Briefly about the main types of mushroom reproduction

Life activity of the hat

Development stages:

1. Vegetative. It is associated with the accumulation of nutrients, preparation for germination.
2. Reproductive - direct growth of the fruiting body from the bud to the final formation. On average, this period lasts 2 weeks.

If the mushroom has not been cut, it overflows and thus additionally nourishes the mycelium.

The vital activity of cap mushrooms is closely related to weather conditions. They thrive in humid and warm environments. With the first warming and rains, morels sprout in late April or early May, followed by champignons. If the weather is dry, mushrooms will germinate only in the middle of summer. And with the arrival of early cold weather, their growth stops.

Expired plaster. Consequences?

The quality will no longer be the same. It may not be a homogeneous mass, but stick together into lumps. You can, for example, mix 1 to 1 or 2 to 1 with new plaster. In general, it is better to call a good plasterer to the place so that he felt the composition and said his opinion.

2 months delay is a short period. It may not affect at all! We must try - how it is stirred, how it is applied, how it hardens. The main problem is the formation of immiscible lumps, or poor adhesion after hardening. Have an experienced plasterer apply 1 sample bag and let it dry. Everything will become clear.

Find contacts, phone number on the bag, call the technologist and explain everything how the mixture was stored in what state and what to do with it.

If the material was originally bought not cheaply, and not in a naughty felted office, but in a company with a name and "handwriting" - that is, stored in a safe (protected and possibly heated) warehouse - then this may mean that the material is not fake. And accordingly, if it is not scattered by Uzbeks in the “nearest gateway”, then what will this loose material have !?

- it is free from moisture and frost - it can be stored for at least 100 years. And cracks and delamination can arise from the unskilled hands of the performers - they did not remove dust, they did not prime the surface using technology, again they splashed more or less water. And there is only one excuse: - You are the customer to blame, you have bad material))).

Lyaksey. well, you chivo dear friend. It is clear that when talking about a sotochka it was started - it was slang. It is clear that a good performer, before making a bet, will try the material, so to speak - "on the tooth". And a particularly stingy customer will find a "medicine" in the person of a leftist performer. Well, let them "play" - the main thing is that you and I have a head on our shoulders, not only to wear a hat).

the material is not suitable for work quality is zero.

try it at work. There is a possibility that everything is in order. There have been longer delays.

Daria, as I understand it, Rotband or a gypsum-based analogue? The delay is small, but the consequences may well be sad. It may well dry longer after application, especially with a layer of more than 2 cm. It may not set at all. That is. even after 3 days to be loose and damp. No matter how skilled craftsmen work for you, in this case they will not be able to do anything.

Such questions are regularly discussed on the forum and as a result, people end up on a complete alteration of the plaster. The optimism of the participants above is a good thing, but take my word for it that any of the above unsubscribed will not undertake to work late, or will ask you for a receipt for a refusal of the guarantee. The most reasonable The way out is to sell the existing plaster for a cheap price to the hack and buy a new one. And for the future, never buy such things in advance, even if it is cheap (for a stock or overtaking inflation).

worked with expired gypsum plaster, the result: quickly set, lasted for 10 minutes and hardened. Used it as alabaster.

What kind of plaster? Cement or gypsum?

the main thing is that the bags are intact and the mixture itself is not with stones or stones and add a primer with water 1-1

The main ways how mushrooms multiply

The reproduction process in the kingdom of fungi is aimed at maintaining the number of the species even in unfavorable conditions, for example, during drought or lack of food (Figure 1).

Figure 1. Mushrooms are capable of multiplying in almost any conditions

Since fungi, as living organisms, differ significantly from representatives of the kingdoms of animals and plants, their reproduction also has its own characteristics. So, they are able to reproduce in almost all known ways.

The following main methods were identified: vegetative, asexual, budding, sexual. Below you can find out about their features.

In the woods

Mushrooms occupy an important place in the forest ecosystem, entering into symbiosis with trees and grasses by fusion of root systems. Plants provide them with sugar and proteins, and fungi, in turn, supply their partners with minerals, which they absorb from the soil along with water (Figure 2)

It receives nutrients both from the soil and forest floor, and from the roots of trees. An interesting fact is that mushrooms form fruiting bodies only in the vicinity of a particular tree species. For example, boletus can be found near pine, oak, spruce or birch, while mushrooms can only be found under spruce or pine.

If we are talking about distribution methods, then forest species spread mainly by sexual method, although for some species it is inherent asexual.

Figure 2. In the forest, reproduction is carried out by means of an underground mycelium

Human picking of mushrooms is an interference in their life process.

This is why it is so important to correctly collect forest gifts so that the damage done is minimal and replenished. With careful cutting of the fruiting body, the specimen will continue the reproduction process.

And vice versa, having pulled out a mushroom with mycelium, we inflict great harm on the latter, up to death. Remember this when going on a "quiet hunt".

Features of the structure of cap mushrooms

The body of the cap fungus always has a mycelium and a fruit part. The fruiting body is divided into a stump and a cap. So their name was formed - cap mushrooms.

Diagram of the structure of the cap mushroom

Mycelium is a white thread-like formations that branch in loose soil. They are built from elongated cells arranged in a row. They have many nuclei, but are devoid of plastids. The body of the fungus is presented in the form of a dense accumulation of hyphae filaments.

The stem threads have a similar structure, and in the area of ​​the cap they form 2 balls. The upper ball of cells contains pigments that give different types of fungi their characteristic color. Depending on the structure of the underlying layer, cap mushrooms are divided into tubular and lamellar.

• In tubulars, the lower ball is built of many tubular elements (in the boletus, representatives of the genus Leccinum);
• in lamellar, the lower layer is a combination of peculiar plates (in russula, mushrooms).

The structure of mushrooms

By the word "mushrooms" we usually mean fruiting bodies, it is them that we collect for eating

But any the fruiting body is only the visible part fungus, and the most important, hidden part of it is the mycelium (mycelium), located in the substrate or on its surface. Most often, the substrate is a layer of organic residues of forest soil, a surface under the bark of a tree or a specially created nutrient medium.

The mycelium is a perennial system of thin branching filaments called "hyphae". The thickness of these threads is usually 1.5-10 micrometers (1 micron = 0.001 mm), the length reaches 35 km per 1 gram. Basidiomycetes and ascomycetes are characterized by a dikaryotic mycelium, each cell of which has two nuclei. Consider the main functions that the mycelium performs:

• Provides anchorage in the nutrient medium.
• Forms symbiosis with plants (mutually beneficial, coexistence).
• It processes cellulose, while obtaining the necessary substances for the development of the fruiting body.
• It absorbs water and delivers it to the fruiting body.
• Helps to adapt to adverse conditions.
• Participates in the formation of disputes and is responsible for their preservation.
• Provides the possibility of asexual reproduction.

If we combine all of the above, it becomes clear that the mycelium fully controls the processes of protection, nutrition and reproduction.

As for the fruiting body, it is an important reproductive part of the fungus. A fruiting body is formed from intertwined mycelium threads

Its main function is to create spores, thanks to which the reproduction process becomes possible. Spores are tiny particles located in the thin hymenial layer of the fungus. They spread with the help of wind, water and insects, thus reaching a suitable substrate, in which the spores themselves begin to germinate.

Nutrition

The cells of cap fungi are devoid of plastids with chlorophyll and are not able to synthesize organic substances on their own. They consume only prepared foods that are absorbed by the mycelium filaments from moist soil. So they adsorb mineral salts, water, nutrients.

Some mushrooms use the roots of the trees near which they grow for food. Most of the caps are saprotrophs, that is, they receive organic compounds by destroying the remains of dead plants or animals.

Why can many cap mushrooms grow only near trees?

This is due to the symbiotic relationship between tree roots and fungal hyphae. During this form of cohabitation, both organisms benefit from this.

The mycelium with its hyphae surrounds the root and grows through the wall of its cells. When the mycelium absorbs moisture and mineral salts from the ground, they also pass into the root system of the tree. The old parts of the root are devoid of root hairs, and the filaments of the fungus seem to replace them. From the root of the tree, the fungus accepts already synthesized organic substances, which are needed for the nutrition and growth of the fruit body.

Reproduction

Division is carried out using spore cells. Fruiting bodies of cap mushrooms are used for the production of spores, they are formed:

• In the cavity of the tubules;
• between the cap plates, which diverge radially from the center.

After ripening, the spores spill out and spread with the help of the wind over long distances. Insects carry spores on their paws throughout the forest, and rodents that feed on mushrooms also carry them. Spores are not destroyed by the action of gastric juice and enzymes, they simply go out along with other undigested food debris.

Once on soil enriched with organic matter and moisture, spores take root and give life to new organisms. First, the filaments of the mycelium branch out. This process is very slow. Only after reaching the required length and accumulating a sufficient amount of nutrients, the formation of the fruiting body begins. Fruit bodies begin to appear in the first days of May, but rapid development and growth are possible after the onset of rains.

How cap mushrooms reproduce

What are mushrooms?

To understand the patterns of mushroom reproduction, it is advisable to delve into their very structure. The first thing to learn is that fungi are very unusual organisms that combine the traits of both animals and plants at the same time. This was the cause of endless controversy and discussion, which ended with a separate kingdom for the mushrooms. And the size of this kingdom is simply amazing!

The kingdom of mushrooms, in addition to the actual mushrooms, also includes their relatives - mushroom-like organisms called mycoids.To date, more than one hundred thousand species of mushrooms have been studied to one degree or another, but as scientists assume, this is no more than a third of their real number. It is most likely impossible to verify this assumption, since during the study of fungi it was noticed that fungi can not only survive, but also reproduce in the most difficult conditions.

Mushrooms are able to reproduce at times even in very harsh conditions.

According to scientists, mushrooms do not have common roots with plants. Their ancestors are special microorganisms that lived in ocean waters. With plants, they have such common features as the synthesis of vitamins, the ability to reproduce by spores, the stationarity and structure of the cell wall. In addition, they, like plants, absorb nutrients from the soil. There are similarities with the animal world, for example, they are able to accumulate glycogen stores, excrete urea and cannot create nutrients themselves.

The structure of mushrooms

Many people do not understand exactly how mushrooms look. And without understanding their structure, there can be no clear ideas about their reproduction. The bulk of the fungus falls on the vegetative body, and not on what is commonly called a fungus. The vegetative body is a countless number of very thin, colorless filaments called "mycelium" or "mycelium". The vegetative body is divided into two parts. One of the parts is located quite deep in the ground.

Its function is to provide food. The second part is located above and forms the reproductive organs, which everyone considers mushrooms. The organism of the fungus has the ability to adapt to almost any environment by changing its vegetative body. For example, parasitizing on its "donor", and sucking nutrients from it.

Mushrooms survive in any environment, sometimes even at the expense of other organisms.

Defense mechanisms

The mycelium of forest mushrooms can exist for many years, and therefore it must be able to adapt to such unfavorable environmental conditions as drought or severe frosts. This task is performed by special protective mechanisms that allow the mycelium to go into a resting stage, a kind of hibernation.

There are two main types of dormant mycelium. One of them is rhizomorphs, which are branched brown or almost black cord-like bodies, reaching lengths of several meters. They consist of a shell and a core. The dense membrane is formed by dead cells and acts as a protective tissue. In the core are white or almost colorless living hyphae, as well as fat, which provides nutrition for the mycelium.

Rhizomorphs, being in the soil, intertwine with the roots of trees, and then penetrate under the bark and fill the space under it, climbing up the trunk. With the onset of favorable conditions, thin hyphae appear at the tips of the cord-like bodies, which subsequently grow, announcing that the time has come for a new active life. The formation of rhizomorphs is more characteristic of fungi leading a parasitic lifestyle; they are especially well studied in autumn honey agarics (Armillaria mellea).

Another type of resting mycelium is sclerotia... Outwardly, it looks like an oblong or rounded body with an uneven surface. The length and thickness of sclerotia can vary significantly in different fungi, usually these parameters vary from a few millimeters to several tens of centimeters. Sclerotium, like rhizomorphs, has a dense protective shell and core, in which the hyphae and the necessary substances for their nutrition (mostly fats) are located.

Sclerotium basidiomycetes and ascomycetes can develop in the soil, on the roots and branches of trees. With the onset of favorable conditions, the fruiting body of the fungus begins to grow from it, at the same time the sclerotium itself begins to partially or completely decompose, transferring its contents to the fruiting body. It is noteworthy that the hyphae located in the sclerotia contain a minimum amount of water, but at the same time they do not lose the ability to germinate even after years of hibernation.

Mushroom propagation methods

Reproduction occurs in one of four ways:

• vegetative;
• asexual;
• budding;
• sexual.

They differ in many ways from each other, so each of them should be considered in more detail.

Vegetative

The essence of the vegetative method is to separate some parts of the mycelium (oidia and chlamydospores) from the main vegetative body. The reason for this separation can be the movement of the environment or the actions of animals, and sometimes the hyphae disintegrates itself when unfavorable conditions occur (Figure 3).

Figure 3. With the vegetative method, the new specimen retains the properties of the parent species

The separated parts begin to develop independently and give rise to new myceliums. For this method, no special devices are needed, moreover, this is the fastest breeding method, and therefore it is used when growing crops on special farms or at home.

At the same time, the DNA of the descendants is no different from the DNA of the parents. However, the number of offspring obtained is small.

Asexual

With this method, the hyphae form special cells, which are branches that are unable to grow. Sporangia (vesicles) are formed on them, inside which spores are located (Figure 4).

These microscopic particles are carried by the wind and animals, do not drown in water, and under favorable conditions begin to develop, forming a mycelium. The asexual method is typical for many nodding species, in particular, parasites.

Figure 4. Asexual method uses spores

This method gives a great chance to leave offspring, since much less nutrients are spent on the formation of each spore than on one offspring with the vegetative method. In this case, the offspring are copies of the parents with minor mutations.

Budding

The form of the vegetative method is budding. The essence of this method lies in the formation of a daughter organism from the mother in the form of a protrusion of the cell body (Figure 5).

Figure 5. Budding - a type of vegetative propagation

The process of this type of asexual reproduction begins with nuclear fission, as a result of which the formed center of the cell moves into a growth that appears on the mother's body. Then a constriction is formed between the new fragment and the mycelium, as a result of which the young formation is separated and begins to develop as a separate organism. This method is inherent mainly in representatives of the class of lower fungi (for example, yeast), although it is found in some of the higher ones.

Inedible cap mushrooms

Pale toadstools are easy to confuse with mushrooms. To distinguish them, you need to turn the hat over and look at the color: the pale toadstool has a light green color, and the mushrooms are light pink.

Amanita stands out for its red cap with chaotically scattered white dots. You can also find fly agarics with a grayish cap, they have the same structure, differ only in color.

The inedible gall mushroom is similar to the edible white. But on its leg at the top you can see a pattern that looks like a gray or black mesh. And if you break it, the pulp becomes reddish.

False chanterelles differ from edible chanterelles with a cap with a reddish tint, without bends. Having broken off a piece of the cap of the inedible chanterelle, a whitish juice will stand out from it.

Mushroom nutrition

As you know, fungi are heterotrophic organisms, that is, they cannot themselves synthesize organic substances from inorganic ones. In simple terms, in order for the mycelium to receive nutrition, it needs ready-made organic foods that it can process. These products include compounds formed by plants during photosynthesis. But fungi can assimilate minerals directly from the environment.

An example is cellulose, which is the basis of plant biomass. Its content in leaf litter located in the soil is in the range of 35-60%.With the help of special enzymes secreted by the mycelium, the cellulose breaks down. Hyphae absorb cellulose processing products and deliver them to mycelium cells.

Despite the general type of nutrition, the way in which nutrients are obtained may differ from one mushroom to another. There are three ways to eat:

1. Saprotrophic... It is characteristic of most mushrooms, and according to scientists, it is primary in relation to other methods of nutrition. Its essence lies in the processing of the remains of the tissues of dead organisms. The substrate for the mycelium of such fungi is forest soil, dry and rotten wood. The hyphae are fixed on such a substrate and, releasing a special enzyme, they begin to absorb the decay products of organic matter. Thus, they utilize much more organic fragments than they actually use. Saprotrophs play an important role in the cycle of matter and energy in nature.
2. Parasitic... These mushrooms include mushrooms, tinder fungi and many others. Parasitic fungi live on living organisms, most often on weakened trees. With the help of special multiple lateral processes on the hyphae, called haustoria, the fungus penetrates into the tissues of the tree and receives nutrients and water from its cells. After the death of a living organism, parasitic fungi can continue to exist on it as saprotrophs.
3. Symbiotic... This method of nutrition is used by many mushrooms from the bolet family (porcini mushrooms, aspen mushrooms, brown mushrooms) and amanitovids (pale grebe, various fly agarics). The fungal hyphae are intertwined with the roots of the tree and penetrate the tissues of the plant. From the tree, the mushrooms receive organic matter, and in return they give it water enriched with minerals, which is absorbed by the hyphae from the soil. This connection of the mycelium with the roots of trees is called mycorrhiza, and the process of mutually beneficial conditions of existence is called symbiosis.

How the cap mushroom multiplies

What we call a mushroom is its fruiting body. With its help, reproduction will occur. It is grown for this purpose. More precisely, it is an organ of sporulation. It consists of a cap with a high density hyphae stem. The hat can be divided into two parts: the upper one is dense and the lower one contains spores. After ripening, they spill out onto the soil.

When we pick mushrooms, then we interfere in their lives, we disrupt the process of reproduction. To inflict the least damage on them, you need to properly collect them. By properly cutting the fungus, we only deprive it of seeds. He, in turn, will grow himself a new one for reproduction. If we pull out the mushroom, we will violate the integrity of the mycelium, and this, in turn, can lead to the destruction of the mycelium, since it takes a long time to recover and may not complete this process in this place. Therefore, when collecting fungi, carefully cut off their leg.

Fungi are organisms, their vital activity has not been completely studied. Every year scientists discover more and more new facts that sometimes surprise science. There is an assumption that the mushroom may have a mind, so it is constantly being studied.

Other methods of vegetative propagation

These include the method with spores and the division of the mycelium, that is, the mycelium. These paths are inherent in the highest representatives of the type of honey agarics, chanterelles, whites. Their mycelium spreads for miles in the ground.

This feature is used when you need to plant fruiting bodies on the site. Part of the mycelium with the earth is removed and mixed with the local substrate.

Young mycelium can be damaged if it is not sufficiently rooted in the soil. Therefore, fruiting bodies are not pulled out of the ground, but cut off - this is a guarantee that new ones will soon grow.

Disputes are the most mobile method of all. In cap mushrooms, they ripen in plates and spill out. They are blown away by the wind, carried by animals and people. Thanks to this, the view spreads over long distances. Some classes reproduce by mobile spores - zoospores.

Asexual reproduction

sexual reproduction of fungi

Types of reproduction of organisms. Biology video tutorial grade 9

The main methods of breeding

The fungus kingdom uses the mechanisms inherent in plants and animals for procreation. There are three main types of mushroom reproduction:

• asexual (by spores);
• vegetative;
• sexual.

The propagation of fungi by spores is a simple but ingenious mechanism invented by nature. Spores are mononuclear reproductive cells that the fungus scatters around it by the millions. Light spores fly through the air, sometimes rising to a height of up to three kilometers, stick to human skin or animal hair, do not drown in water, so they can be hundreds of kilometers away from their place of appearance.

Of the huge number of fungal reproductive cells, only a few give offspring. In order for a new mycelium to appear, two heterosexual spores must together enter the nutrient substrate under favorable external conditions. Certain indicators of humidity and temperature are required. Forest mushrooms reproduce by spores that are located on the surface of hollow tubes and plates on the cap.

For the vegetative continuation of the genus, special conditions are not required: in this case, mushrooms, like many plants, multiply in two ways:

• By dividing the mycelium. Separate hyphae of the mycelium disintegrate into separate short cells: thick-walled chlamydiospores or thin-walled arthrospores, they are also often called oidia. New myceliums develop from these cells.
• By budding. From the processes of the mycelium, hyphae or cells begin to bud off, which give life to the fungus.

The sexual reproduction mechanism is much more complicated than vegetative or asexual, but it has an advantage over them: the fungus receives a double set of chromosomes from its parents. A new, more successful combination of acquired traits can increase the viability of fungal offspring.

Advantages and disadvantages

The reasons why mushrooms reproduce by budding:

1. Increased chances of survival: the process slows down in unfavorable conditions or accelerates in favorable conditions.
2. Peculiarities of settlement: a developed kidney (organism) already has the necessary set of organelles, so it only needs a successful substrate. The spore must germinate in a nutrient medium and has almost no supply of substances. The offshoot is temporarily dormant, this postpones launch.
3. Colonization as an adaptation to survival: if the process did not end with the separation of a young organism, then it remains on the one hand - a part of the mother's organism, but at the same time has an autonomous set of organelles and can function independently - on the other hand. Colonial organisms survive better in adverse conditions. Vivid representatives of this type are mold fungi.

According to the set of genetic material, daughter cells are copies of mothers. Therefore, the disadvantage of this method is the impossibility of obtaining nuclear DNA from another organism. Although this minus is not important for the lower representatives of the kingdom, they are quite resistant to external conditions without the need to obtain new genetic material. Such colonies formed by budding are called clonal.

Mushroom propagation

The reproduction of mushrooms, united in a separate large kingdom, occurs in 3 ways:

• vegetative;
• asexual;
• sexual.

Those. they reproduce with the help of all methods known to science today.

Vegetative breeding method

This method is convenient to use when growing crops in the country, in the basement or on mushroom farms. Its essence lies in the division of the mycelium. Some parts of a certain size are detached from the main vegetative body and placed in an environment where they begin to develop separately. This is the fastest way and is often found in the wild.

A feature of the vegetative propagation of fungi is that in many species arthrospores (oidia) and chlamydospores are formed.These cells give rise to new myceliums. Oidia are formed as a result of the disintegration of hyphae. Each such cell gives rise to a new mycelium. A feature of chlamydospores is that these cells are covered with a dense membrane, sometimes colored in a color different from the color of the mycelium. This membrane stores nutrients that allow the cell to "wait out" adverse conditions. Chlamydospore remains viable for 7-10 years.

But division by the formation of oidia or chlamydospores is not exclusively classified as a vegetative method. It is classified as a cross between vegetative and asexual reproduction of fungi.

Budding occurs when a neoplasm appears on the mycelium, which grows over time and becomes a separate organism. At first, the kidney is microscopic in size. Among higher organisms, budding is rare, but representatives of the lower class (yeast-like, for example) use it often.

Asexual breeding method

It is very difficult to collect planting material.

With the asexual method, fungi multiply by microscopic spores. Spore breeding is similar to using seeds, but planting material is more difficult to collect. Spores are carried not only by the wind, although most often they travel with air currents, but they also adhere to the fur of animals. What's interesting is that these microscopic particles don't sink. When they enter a favorable environment, they develop, forming a mycelium.

Spores can form inside or on the surface of the spore-bearing organs. They also differ in structure. Some spores have flagella that allow them to move around and are called zoospores. Others do not have such flagella, they are immobile and are called sporangiospores.

Interestingly, copies of parents with minor mutations grow out of the spores.

If you look at the number of representatives of the kingdom, you can see that even with the asexual mode of reproduction, significant changes in species occur. They associate this with the fact that several generations grow during the season, each of which has some changes. Ultimately, minor mutations of each generation lead to the emergence of new species.

Sexual reproduction

From the name it is clear that we are talking about a merger process. During sexual reproduction of fungi, male and female cells (gametes) merge. But this happens in the second stage of reproduction. The first stage involves the formation of these cells. In the process of fusion, disputes arise, from which a new organism is formed. With the asexual method, the formation of spores is not expected to merge cells, which is their difference. Cells intended for sexual reproduction may have the same appearance or may differ.

Interestingly, the lower fungi, which reproduce by cell fusion, immediately give rise to sexual spores. Representatives of the upper class first form a mycelium, which is somewhat different from the one from which mushrooms emerge. This method is also typical for marsupial mushrooms. But in them, the fusion of cells occurs directly inside the bag (asuka). The cell formed inside the bag is capable of division and the formation of new spores.