can be sown in April-May, when there will be no night frosts.

Sow seeds for seedlings in a container with loose peat soil.
Seeds only need to be lightly pressed into the soil, do not sprinkle with earth.
Spray the soil with crops with water, cover with foil or glass to maintain moisture.

Malopa growing from seeds photo shoots

The shelter is removed when the first shoots appear.
Water in moderation and maintain good lighting.
Dive into separate cups at the stage of 2-3 true leaves.

With the establishment of heat, without the likelihood of frost, the seedlings can be transplanted to a permanent place in the garden. Before planting, organic fertilizers should be applied to the soil. Prepare shallow pits (5-10 cm), place the seedlings. Maintain a distance of 30-35 cm between plants.

Planting seeds in the ground

Planting malopa in the ground photo

For sowing directly into the ground, you need to make small grooves at a distance of 30 cm from each other. Sow as little as possible so the plants don't clog each other. Expect seedlings for a couple of weeks, thin out as you grow after germination.

Watered as the soil dries up, but no frills: the resulting earthen crust negatively affects the state of delicate shoots. To prevent this from happening, do not pour water until puddles form.

When the plants grow up, you can slightly loosen the soil and reduce watering. Adult bushes should be no closer than 30-35 cm from each other.

Soil and planting site

It is undemanding to the composition of the soil, but fertile soils contribute to a large number of flowers. Choose a sunny location in the garden, only slight shading is possible.

Watering

Malopa is unpretentious, does not require regular care. Watering is sufficient only in very dry weather. If the soil is depleted, you need to apply complex fertilizers. Apply the top dressing every 2-4 weeks during the growing and flowering seasons.

Pruning

The plant tolerates pruning well. Feel free to cut off excess shoots to form a neat bush, cut inflorescences can be used for bouquets. Withered buds also need to be cut off so that new ones appear sooner. The stems are strong and stable, they do not need a garter.

Malopa Three-incision Malope trifida

Malopa Three-incision Malope trifida photo

Most popular with flower growers. It has powerful branched stems, large leaves, divided into three lobes. Large flowers with a diameter of up to 9 cm flaunt on long peduncles. petals form a funnel, their color is white, purple, pink, crimson, scarlet with pronounced dark veins. They will help create a bright floral arrangement.

The following varieties have been bred and actively used:

Malopa Diamond Rose photo

Malopa Diamond Rose - reaches a height of 90 cm. Abundant flowering. Large flowers are colored in a gradient: the white edges turn into a burgundy base.

Malope Purpurea Malope purpurea photo

Malopa Purpurea - stems up to 90 cm high. Flowers are bright purple, glossy petals with burgundy veins.

Malopa belyana photo

Malopa Beljana - has very delicate white inflorescences that resemble snowballs.
Malopa purple - on high (1.2 m) stems there are huge flowers with a diameter of 10-12 cm.The color of the petals is uniformly pink with a darker center.

Much larger than the “other mallow”, Malopa is a hardy annual with vibrant, vibrant flowers.

Malopa growing from seeds when to plant a photo

Malopa flower planting and care photos in the flowerbed

Biology

Representatives of the genus Sclerotinia belong to the biological group of hemibiotrophs.

In the spring, during the flowering of plants, the ascospores of the fungi are carried by the wind. Once on the stigma of the pistil, they germinate. Infected inflorescences turn brown and die, and the affected stems do not bear fruit. The fungus hyphae grow slowly down the stem and form sperm cells under the epidermis. Sperm breaks through the epidermis and appears on the surface of the stems in the form of brown or emerald mucous droplets. Drip-liquid moisture and insects spread sperm down the dying stem, where sclerotia begins to develop.

Sperm are involved in the fertilization process as male germ cells. Conidial sporulation is most often absent in fungi of the genus Sclerotinia. Sclerotia develop in the stems of host plants.

Sclerotia ripen in late autumn and protrude from decomposed stems. In some species, they fall on the soil, moss or water cover around the host plants. Often sclerotia remain inside the stems and only partially protrude to the surface.

Drugs for the treatment of sclerotiniasis

To cope with the situation, first of all, copper-containing drugs are used. These are fungicides: "Ordan", "Hom", "Previkur", "Abiga-peak", "Oxyhom", "Profit Gold", "Acrobat MC" or just 1% Bordeaux liquid.

1% solution of the drug "Planriz" will help to save cucumbers. It is enough to water once with this solution during the growing season.

Pumpkin crops will secure foliar feeding with a mixture of 10 liters of water, 2 g of copper sulfate, 10 g of urea and 1 g of zinc sulfate.

To combat the fungus of sclerotinosis, you can also use drugs of contact action: "Ditan M-45", "Profit", "Rovral". But it must be admitted that they do not always work effectively.

The article was compiled using the following materials:

Akhatov A.K., Hannibal F.B., Meshkov Yu.I. and others. Diseases and pests of vegetable crops and potatoes, Moscow: Partnership of scientific publications KMK, 2013. - 463 p.

State catalog of pesticides and agrochemicals approved for use on the territory of the Russian Federation, 2019. Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation (Ministry of Agriculture of Russia) & nbspDownload >>>

Neschadim N.N., Pikushova E.A.,. Veretelnik E. Yu, Gorkovenko V.S. Integrated protection of plants (grain crops): textbook. Benefit. Publisher: Krasnoda, KubSAU, 2014 .-- 278 p. & nbspDownload >>>

Peresypkin V.F. Agricultural phytopathology, 4th ed., Rev. and add. - Moscow: Agropromizdat, 1989 .-- 480 p.

Pidoplichko N.M. Fungi are parasites of cultivated plants. Determinant. Volume 1. Perfect mushrooms, K .: "Naukova Dumka" 1977. - 296 p.

Takhtadzhyan A.L. (Ch. Ed.) and others. The world of plants. Volume 2. Mushrooms Moscow .: Education, 1991. - 475 p.

Tkachenko O.B. Low-temperature sclerocial fungi - the limiting factor of wintering introduced herbaceous plants. N.V. Tsitsina, Moscow - 2006 & nbspDownload >>>

Images (reworked):
8.

VInod Kumar, S., Rajeshkuma R, P., Nakkeeran, S., & Eraivan, A. A. K. (2015). Developmental biology and infection cycle of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum causing stem rot of carnation in India. African Journal of Microbiology Research, 9 (49), pp. 2328-2336.

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Tuberosis Fragrance reviews

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For me, this particular Tuberose is ideal, nothing superfluous, refreshes, moderately educated, I hear it all day, I need a second bottle!

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Delicate, clean, light tuberose. At the moment, it seems not very persistent, I am wearing it out.

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Lo2s

I am a lover of tuberose, so I could not pass by.Despite the declared spices, the aroma is cool, green, weightless. Of course, this is tuberose, but not a hot Mexican beauty in a natural environment, but fragile, nurtured in a pot, on the windowsill, where it is raining outside the window and +5, and in order to catch its delicate aroma, you need to bend over to the bud itself ... In this sequence and you can hear: green leaves, a little freshly sown soil and a barely smelling bud.

Oct 27 2019

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Elegant tuberose, as already mentioned - without greens, animalica, cream and naphthalene Not sweet, dryish, perfectly calibrated, purely perfumed tuberose without naturalism. Feminine but not sexy shmexy. In full disclosure, coriander is felt, which makes the fragrance somewhat similar to Sensual Tuberose Bois 1920.
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This is truly the purest tuberose I have ever heard. Delicate, delicate and romantic. I advise all tuberose lovers. Even I liked it very much, but I don't usually wear tuberose

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May 04 2019

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Evaluation of the edibility of pineal sclerotinia

Pineal sclerotinia is considered an inedible fungus. Due to its tiny size, the mushroom has no practical value.

Similarity of tuberous sclerotinia with other fungi

If we take into account that tuberous sclerotinia settles exclusively near the string, then it cannot be confused with other species.

Related species of pineal sclerotinia

Another representative of the Sclerotiniaceae family is the omnivorous fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum - White Rot. This is one of the most dangerous parasites of indoor plants, due to the effect of which plants rot and die.

White rot affects peonies, violets, bulbous plants. The main sign of infection is the wilting of the upper part of the shoots, and the appearance of white bloom on the stems and leaves. The fungus provokes suffocation of the bulb, the lower part of the stem and leaves. In damp weather, the plant begins to rot. Dried parts of dying tissue crumble and fall on healthy ones. New sclerotinia develop very quickly from the spores.

This parasitic fungus can maintain its viability in the soil for 5 years. The fight against white rot is carried out using chemical methods and agrotechnical measures. Before planting plants, it is recommended to calcine the soil or disinfect it with a solution of potassium permanganate. Affected plants are treated with colloidal sulfur and copper-containing solutions.

The development of white rot on plants is facilitated by excessive watering, lack of moisture, poor lighting and temperature drops. With the timely detection of white rot, the plant can be saved.

Description of tuberous sclerotinia

The height of the fruiting body of knobby sclerotinia reaches 3 centimeters, while its diameter is 1-2, and sometimes 4 centimeters.

At first, the fruit body has a goblet shape with thick edges bent inward and a small hole in the upper part, after the shape becomes funnel-shaped or cupped, the edges are even, slightly bent, and later they become completely bent.

The inside of the fruit body is smooth. At the bottom, its surface is folded. In the middle, the color is darker, sometimes blackish. Outside, the mushroom is smooth, light brown in color. Spore powder of yellow-white color.

The length of the pineal sclerotinia stem is often small - 3-5 centimeters, but in some cases it reaches 10 centimeters. The diameter of the leg is approximately 0.3 centimeters. The leg is uneven, thin, most of it is submerged in the soil. The color of the leg is blackish or brownish brown.

The sclerotium is oblong, rounded; its size is 1-3 centimeters. The pulp is brittle, thin, whitish, tasteless and odorless.

Places of distribution of tuberous sclerotinia

This mushroom grows only in an early vein - from April to May. Tuberous sclerotinia can be found in mixed and deciduous forests. They are mainly found in floodplain forests.

These fungi settle in the soil, near the flowers of the Swirl, as they germinate on the roots of the ego plant. Tuberous sclerotinia bear fruit in groups. They are rare.

What crops are susceptible to disease

When root vegetables are affected by white rot, for example, carrots, celery or parsley root, the entire surface of the vegetable is covered with a white bloom, and then black sclerotia. Roots become soft and rot.

To provoke an outbreak of sclerotinosis on tomatoes, it is enough to plant seedlings in open ground at temperatures below 15 degrees. If at the same time the humidity of the air is high, then the fungus will not keep itself waiting long. The tops of the affected seedlings wither. The lower part of the stem softens, a cotton bloom appears on it.

Cucumbers are also a favorite victim of the onslaught of fungal infections. When infected, all parts of the plant are affected. White bloom covers the leaves, stems and even the ovary. All ground parts of the cucumber are covered with mucus, soften and gradually dry out.

Peas and beans are affected in a similar way.

Sclerotinosis and cereals are not spared. Wheat and rye are under attack. Sunflower and wild-growing cereals suffer from the disease.

On white cabbage, the root collar, as well as the lower part of the leaves, is the first to suffer. Affected leaves become colorless, a white cotton bloom appears on them. In autumn, the diseased areas are covered with black sclerotia.

Often, pumpkin crops suffer from infection with a fungus.

On onions and garlic, when infected with sclerotinosis, the upper part of the feathers begins to turn yellow and die off. White rot appears on the scales, small black sclerotia appear on the surface of the vegetable.

Types and varieties of mesembriantemum with photos and names

Today, gardeners cultivate not a very large number of varieties and types of mesembryanthemum; their description will be given below.

Crystal mesembryanthemum (Mesembryanthemum crystallinum)

Or mesembriantemum crystallinum, or crystal grass. This species comes from the deserts of South Africa. Such a wide-spreading perennial reaches a height of about 15 centimeters. It has a large number of shoots, which are decorated with small fleshy leaf plates of an oval shape and greenish color, while their edges are wavy. The flowers are outwardly similar to daisies or daisies. This view is described in more detail at the beginning of this article. The following varieties are popular:

Sparkles. The leaf plates are whitish yellow. The flowers have different colors, and in diameter they reach about 45 mm.
Harlequin. The petals have a double color, namely, pink and orange.
Limpopo. This variety includes varieties of various colors.

Mesembryanthemum gramineus, or tricolor

Such a branchy annual reaches a height of 12 centimeters. Shoots have a pale red color. Fleshy linear leaf plates reach 50 mm in length, while there are hairs on their surface. The color of the flowers is carmine pink, closer to the middle they are painted in a darker color shade, in diameter they reach 36 mm.

An annual branched plant reaches a height of 10 centimeters. The length of the fleshy leaf plates is about 75 mm, they are obovate, and there are papillae on their surface. The flowers reach 30-40 mm in diameter, they are painted in pink, orange, bright purple, red, apricot, yellow or purple. Their disclosure takes place only on a fine day.

Mesembryanthemum cloudy (Mesembryanthemum nubigenum)

This succulent is cultivated as a ground cover plant, but in natural conditions it is a semi-shrub. The height of the bush varies from 60 to 100 mm. The leaf plates are oval or linear. When the temperature drops, the bushes turn bronze. The species is hardy and has a short flowering period. Narrow petals can be yellow-golden, orange, red or purple. The diameter of the flowers is about 35 mm.

Mesembryanthemum occulatus

The species has an unusual color, which explains its great popularity among gardeners. The petals are deep yellow, while the stamens, pistil and center of the head are bright red. The height of the bush is about 10 centimeters. The length of the spatulate-lanceolate leaf plates is 10–45 mm.

Mesembriantemum Sparkles. Search

Physiostegy care in the garden

In order for the physostegia to grow and develop normally, it must be systematically watered, after this procedure, the soil is compulsorily loosened together with the removal of weeds. The site must be covered with a layer of mulch, provide the plant with timely feeding, as well as protection from pests and diseases and preparation for wintering.

This flower is quite hygrophilous. In this regard, during the dry period, it must be watered in a timely manner. In the event that it rains systematically in the summer, then physical therapy can do without watering. It is necessary to remove weeds and loosen the soil surface after each rain or watering. In order to facilitate the care of physostegia, it is recommended to cover the surface of the area with a layer of mulch (humus or peat), in this case the number of weeding, loosening and watering will be significantly reduced.

If the soil is saturated with nutrients, then the subcortex of physostegy is arranged only 1 time per season and a water-soluble complex mineral fertilizer is used for this. Top dressing must be done together with watering. It is recommended to feed such a plant before flowering.

Reproduction of physostegia

This flower can be propagated not only by seeds, but also by a vegetative method, namely by dividing the rhizome or bush, layering, and also by cuttings. It is recommended to divide the bush in the spring (before the plant blooms) or at the end of the summer period (at the end of flowering). However, some gardeners divided the bush directly during flowering and the divisions took root very well, but in this case it is imperative to cut off all the inflorescences from the plant. Remove the bush from the soil and cut off the aerial part from it. Then it is divided into several parts. Plants should be planted in the same way as seedlings.

In the first summer weeks, you can try to propagate physostegia by cuttings. Cuttings are harvested before the plant blooms, while their length should be from 10 to 12 centimeters. Each cutting should have several pairs of buds. For rooting, they are planted in moistened sand, which is filled in a box or container. The container must be removed to a shaded place. The cuttings will overwinter in a cool room, and with the onset of the spring period they will need to be transplanted to a training bed. It will be possible to plant the cuttings in a permanent place only after another 1 year.

At a sufficient distance from the parent plant, layers with rosettes grow, while the oppression of flowers growing in the neighborhood does not occur. They should be dug up and transplanted into a shaded area. Before the layers are transplanted to a permanent place, they must be grown for 1 year.

In the autumn, the division of the rhizome is carried out. The separated white scraps are planted in a permanent place. They root very well, but it takes a little longer than rooting the cuttings. Remember that when fizostegia is multiplied by dividing a bush, rhizomes or layering, the soil near the plants should be constantly slightly damp, but not damp.

Transfer

In the second or third year of life, physostegy takes on the most spectacular appearance. Without a transplant, it can be grown for no longer than 5 years. Then the bushes are removed from the soil, divided and planted in new places. Physostegia should be transplanted and looked after during this period in the same way as during the initial planting. The transplanted plant needs abundant watering, and experienced gardeners also recommend immediately covering the surface of the site with a layer of mulch.

Diseases and pests

Such a plant has a very high resistance to diseases and pests. However, sometimes aphids can settle on the bush. To destroy such a harmful insect, the bushes should be sprayed with Biotlin, Antitlin, Aktellik or another insecticide designed to combat such pests.

If water stagnates systematically in the soil, then the plant may develop a fungal disease. In this case, it should be sprayed with a fungicide as soon as possible.

Definitioner

Paraphysis (Paraphysis)

Multicellular or unicellular non-spore-bearing outgrowths in some algae, fungi and mosses, which protect the genitals or spore-bearing organs from drying out and mechanical damage.

Apothecia (Apothecia)

In the type, a completely open ascocarp, often saucer-shaped or goblet-shaped. On the surface of the apothecia there is an ordered hymenial layer, consisting of bags and sterile elements - the paraphysis, under it lies the subhymenal layer, in which the asci develop, and everything else is made up of sterile hyphae of the pulp - the excipule. Apothecia is characterized by the simultaneous maturation of many asci and the active release of spores. Secondary closed apothecia are found in fungi, whose fruiting bodies develop underground, for example, in truffles.

See Ascocarp, Hymenium, Discomycetes, Paraphysis.

Apothecia (Apothecia)

See Ascocarp, Hymenium, Discomycetes, Paraphysis.

Bags (Ask)

A specialized cell of marsupial fungi (ascomycetes), inside which ascospores develop as a result of the sexual process.

The structure of the bursae is an important diagnostic feature used in the ascomycete system. There are prototunicate and eutunicate asci. The former have a thin shell, not divided into layers, which spreads out during the maturation of ascospores, and they are released passively. The latter have a denser, layered membrane, equipped with a specialized apical apparatus for opening, and ascospores are actively discarded.

Among eutunicate asci there are uniticate ones, the layers of the shell of which grow together and open at the same time, and bitunicate ones, whose shell consists of two sequentially opening layers. A further subdivision of uniticate bags is based on the structure of the apical apparatus.

See Apical apparatus.

Harmfulness

The genus Sclerotinia - a number of species, in particular Sclerotinia nivalis, Sclerotinia borealis, are widely specialized low-temperature fungi with varying degrees of severity, which depends both on the type of pathogen and on climatic and weather conditions. In favorable development conditions for them, the loss of grain yield can reach 25–30%.

Fungi of the genus Sclerotinia are active participants in the phytopathogenic complex that causes clump rot of root crops.

In addition, species of the genus Sclerotinia are parasites, often highly specialized, of many plant species. They cause white rot (sclerotinosis) and other diseases:

Causative agents of the disease

The main culprit is a fungus called Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, as well as other varieties of fungi belonging to the Sclerotinia family.

This marsupial mushroom has a good appetite. It can affect almost all vegetable crops. Its sclerotia remain calmly in the remnants of destroyed weeds and in the soil. After overwintering, he continues to destroy the plantings. For a comfortable existence, he needs high humidity, a weakened state of plants, as well as a high nitrogen content in the soil. Sclerotia can persist in the ground for several years.

Morphology

Mycelium - dense, cotton-like, white, never gray, airy, formed from sclerotia not exposed to freezing, penetrates into the root collar and the lower part of the plant stem. Forms sclerotia.

Sclerotia - irregular in shape, often flattened, rounded. Sizes vary depending on the conditions of formation and the type of host plant. Most often, the sclerotia are gently lumpy, black on the outside, white on the inside. Diameter 1–3 cm. Formed on damaged plant organs, less often inside them. Depending on the size of sclerotia, from 1 to 5 apothecia are formed on it, on ethmoid sclerotia from 10 to 40.

Apothecia are light brown, funnel-shaped with a depression in the center. Diameter 4–8 mm. Legs are cylindrical, 2–10 cm long. Grow on one or more of the overwintered sclerotia. The upper part of the apothecia is represented by a layer of tight-fitting asok.

Asci are cylindrical. Dimensions: 120-150x6-10 microns. Contains 8 ascospores.

Ascospores are elliptical, uniserial, colorless. Dimensions: 7-13x4-6.5 microns.

Cultivation

The most favorable environment for the development of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is an agar, semi-synthetic soy-glucose medium (for 1 liter of water: 2 g KH₂PO₄, 1g (NH₄)₂SO₄, 1 g MgSO₄, 20 g glucose, 10 g soy flour). On this medium, the hemp-derived pathogen stem forms a large number of microconidia and forms a secondary mycelium.

A characteristic feature of the development of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in culture is a certain order of arrangement of the sclerotia. When formed, they form concentric circles on the surface of the nutrient medium. When the sclerotia matures, exudate is observed on their surface, which disappears in mature sclerotia.

When Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is grown in natural light at + 19 ° C to + 21 ° C, a cobweb mycelium is initially formed from a 5 mm block cut from a 3-5 day old mother culture. On the third day, it completely covers the surface of the medium and forms an extensive annular zone of dense, compressed white mycelium, gradually becoming flocculent.

After the formation of the mycelium, the formation of small mycelial clots begins and the rudiments of sclerotia appear in the form of loose white tubercles. Gradually they increase in size, a day after the appearance on them, exudate is observed. Sclerotia gradually turn black. After 5-7 days, the amount of exudate secreted decreases. In this case, the mycelium becomes looser, better separated from the environment. The presence of mycelium hyphae with partially destroyed cell walls is observed.

On days 11–12, single phialids appear.In this case, the cells of the hyphae, on which the phialids are formed, are much shorter than that of the ordinary hyphae. After 14 days of growth of the fungus, the conidiophores of the primary mycelium become more complex and phialids, in an amount of 1 to 3, appear on the supporting cell. Then branched conidiophores are formed. On the 16th day, the beginning of the mass formation of microconidia is observed.

At the same time, in the central part of the culture, the presence of thin hyphae with single phialids is found. Subsequently, these hyphae develop into secondary mycelium. With further incubation, secondary mycelium appears from the edge of the colony and on the sclerotia. In some cases, the secondary mycelium is absent.

The conidiophores of the culture become more complex, dichotomously branching, and a few days after the appearance of the secondary mycelium, they form a mass of microconidia, due to which the mycelium appears to be powdery.

The formation of microconidia is observed from monophialids having only one conidiogenic locus.

Phialides are ampulliform, sometimes curved in shape with expansion in the middle part. In older cultures, they have a well-defined collar.