Row earthy-gray: photo and description

Description

The family includes about two and a half thousand species of mushrooms. They are widespread throughout the northern hemisphere. A favorite place is coniferous or mixed forests. They prefer sandy soil, covered with a thick layer of needles and leaves or moss. Not all mushrooms can be eaten. In the family to sit conditionally edible, poisonous and edible mushrooms. The latter includes the earthy ryadovka. Description:

• Hat. Depending on the species, it can be conical, spherical (in young mushrooms) or in the form of a bell. With age, it straightens, but the central tubercle remains. The edges of the cap are wavy, even, tucked up or, on the contrary, bent upwards. The color is different: white, gray, variations of green, yellow, brown, red, purple. Moreover, as it grows, the color can change significantly. The surface can be scaly, slimy, smooth, velvety, dry, fibrous. The diameter can be up to 20 cm.
• Plates (hymenophore). The rows have plates under the cap, they are covered with a spore-bearing layer. The plates are either thin and frequent, or fleshy and sparse. In young mushrooms, they are even and white, darken over time, become covered with brown or brown spots, the edges become torn and uneven.

Leg. Height 3-10 cm, diameter 0.5-2 cm. The shape depends on the species. It can be clavate (expanding upward or downward) or cylindrical. The texture also varies, it is naked, fibrous, velvety, scaly. The color is usually pink with a brown tint, under the hat itself there is a zone of white tint. Sometimes, under the cap, there are remnants of the protective blanket in the form of a fibrous ring.

In general, with some nuances, this description is suitable for all species of this family.

Mushroom cap

The cap of the mushroom is from 3 to 10 mm, dry, matte, light gray, grayish-brown or gray-brown in color with a barely noticeable bluish tint, covered with adpressed, fibrous scales of dark gray or black color. At the same time, in young forms of mushrooms, the caps have a bell-shaped shape, then, as the fungus grows, they become open, convex, with a small but clearly visible hump in the central part of the apex. The edges of the cap are thin, even or slightly wavy, bent down in young forms and slightly raised in mature mushrooms, they often burst and can be covered with small, deep cracks.

Use

The mushroom is edible, but not appreciated by everyone. Sold in stores in some European countries. The Generalit of Catalonia has included the earthy ryadovka in the list of the most common edible mushrooms in the region.

Due to the likelihood of confusing the earthy ryadovka with similar species, this mushroom is recommended to be collected only by experienced mushroom pickers.

When collecting for food, it is especially important not to confuse the mushroom with the highly poisonous tiger row.

Chinese toxicity study

A group of Chinese scientists have been able to induce rhabdomyolysis in mice during experiments with highly dosed extracts from this mushroom.
The publication of the results of this study in 2014 called into question the edibility of the earthy ryadovka. Some sources of information immediately began to consider the mushroom dangerous and poisonous. However, the alleged toxicity was refuted by the toxicologist of the German Mycology Society, Professor Sigmar Berndt. Professor Berndt calculated that people weighing about 70 kg, each would need to eat about 46 kg of fresh mushrooms, so that, on average, every second of them could feel some kind of damage to health due to the substances contained in the mushroom.

Useful properties and restrictions on the use of earthy ryadovka

Mushrooms are valued for their rich composition, which includes various minerals (sodium, phosphorus, zinc), stearic, aspartic and glutamic acids.A number of phenols, ergosterol, polysaccharides, lysine, threonine, betaine and an extensive vitamin complex are also found in the pulp.

In addition, the composition contains substances that act as natural antibiotics (cellocin and femecin). Such an abundance of useful components made the mushroom suitable not only for culinary experiments, but also for the treatment of serious diseases.

Cooking features

You can use mushrooms in various dishes, but they are carefully processed beforehand. First, the adhering forest debris is removed and washed under running water.

Advice! If there is a slight pest infestation, then the fruit bodies are soaked in salted water for 15-20 minutes. Do not keep them longer, as they will absorb excess liquid and soften.

Experienced housewives often add mice to soups, vegetable stews, bake with meat or potatoes, and also add them to pie filling. And preparations for the winter allow you to preserve all the richness of the chemical composition and extend their shelf life. Usually mushrooms are salted using a cold or hot method, pickled, dried, boiled or placed in a freezer.

Application in medicine

Thanks to their beneficial properties, mushrooms help to cure:

• diseases of the genitourinary system;
• arterial hypertension;
• bone pathology (for example, osteoporosis or rheumatism);
• metabolic disorders;
• hormonal imbalance in women;
• dysfunction of the endocrine system.

It is important to remember that mushrooms are considered a heavy food and can provoke gastrointestinal disturbances. Therefore, ryadovka is prohibited for people suffering from low acidity, pathologies of the gallbladder, as well as pancreatitis and cholecystitis.

Excessive consumption of mushrooms can provoke abnormalities in the functioning of the liver and kidneys, as well as trigger the process of deformation of muscle tissue.

Mushroom pickers are often underestimated because of their low nutritional value. However, the fruits contain a significant amount of nutrients that improve the functioning of various body systems. Therefore, every housewife who cares about the health of her family should have several jars of winter harvesting.

Types of these mushrooms, appearance

Description

• Hat. A young earthy row has a hemispherical hat, occasionally a cone. As it grows, the shape of the cap changes to a convex-flat one, and in old age it straightens and becomes prostrate with a clearly noticeable sharp, conical tubercle in the center and a tucked edge. The diameter of the upper part of the mushroom is from 3 to 7 cm, in some cases it reaches 9 cm.
• The skin of a young, earthy ryadovka is fibrous, similar to silky to the touch. As soon as the mushroom matures and the aging process starts, the fibers of the skin begin to disintegrate into small scales. The color of the surface of the cap has a gray tint with earthy notes, less often brown, very rarely purple.
• The spore-bearing layer is lamellar. The plates, which are attached with a tooth to the pedicle, are rather wide and often spaced. In a young specimen, they are even, and with age they acquire a curved, notched shape. The plastics are painted white with a slight gray tint, and with aging they become grayish, occasionally with uneven edges. Also, the plate of the old mushroom may be yellow. Initially, the lamellar hymenophore hides under a membranous veil, which over time either breaks, forming residues on the edge of the cap, or becomes thinner and becomes similar to a spider web.
• The leg has a cylindrical shape, occasionally spindle-shaped. There is a slight expansion at the base, rather fragile. In thickness, the leg of an earthy row grows up to 2 cm, in length reaches from 4 to 9 cm. The flesh of the leg, without voids, is solid. The color of the leg is white or grayish; in an aged mushroom, it turns yellow at the base, and the top remains grayish-white.
• The pulp is dense, slightly watery, the leg is brittle, and the cap is thin-fleshy. The color of the pulp is often white and occasionally slightly grayish. When cut or damaged, the color does not change.The pulp has a characteristic fruity aroma and a mild sweetish taste.

Did you know? Earthy ryadovka (Tricholoma terreum) is one of the varieties of a fungus from the Ryadovka genus from the Tricholomov family. Rows, mushrooms, photos and descriptions of which are presented below, are also known under other names: mice, ground ryadovka, earthy-gray ryadovka. This species is classified as conditionally edible.

Similar species

• Bon's row (Tricholoma bonii) has smaller fruiting bodies, as well as scales on legs and elongated spores.
• The tiger row (Tricholoma pardinum) is a more massive mushroom than the earthy one, its plates have a greenish or yellowish tint and it is poisonous and inedible.
• The reddish row (Tricholoma orirubens) is distinguished by its pulp, which turns pink with age.
• The silvery row (Tricholoma scalpturatum) is a very similar species with a pronounced powdery aroma and the presence of smaller spores, most often of the lightest color. Often it grows nearby earthy ryadovki.
• Row sad (Tricholoma triste) is distinguished by a scaly leg and smaller spores.
• The poplar row (Tricholoma populinum) (underfloor, poplar) is distinguished by a slight bulge, which then becomes sweeping, but not even, and the skin is slimy and sticks strongly to the fingers.

Definitioner

Basidia (Basidia)

Lat. Basidia. A specialized structure of sexual reproduction in fungi, inherent only in Basidiomycetes. Basidia are terminal (end) elements of hyphae of various shapes and sizes, on which spores develop exogenously (outside).

Basidia are diverse in structure and method of attachment to hyphae.

According to the position relative to the axis of the hypha, to which they are attached, three types of basidia are distinguished:

Apical basidia are formed from the terminal cell of the hypha and are located parallel to its axis.

Pleurobasidia are formed from lateral processes and are located perpendicular to the axis of the hypha, which continues to grow and can form new processes with basidia.

Subasidia are formed from a lateral process, turned perpendicular to the axis of the hypha, which, after the formation of one basidium, stops its growth.

Based on morphology:

Holobasidia - unicellular basidia, not divided by septa (see Fig. A, D.).

Phragmobasidia are divided by transverse or vertical septa, usually into four cells (see Fig. B, C).

By type of development:

Heterobasidia consists of two parts - hypobasidia and epibasidia developing from it, with or without partitions (see Fig. C, B) (see Fig. D).

Homobasidia is not divided into hypo- and epibasidia and in all cases is considered holobasidia (Fig. A).

Basidia is the place of karyogamy, meiosis and the formation of basidiospores. Homobasidia, as a rule, is not functionally divided, and meiosis follows karyogamy in it. However, basidia can be divided into probasidia - the site of karyogamy and metabasidia - the site of meiosis. Probasidium is often a dormant spore, for example in rust fungi. In such cases, probazidia grows with metabasidia, in which meiosis occurs and on which basidiospores are formed (see Fig. E).

See Karyogamy, Meiosis, Gifa.

Pileipellis

Lat. Pileipellis, skin - differentiated surface layer of the cap of agaricoid basidiomycetes. The structure of the skin in most cases differs from the inner flesh of the cap and may have a different structure. The structural features of pileipellis are often used as diagnostic features in descriptions of fungi species.

According to their structure, they are divided into four main types: cutis, trichoderma, hymeniderma and epithelium.

See Agaricoid fungi, Basidiomycete, Cutis, Trichoderma, Gimeniderm, Epithelium.

Trichoderma (Trichoderma)

The type of cap skin, usually consists of straight, septate elements located more or less perpendicular to the surface and laid both at the same and at different levels; the ends of the hyphae can be morphologically modified and represent dermatocystids. The surface of the cap is velvety to almost felt.

Lat. Trichoderm.

Trichoderma, in turn, is subdivided into intertwined trichoderma and irregular trichoderma.

Intertwined trichoderm (Intricate trichoderm) - trichoderm, consisting of intertwined hyphae, located not parallel to each other and forming a tomentose pubescence.

Irregular trichoderm - Trichoderma, consisting of irregularly branching hyphae.

See Dermatotsistida, Hypha, Septa.

Cutis

The type of cap skin, consists of creeping non-gelatinized hyphae located parallel to the surface. The surface of the cap looks smooth.

Lat. Cutis.

See Gifa.