Prevalence
The mushroom chooses the trunks and twigs of deciduous trees as a place for its growth. It was first described by the French botanist, mycologist and physician Joseph-Henri Leveillet. It happened back in 1948. North America and Europe are the places of its distribution. It is also found in other places. You can't see it except in Antarctica. It grows from mid-autumn to the very beginning of winter. In some countries, such as Denmark, the mushroom is listed in the Red Book.
Most often, the fungus is characterized by group growth, but there are also single specimens. The fungus can even use wood chips and sawdust as a substrate for its growth. Carrying out its growth on a tree, the fungus causes the appearance of white rot of wood. It can be found not only in the forest, but also in the garden and park.
The fungus looks like thin plates splitting and extending in different directions. The plates can close or open. When the mushroom dries up, the gap closes. This circumstance is a kind of adaptation condition for growth in areas where climatic conditions cannot boast of an abundance of rain. The pulp of the mushroom has an inexpressive smell, thin and dense in nature. The spore powder is white. When the fruit body dries up, it will retain its properties well enough until next year.
Nutcracker - a description of where it grows, the toxicity of the mushroom
What kind of mushrooms you can not find in nature. Some of them resemble a ball, others look like a miniature mace. There are some that resemble corals in appearance. All of them can be combined into one group, whose name is strange mushrooms. Naturally, they are not like those many species that are habitually seen in the forest, and therefore mushroom pickers, as a rule, bypass them simply by the side, completely not paying any attention to them.
One of the representatives of this group is the common or ear-shaped cracker. It really resembles an ear in some way. It can also be compared to a saucer.
Medicinal properties of common cracker.
The bioactive polysaccharide schizophyllan was isolated from the fruit bodies of these mushrooms. This substance has antiviral, antitumor, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties. To date, schizophyllan-based drugs have been created for cervical cancer, breast cancer and other organs. Also, drugs have been developed that increase the vitality of the body. In addition, there are creams for acne and UV protection.
Studies have shown that schizophyllan is active against sarcoma-37, Yoshid's sarcoma, sarcoma-180, and Lewis lung carcinoma. The polysaccharide enhances cellular immunity, reduces the risk of complications after radiation therapy and chemotherapy. Drugs based on common cracker are used in complex therapy in the fight against cancer and can achieve a good result.
In Japan, trials were carried out when patients took drugs of the common alkali leaf grass along with chemotherapy, as a result of 367 inoperable patients, 323 patients became operable. Schizophyllan helps in the treatment of skin cancers, throat and lip cancers.
Morphological features
Fruit bodies are sessile. The cap is 10-30 (50) mm in diameter, oyster-shaped or fan-shaped, without a stem or with a very short, thin, rudimentary stem. The surface of the cap is covered with long thin hairs, grayish-white to pinkish-white, with concentric zones and radial wrinkles, old fruiting bodies often have a greenish tint from algae developing on the surface. The edges of the cap are deeply serrated; twisted in young specimens.The pulp is ocher, hard, radially fibrous, fine, sourish smell and taste, soft.
The plates are pinkish, sometimes with a lilac tint; in old basidiomas, they are ocher-brown, wide, radially diverging from the base of the stem to the edges. The edges of the plates in fresh fruiting bodies are folded and closed; when the basidiomas dry, they open. The leg is absent or rudimentary. Fruiting bodies are highly hygroscopic - dry basidiomas become shriveled and very hard, they restore elasticity and softness from moisture. The spore print is orange-ocher, sometimes tinged with pink. The spores are cylindrical, some are curved, smooth, hyaline, with droplets of inclusions, 5.6-7 × 1.8-2.3 microns. Basidia narrow-clavate, 40-55 × 7-10 μm, 4-spore, with a basal buckle.
Notes (edit)
- ↑L.V. Garibova, I.I. Sidorova Common nutcracker (Russian) (1999). Archived from the original on September 16, 2012. Retrieved on March 20, 2012.
- ↑ 12Tom volk Schizophyllum commune, the split gill fungus, perhaps the world’s most widespread fungus— and possessor of over 28,000 different sexes (English) (2000). Archived from the original on March 20, 2012. Retrieved on March 20, 2012.
- ↑Felipe Ruán-Soto, Roberto Garibay-Orije, Joaquín Cifuentes. Process and dynamics of traditional selling of wild edible mushrooms in tropical Mexico //Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine ... - 2006. - T. 2. - No. 3. - DOI: 10.1186 / 1746-4269-2-3 - PMID 11170739.
- ↑Josep Guarro, Josepa Gené, Alberto M. Stchigel. Developments in Fungal Taxonomy (eng.) //Clinical Microbiology Reviews ... - 1999. - T. 12. - No. 3. - P. 454–500. - ISSN0893-8512. - PMID 10398676.
- ↑Wessels J, De Vries O, Asgeirsdottir SA, Schuren F. Hydrophobin Genes Involved in Formation of Aerial Hyphae and Fruit Bodies in Schizophyllum //Plant cell ... - 1991. - T. 3. - No. 8. - S. 793-799. - DOI: 10.1105 / tpc.3.8.793 - PMID 12324614.
- ↑Robin A Ohm, Jan F de Jong, Luis G Lugones, Andrea Aerts, Erika Kothe, Jason E Stajich et al. Genome sequence of the model mushroom Schizophyllum commune (eng.) //Nature Biotechnology ... - 2010. - T. 28. - No. 9. - S. 957-963. - DOI: 10.1038 / nbt.1643 - PMID 20622885.
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See what "Common nutcracker" is in other dictionaries:
Common nutcracker - Schizophyilum commune Fr see also Genus schizophyllum Schizophyilum Fr. Common nutcracker S. commune Fr. Fruit bodies 0.5 to 5 cm in diameter, without a stem, attached sideways, rounded, fan-shaped or reniform, often with ... ... Mushrooms of Russia. Directory
Genus schizophyllus, alkaliferous plant - Schizophyilum Fr Fruiting bodies in the form of small dry, soft-skinned, lateral caps without a leg, with a hymenophore of radially located, split along the plates. Xylotrophs. 1 view. Common nutcracker S. commune Fr ... Mushrooms of Russia. Directory
Auriskalyshum ordinary - Auriscalpium vulgare (Fr.) Karst see also Genus auriskalyshum Auriscalpium Karst. Auriskalyshum common A. vulgare (Fr.) Karst. A hat with a lateral, less often eccentric stem, 1 2.5 cm in diameter, kidney-shaped, thin, leathery, often ... ... Mushrooms of Russia. Directory
Family Schizophyllaceae - The fruiting bodies of some schizophyllous fungi are cupped, like those of the cypher. In others, in the course of evolution, complex fruit bodies have formed, which are a group of contiguous fruit bodies on a common litter. In the genus of stromatosciph ... ... Biological encyclopedia
Hydnum notched, yellow barnacle - H. repandum Fr see also Genus Hydnum Hydnum Fr. Hydnum notched, yellow barnacle N. repandum Fr. The hat is up to 12 cm in diameter, at first slightly convex, then flat, with a concave middle, with edges bent down, fleshy, pinkish yellow, or ... ... Mushrooms of Russia. Directory
Coral-shaped Herntium, coral-shaped hedgehog - N. coralloides (Fr.) Pers - see also Genus Hericium Pers. Coral-shaped Herntius, coral-shaped hedgehog N. coralloides (Fr.) Pers Fruit bodies are tree-branched almost to the very base, sometimes with an overgrown base of various shapes, 15 to 40 cm wide, ... ... Mushrooms of Russia. Directory
Common nutcracker (Schizophyllum commune)
Synonyms:
- Agaricus alneus
- Agaricus multifidus
- Apus alneus
- Merulius alneus
- Merulius communis
- Schizophyllum alneum
- Schizophyllum multifidum
External description
The fruit body of the common cracker consists of a sessile fan-shaped or shell-shaped cap with a diameter of 3 - 5 centimeters (when growing on a horizontal substrate - for example, on the upper or lower surface of a lying log - the caps can take on a bizarrely irregular shape). The surface of the cap is tomentose, slippery in wet weather, sometimes with concentric zones and longitudinal grooves of varying severity. White or grayish in youth, it becomes grayish-brownish with age. The edge is wavy, even or lobed, stiff in old mushrooms. The leg is barely expressed (if it is, then it is lateral, pubescent) or is absent altogether.
The common cracklewort hymenophore has a very characteristic appearance.It looks like very thin, not very frequent or even rare, emanating from almost one point, branching and splitting along the entire length of the plate - from where the mushroom got its name - but in fact these are false plates. In young mushrooms, they are light, pale pink, grayish-pinkish or grayish-yellowish, with age they darken to grayish-brownish. The degree of opening of the slit in the plates depends on the moisture content. When the fungus dries up, the gap opens, and the adjacent plates close, protecting the spore-bearing surface and thereby being an excellent adaptation for growing in areas where precipitation falls sporadically.
The flesh is thin, concentrated mainly at the point of attachment, when fresh it is dense, leathery, when dry it is firm. The smell and taste are soft, expressionless.
The spore powder is whitish, the spores are smooth, from cylindrical to elliptical, 3-4 x 1-1.5 µ in size (some authors indicate a larger size, 5.5-7 x 2-2.5 µ).
Spreading
Common nutweed also grows singly, but most often in groups, on dead wood (sometimes on living trees). Causes white wood rot. It can be found on a wide variety of species, both deciduous and coniferous, in forests, gardens and parks, both on dry and dead wood, and on boards, and even on chips and sawdust. Even bales of straw packed in plastic foil are mentioned as rare substrates. A period of active growth in temperate climates from mid-summer to late autumn. Dried fruiting bodies are well preserved until next year. Common nutcracker is found on all continents except Antarctica, representing perhaps the most widespread species of mushrooms.
Edibility
In Europe and America, common cracker is considered inedible because of its hard consistency. However, it is not poisonous and is used for food in China, several countries in Africa and Southeast Asia, as well as in Latin America, and studies in the Philippines have shown that common cracker can be cultivated.
Information
Common nutcracker can cause diseases in humans (usually, these are sinusitis), more often in children with immunodeficiency conditions, but not necessarily. Diagnosis is complicated by the fact that a large number of mycoses of the respiratory tract are caused by the mold Aspergillus.
Common nutcracker is one of the popular models for studying the sexual reproduction of fungi. If we draw an analogy with animals and flowering plants, then if the most primitive fungi have only two sexes (determined by two alleles of one gene), then others have more than two, and the common cracker has more than 28 thousand (more than 300 known alleles of one gene and more than 90 others, which are randomly combined with each other).
Common nutcracker
Agaricus alneus L., (1755)Agaricus alneus Reichard, (1780)Agaricus multifidus Batsch, (1786)Apus alneus (L.) Gray, (1821)Merulius alneus (L.) J.F. Gmel., (1792)Merulius alneus (Reichard) Schumach., (1803)Merulius communis (Fr.) Spirin & Zmitr., (2004)Schizophyllum alneum J. Schröt., (1889)Schizophyllum alneum (Reichard) Kuntze, (1898)Schizophyllum commune var. multifidum (Batsch) Cooke, (1892)
Schizophyllum multifidum
(Batsch) Fr., (1875)
Common nutcracker
(lat.Schizophyllum commune ) Is a species of fungi of the genus Scalewort, the most common mushroom in the world, growing on all continents except Antarctica, where there is simply no wood to use as a substrate.
Despite the fact that European and American sources rank it as an inedible mushroom, it is not poisonous, although it is of little culinary interest due to its toughness. Common nutcracker is actually edible and widely consumed in Mexico and other tropical countries. The authors explain the preference for such tough mushrooms in the tropics by the fact that in hot, humid conditions, fleshy mushrooms quickly rot, which creates certain problems.
Common nutcracker has more than 28 thousand different sexes.The offspring are given by two mushrooms of different sexes; this mechanism protects against related mating.
It usually attacks rotting wood, but it can also cause disease in humans.
The protein hydrophobin was first obtained from the Scotchweed.
The genome of Common Crackle leaf was sequenced in 2010.
A shell-shaped hat with a fabric centered at the attachment point that resembles a stem. Often wavy, the edge hardens with aging, stiff, hairy and slippery when wet, gray-white in color, up to 4 cm in diameter. The plates are pale red or gray. It grows mainly from autumn to spring on dead wood in coniferous and deciduous forests.
Pharmacological properties
1. Traditional application
As a tonic and strengthening agent it is used in the treatment of neurasthenia, lethargy, dizziness, tinnitus, fever.
2. Luteotropic action
After giving birth in the provinces of southwestern China, a woman in labor is often prepared a soup with common cracker. This helps the early recovery of the uterus after pregnancy, promotes the release of milk.
3. Anticancer effect and immunological activity
Currently, research on the anti-cancer and immunostimulatory efficacy of SPG has become a hot spot. Studies by Chinese scientists have shown that exogenous and endogenous polioses can be obtained in a liquid culture of common cracker, both of which have anticancer activity. For the first time, Japanese scientists reported that SPG can inhibit tumor growth, increase the amount of antibodies, eliminate skin allergic reactions, and increase the body's immunological functions. In the 80s of the last century, in Japan, they already used polyosis of the common plant in the clinic in the treatment of cancer, localized mainly in the digestive tract (cancer of the stomach, pancreas, rectum). It has been shown to be effective as an immunological therapeutic agent, especially in advanced cancers.
SPG, extracted from spores of wild cracker, had an antitumor effect against transplanted tumors in mice, the percentage of inhibition reached 63%. SPG is a new type of immunomodulator that has a protective effect on peripheral blood leukocytes, can promote the rapid restoration of hematopoietic function in the bone marrow, and prevent the rapid decline in the number of leukocytes caused by radiotherapy and chemotherapy of a malignant tumor.
4. Antibacterial and anti-inflammatory action
The extract from the spores and mycelium of the common cracker has an inhibitory effect on the cultures of Staphylococcus aureus (Staphylococcus aureus), Escherichia coli (Escherichia coll), dysentery bacilli, bacilli (Bacillus subtilis), Salmonella (Salmonella paratyphi B).
5. Other properties
In liquid culture, the common alkali plant produces the enzyme cellulase and malic acid. Deep cultivation of the mushroom can also produce a large amount of other organic acids, including indoleacetic acid (IAA), which are widely used in the food and biotechnological industries.
Description and photo of common cracker
The external structure of this mushroom is very interesting. It is worth noting that the crackle leaf belongs to the class of agaricomycetes, the family of the crackle leaf. The appearance is so interesting and memorable that you will surely remember your meeting with this forest dweller for a long time. It also has a second name - ORDINARY SCHIZOFILL.
Fruiting body
The body of the cracker is divided into a leg and a cap. The whole mushroom is a single fruiting body, which consists of a crustacean-shaped cap. Some are quite similar to a fan. It is small in diameter, reaching a maximum of 5 cm.
If the mushroom already grows on a horizontal substrate, then in this case, the cap can acquire an even more bizarre, even sometimes spiral, shape.
The surface of the cap can be characterized as felted and fluffy.And if the weather is wet or rainy, then it becomes slippery, and if the bright sun and heat are shining, then the hat becomes rough.
And if you run your hand over the cap, you can see small areas and grooves that run from the center of the mushroom to the edges.
In youth, this mushroom becomes white, less often gray. But here everything already depends on the amount of sunlight, as well as on the tree on which the mushroom settled. However, with age, it darkens, acquires a dark gray or brown color.
This mushroom has wavy edges, while sometimes they are even, but only if they are correctly located on the tree.
The leg of this mushroom can be called pronounced, it is located on the side, therefore the mushroom is called the fruiting body in general. Scientists believe that this fungus has a leg either absent or not pronounced.
Have you heard about this mushroom?
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16.67%
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75%
I saw him, but did not know what it was called
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LPs
A separate story with the plates, because they are located on the inside and are quite striking, since they differ from other mushrooms. They can be called rare, but sometimes they are also average in frequency. Refers to a subspecies of radial-radiant, which means that it comes from the base in different directions. The color is usually creamy, but with age it becomes gray with red blotches. Less often you can find mushrooms that have a dirty yellow tint.
If the weather is dry, without signs of precipitation, then the plates begin to open in different directions and move away from each other. If the weather is old, the records come together and it is almost impossible to separate them.
Spore powder, inside has a white tint and is somewhat reminiscent of powder.
Pulp
The pulp can be described as very thin and essentially serves as an attachment point for the plates. In dry weather, the pulp becomes firm, in wet weather, on the contrary, it becomes elastic and soft.
There is practically no smell and taste from the pulp. Therefore, the mushroom can be described as neutral. Neither bees, nor insects, nor forest animals show interest in him either.
Therefore, we can say that the pulp is thin and neutral.
