Brown birch trees, or pruning

Butcher mushrooms and their varieties

Mushrooms are one of the most favorite mushroom pickers. In terms of popularity, they can only compete with whites. Boletus and aspen mushrooms are beautiful in appearance, tasty, healthy and versatile. It is useful for all fans of quiet hunting to know their properties and description, distribution and collection time, basic cooking rules and the presence of false species.

Mushrooms and their varieties

general characteristics

Buttons are a valuable and very tasty edible mushroom. Their mycelium grows in symbiosis with tree roots (most often with birches).

They are distributed in all regions of the temperate zone, partly in the subtropics and subpolar zones.

Boletus are a genus that includes all types of boletus and boletus boletus. Their description has some differences, but the main characteristics are similar.

External parameters

The surface is matte, velvety.

Color - from reddish to dark red-brown.

Hymenophore
Tubular, characterized by small pores - in young fungi, it is light, and then darkens.

Leg
Plump (especially from below), cylindrical, fibrous, with scales.

Pulp
White, aromatic, very tasty. At the cut site, it changes color, acquiring a reddish, blue or black tint. After heat treatment, the mushrooms turn black.

Beneficial features

Buttons contain proteins necessary for humans, including essential amino acids.

The composition includes valuable trace elements:

In addition, these mushrooms are rich in vitamins (C, B, PP, E and others).

The use of stumps increases immunity, normalizes metabolism, and also improves blood structure, vision, complexion. Fibrous tissue of mushrooms has a beneficial effect on digestion.

Antioxidants are especially valuable in their composition - they slow down aging and counteract cancerous tumors.

Varieties

Boletus and aspen mushrooms, which are united by a common name - boletus, are always welcome guests on the table.

There is an opinion that the former grow especially under birches, and the latter - under aspens, but this is not an immutable rule. Both species can live under different trees, not excluding conifers.

Boletus

The boletus has a bright hat

This species is distinguished by bright hats - red-brown or orange-yellow.

Its pulp is very plump, for which it is appreciated by mushroom pickers. On the cut, it acquires a bluish or brownish tint.

Among the most famous subspecies are: red, white and upland boletus.

Boletus

This mushroom is similar in description to the boletus, but often looks less bright. Its cap is brown rather than reddish-brown, but in young mushrooms it may be the same color.

It has a looser flesh that turns slightly pink when cut. Over time, this species becomes somewhat watery.

Among the most famous species: common, hornbeam, black, pinkish, white.

Where do they grow and when do they collect

You should look for pruning in deciduous and mixed forests.

They like to settle in birch forests, but also under aspen, white poplar, beech, hornbeam, hazel. You can also find it in clearings, forest edges, near forest roads. They can grow in marshy areas, especially peatlands.

Mushrooms begin to appear from the last ten days of May and disappear in late autumn, when frosts strike.

Usually there are three waves of massive crop growth.

• The first falls at the beginning of June.
• The second is in mid-July.
• The third is for September and October.

How to cook properly

Boletus and boletus boletus are tasty and healthy in any form. They can be fried, boiled, stewed, baked and marinated. For the winter, these mushrooms are often dried and frozen.

Preliminary preparation

Mushroom pickers are also loved by mushroom pickers for the reason that they do not require painstaking cleaning.

They are quite large and clean by themselves (you do not need to remove the film from them, for example, from butter, soak or cut the legs).

If necessary, only the base of the mushroom is cut off and the spoiled places are removed. A large specimen is cut into several parts to make it easier to cook or dry.

The wormy parts of the butterflies should be immediately cut off and discarded, since the worms quickly spread to healthy fruit bodies.

Before cooking, boletus and aspen mushrooms are thoroughly washed with water. Before drying, it is better not to wash them, but to wipe them with a slightly damp cloth, after removing the adhered leaves or twigs.

Botanical description

The shape of the cap of the boletus boletus changes as the mushroom grows: at the beginning it is semicircular, then it becomes convex and cushion-shaped, often with a small depression in the center.

The skin of a young mushroom is slightly scaly or pubescent, in an adult it is naked, smooth, dry, matte. Hangs slightly over the tubules. In dry, hot weather, it is often covered with small superficial cracks, in humid - mucous. Color: gray, red-brown, ocher-brownish, gray-brown, brown, light purple. In young mushrooms, the skin and flesh have the same color; as they mature, the skin darkens. Diameter: 6-15 cm.

The lower part of the cap (hymenophore) of the harsh boletus is tubular. The tubules are adherent or loose. The color is whitish at the beginning, cream, then changes to a dirty cream, grayish. When pressed, they turn brown, olive brown. The length of the boletus boletus tubules is 12-25 mm.

The pores are small, rounded, whitish at the beginning, then creamy yellowish. Diameter: 0.3-0.5mm.

Spores are ellipsoid or ellipsoid-fusiform, smooth, thick. Size: 13-17 x 5-7 microns. Spore powder color: olive brown.

The stiff boletus leg is solid, cylindrical or fusiform, with a noticeable thickening towards the base, sometimes pointed. Slightly covered in the upper part with smaller and larger to the base gray-brown, brown, brown scales, which are arranged in rolls or longitudinal rows. The color of the leg is white, cream in the upper part, brownish in the lower part, bluish at the base. Sizes of boletus boletus (legs): length - 5-16 cm, diameter - 1-3.5 cm.

The flesh of the boletus is hardish, firm. Color: initially white, but when cut and in contact with air at the top of the cap and in the stem turns pink, and at the base of the stem turns blue, turns green, and then turns black. Taste: sweetish. Smell: pleasant, mushroom.

Photo gallery of harsh boletus

Current title

Systematic position

Fungi, Basidiomycota, Agaricomycetes, Boletales, Boletaceae, Leccinum

Etymology of the species epithet

Varicolor noun m mic. multicolored. From varius, a, um + color, -ōris.

Synonyms

• Krombholziella variicolor (Watling) Šutara, Česká Mykol. 36 (2): 83 (1982)
• Boletus variicolor (Watling) Hlaváček, Mykologický Sborník 65 (3): 83 (1988)

Habit

Fruit body: Cap and stem (agaricoid)

Hymenophore: Tubular, porous

Hat

The cap is 35 - 95 mm in diameter, initially hemispherical, flat-convex when ripe, sometimes broadly conical in adult fruiting bodies. Edge with a short, up to 1 mm, overhanging hymenophore skin. The surface is initially slightly velvety, weakly mucous with age; the color is uneven, dark brown with light spots.

The hymenophore is tubular, free, in the middle part of the mature fruiting bodies it is swollen, light, cream-colored, in places of damage it darkens to yellowish-brownish; pores 0.5 mm in diameter.

Leg

Leg 70 - 157 mm long, up to 35 mm in diameter, cylindrical, widening towards the base, whitish, whitish-gray, often with blue-greenish spots at the base, completely covered with brown, black scales, small in the upper part and larger, coarse down.

Pulp

The pulp is white, if damaged in the cap and the upper part of the leg, it turns pink, in the lower part of the leg it turns greenish-bluish; when dried, the lower part of the leg turns slightly yellow.

Microscopy

Spores (10.0) 13.5 - 17.5 (20.0) × 5.0 - 6.5 μm, fusiform.

Basidia 25 - 35 × 8.5 - 11.0 μm, 2- and 4-spore.

Cystids 25 - 45 × 8.0 - 10.5 μm, bottle-shaped, clavate, with a rounded or pointed apex.

Pileipellis consists of transparent or brown intracellular contents, cylindrical elements 4.5 - 9.0 (12.5) µm in diameter; suprapellis (the upper layer of the skin) of cylindrical cells collected in chains with pointed tops.

Caulocystids (20) 35 - 85 × 7.5 - 22.0 μm, clavate or irregularly cylindrical in shape with an elongated, sinuous apex, often separated from the cystid by a septum.

Ecology and distribution

Substrate: Soil, litter

It grows singly and in groups on peat and sandy soils, in swampy areas, among mosses and birches. Forms mycorrhiza with birch.

Fruiting

June - October.

JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNoveDec

The divisions correspond to the decades of the month.

Nutritional properties

Similar species

• Hard boletus (Leccinum duriusculum)
• Marsh boletus (Leccinum holopus)
• Common boletus (Leccinum scabrum)
• Smoky boletus (Leccinum schistophilum)

Related materials

1. Bakker H. C. den. Diversity in Leccinum. A molecular phylogenetic approach. - National Herbarium Nederland, 2005 .-- 160 p. - P. 118–120.
2. Kibby G. Leccinum revisited. A new synoptic key to species. // Field Mycology. - 2006. - V. 7 (4). - P. 77–87.
3. Bakker H., Zuccarello G. C., Kuyper TH. W., Noordeloos M. E. Evolution and host specificity in the ectomycorrhizal genus Leccinum. // New Phytologist. - 2004. - V. 163. - P. 201–215. DOI: 10.1111 / j.1469-8137.2004.01090.x.

Link to this page for prints

Ageev D.V., Bulonkova T.M. Multicolored brown birch (Leccinum variicolor) - Mushrooms of Siberia URL: https://mycology.su/leccinum-variicolor.html (date accessed: 16.02.2020).

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Leccinum is a genus of mushrooms in the Boletaceae family. It was named the first in a series of mushrooms within the genus Boletus , then erected as a new kind of the last century. Their main distinguishing feature is the small, stiff scabers that give their stems a rough texture. The genus name was coined from Italian Leccino , for a type of coarse-stemmed Polish mushrooms. The genus is widespread, especially in the northern temperate regions, and contains about 75 species.

Species diversity and description

Boletus is a collective name for a number of mushrooms of the genus Leccinum (Leccinum). Excellent growing conditions have led to the fact that the boletus species have minor external differences.

It is important to know what a particular boletus looks like in order to be able to distinguish it from other mushrooms.

Marsh (Leccinum holopus)

Marsh boletus, or white, got its name from the place of growth. This mushroom is noticeably different from other boletus mushrooms. The cap is on average 3 to 10 cm in diameter, but it can reach 16 cm. The convex cushion shape is characteristic only of young mushrooms; with age, it becomes flat. The surface is smooth, sometimes wrinkled. The hat is painted in a color uncharacteristic for this group: whitish-cream or grayish with a bluish or greenish tint.

The leg is thin (1-3 cm), elongated (from 5 to 15 cm), whitish or grayish in color, covered with scales of the same color. The scales turn brown only after aging, drying of the fungus; it is better not to collect such specimens.

The tubular layer is first white, then a dirty grayish color. The pulp is watery, white with a slight greenish tinge; denser in the leg, at the base its color becomes bluish-greenish. Does not change color upon contact with air.

Harsh (Leccinum duriusculum)

The cap is rarely more than 15 cm. The shape is hemispherical, later - pillow-shaped, convex. In young mushrooms, the skin is silky, even pubescent, then it becomes smooth; becomes slimy in rainy weather. Depending on the conditions, the color can vary from light gray-brown, sometimes with a purple tint, to brownish-red or ocher-brown.

The tubules are light, creamy, then yellowish or grayish. Olive brown marks remain when pressed.

The stem is cylindrical, rarely pointed at the base; covered with brownish scales that form a reticular pattern. Colored unevenly: cream on top, brownish below. The flesh in the cap is dense, white, reddens at the cut. In the leg, it is denser, harsh; yellowish-green at base, light above. The smell is weak.

Gray (hornbeam) (Leccinum carpini)

This mushroom is most similar to the common boletus. The cap is hemispherical, eventually cushion-shaped, up to 8 cm in diameter, rarely up to 14 cm; in young specimens, the edge is bent, straightens with age. The surface is dry, velvety, slightly grainy; painted in brownish-gray tones. In rainy weather, the color darkens to olive brown.

The leg is cylindrical, rather thin (up to 4 cm), long (from 5 to 13 cm); in the lower part it has a clavate thickening. The color is uneven: brownish at first, grayish closer to the cap. Its entire surface is covered with whitish scales, which turn yellow over time, then acquire a dark brown hue.

The tubular layer is watery, freely separates from the pulp, whitish or sandy-gray in color; a notch is visible in the area of ​​contact with the leg. The pulp is white: soft in the cap and fibrous in the stem, it becomes harsh in old mushrooms. In air, it changes color first to pinkish-purple, then darkens almost to black.

Black (Leccinum scabrum)

Black boletus has a small (5-9 cm) dark brown or almost black cap. The skin cracks with age, partially exposing the flesh. The leg is proportionate, cylindrical, white, covered with small dark scales. The tubules are brownish gray. The pulp is white, darkens at the break.

Turning pink (Leccinum roseofractum)

The pink boletus has a convex, with age, pillow-shaped cap of medium size (up to 15 cm). The skin is gray-brown, pinkish-brown, may be darker, up to dark brown; dry.

Stem thin, long, cylindrical, with a thickening at the base in young specimens; sometimes bends, white with brownish scales, which become almost black with age. The tubular layer is light, becomes dirty gray with age. The pulp is firm. On the cut, this boletus turns pink.

Description of Asian boletin

The diameter of the Asian boletin's cap reaches 12 centimeters. The hat is convex, dry. The color of the cap is purple-red, and the surface is covered with felt scales.

The tubular layer descends to the pedicle. The pores of the tubular layer are radially elongated, they are arranged in rows. The color of the spores is yellow at first, and then becomes dirty olive. The pulp is yellowish; at the break, its color does not change.

In shape, the Asiatic sieve is similar to other representatives of the genus, but differs in the purple-red color of the cap, and in the same color of the leg below the ring. The length of the stem is less than the diameter of the cap, its shape is cylindrical, the stem is hollow inside. Above the ring, the color of the leg is yellow, and below it is purple.

Places of growth and fruiting times of Asian sieve shafts

Asian boletins grow in Eastern and Western Siberia, in the Far East and also in the Southern Urals. Also found in Europe, Finland. They can be found among larch trees.

They bear fruit from August to September.

Other members of the genus

Boletin half-peg or sieve half-peg is a conditionally edible mushroom. His hat is thin, elastic, initially bell-shaped, and then flat. The surface of mature mushrooms is ribbed. The color of the cap varies from rusty red to yellow. Its diameter reaches 17 centimeters. The surface of the cap is dry with scales. There is a thin fluff on the skin. The leg is hollow, for which the mushroom got its name. There is an adhesive ring at the top of the leg.

Externally, boletin is similar to a flywheel, for which it is also called a half-legged flywheel. These mushrooms grow mainly in deciduous and cedar forests. Fruiting time is from August to October.They are found in lowlands and mountainous areas.

Boletin is a conditionally edible mushroom of the 4th category. The mushroom has no value due to its tough, rubbery pulp.

Marsh boletin, or yellow oiler or marsh sieve, is a conditionally edible mushroom. The diameter of its cap is 5-10 centimeters. The cap is convex with a tubercle in the center, fleshy, dry, scaly. The color of the hat in youth is very bright - burgundy red, purple red or cherry red, in older specimens the color becomes paler - red-ocher. Remnants of the bedspread are noticeable along the edges of the cap.

The leg is 4-7 centimeters long and 1-2 centimeters thick. The base of the stem is slightly thickened. The remains of the ring are sometimes visible on the leg. The leg is red under the ring and yellow above the ring.

Marsh boletin is widespread in mixed and deciduous forests. They can grow in wet and dry places. Fruiting time is July - September. Marsh boletins grow in Siberia and the Far East; they can also be found in cultivated plantations of larch in the European part of our country.

These conditionally edible mushrooms can be eaten, but they do not have a high taste. They are very bitter, so they are only suitable for pickling and pickling.