Oyster mushroom autumn

Panellus soft (gentle): photo and description

Panelus soft belongs to the Tricholomov family. He loves to settle on conifers, forming whole colonies on them. This small cap mushroom is distinguished by its delicate pulp, which is why it got its name.

A distinctive feature of the species - it settles in colonies on the trunks of coniferous trees

How not to be confused with other oyster mushrooms?

The autumn oyster mushroom has several twins. Most of all, it resembles Oyster mushroom or oyster mushroom - the mushroom is usually larger than late oyster mushroom, with a glossy cap of gray, brown or gray-violet color, up to 30 cm in size. The flesh of Oyster mushroom also has a faint pleasant smell.

Oyster mushroom

Another double is Oyster mushroom sheathed or covered. Grows on deciduous wood, mainly aspen. The color of her cap is gray, brown or light brown, heterogeneous with radial stripes of darker shades. The smell of sheathed oyster mushrooms is similar to that of raw potatoes.

Oyster mushroom covered

There is a distant resemblance to the orange oyster mushroom. She has a dry, fluffy orange or yellow cap. The plates are ocher in color, brighter than the surface. It grows on both coniferous and deciduous tree species. The pulp has a smell of rotten fruit, tough.

Oyster mushroom orange

Areas of growth of knitting panels.

The area of ​​binder panelellus is extensive. This is a fairly common type of mushroom. This species grows in Europe, Asia, North America and Australia. Astringent panels are also found in the northern part of Russia, the Caucasus, Siberia and the Primorsky Territory.

Panelluses grow mainly in groups. They settle on rotten stumps, tree trunks and deciduous logs. Most often, these mushrooms are found on beeches, birches and oaks. Often these small mushrooms completely stick around whole stumps.

Astringent panels actively bear fruit since August, but in some parts of the range they already begin to occur in spring, and the process continues until late autumn. They settle in numerous colonies. The species is not very common. These mushrooms simply dry up and do not rot, so you can often see old dried fruit bodies on the stumps.

These mushrooms belong to the category of inedible mushrooms, they are not eaten in any form.

"Luminous" properties of binders panels.

In the fruiting bodies of these mushrooms, a chemical reaction takes place with the participation of luciferin and oxygen. Lufceferin is a light-emitting pigment. The interaction of these substances causes bioluminescence. Astringent panels glow greenish in the dark.

Related species.

The soft panel has some resemblance to the binder panel. This is also an inedible mushroom. You can distinguish the soft panel by the white color of the fruit chalk. The shape of its cap is kidney-shaped, convex or rounded. The surface of the cap in juveniles is sticky. Its pulp is thin, but rather dense, contains a large amount of moisture. The leg is short, whitish in color.

Soft panels grow from August to November. They are mainly found in mixed and coniferous forests. You can find fruit bodies on fallen branches and trunks of deciduous and coniferous trees.

Autumn oyster mushroom is a conditionally edible relative of the knitting panellus. Her hat is fleshy, lobe-shaped, at first with slightly curved, and then with straight edges. Its surface is slimy, gray-brown or green-brown.The leg is cylindrical, short, curved, dense, and sometimes absent altogether. The pulp is fleshy, watery, loose, and becomes tough with age. The pulp has no smell.

Fruiting is observed from September to December, that is, autumn oyster mushrooms are found until the very snow. This type of mushroom settles on the remains of elm, maple, aspen, poplar and linden wood. They grow in groups, as a rule, growing together with legs.

What does a soft panel look like?

The fungus has a fruiting body (stem and cap). Its pulp is moderately dense. It is whitish in color, very moist and thin.

The mushroom is small in size

Description of the hat

The cap is very small, from 1 to 2 cm, occasionally occurs with a diameter of about 3 cm. At first, it looks more like a kidney in outline, then as it grows, it acquires a rounded and convex shape. Has slightly serrated edges. The cap grows laterally to the rest of the fruiting body. In young specimens, it is sticky and fleecy to the touch. At the base, its color is pink with a brown tint, the main part is white. The mushroom is lamellar, the elements are quite thick, whitish or pale-yellow, sometimes forked.

Leg description

The leg of the soft tender panel is very short, always lateral, and does not exceed 5 mm in length. Its average diameter is 3-4 mm. Near the plates (above), the leg is slightly wider. Its entire surface is covered with a bloom of small particles resembling cereals. The color of the leg is white. It is fibrous in structure.

Biological description

The cap is 1–32 mm in diameter, kidney-shaped, with a dry or wet, smooth or fleecy surface, painted in whitish, greenish, brownish or lilac tones. The hymenophore is lamellar, glowing in the dark in some species. Plates are frequent or rather rare, white, ocher, olive, brownish or lilac in color.

The leg is not present in all species; it is very short, eccentric, fleecy, of the same color as the cap.

The pulp is odorless, with a bland or pungent taste.

Spores 3-11 × 0.5-3.5 microns, sausage, oblong, elliptical or cylindrical, amyloid. Basidia are tetrasporous, clavate, non-amyloid, 11-28 × 2.5-6.3 µm. Cheilocystids are cylindrical, clavate, fusiform or irregular, thin-walled. Pleurocystids are not present in all species. Pileocystids are present in most species, thin or thick walled.

Taxonomy

The scientific name of the genus is derived from the name of another genus - Panus Fr. (Panus) from which this genus was isolated.

Synonyms

• Dictyopanus Pat. 1900
• Pleurotus sect. Scytinotus (P. Karst.) Pilát, 1935
• Sarcomyxa P. Karst., 1891
• Scytinotus P. Karst., 1879
• Urosporellina E. Horak, 1968

Views

The genus Panellus includes about 55 species.

• Panellus albifavolus Corner, 1986
• Panellus alutaceus Corner, 1986
• Panellus ambiguus Corner, 1986
• Panellus aureofactus E. Horak 1980
• Panellus bambusarum Corner, 1986
• Panellus bambusifavolus Corner, 1986
• Panellus belangeri (Mont.) Singer, 1973
• Panellus brunneomaculatus Corner, 1986
• Panellus crawfordii (G. Stev.) Segedin, P. K. Buchanan & J.P. Wilkie, 1995
• Panellus dichotomus Corner, 1986
• Panellus diversipes (Berk.) Pegler, 1965
• Panellus edulis Y.C.Dai, Niemelä & G.F.Qin, 2003
• Panellus exiguus Corner, 1986
• Panellus fuscatus Corner, 1986
• Panellus glutinosus Corner, 1986
• Panellus hispidifavolus Corner, 1986
• Panellus intermedius Corner, 1986
• Panellus ligulatus E. Horak, 1983
• Panellus luminescens (Corner) Corner, 1986
• Panellus magnus Corner, 1986
• Panellus megalosporus Corner, 1986
• Panellus melleo-ochraceus Malençon, 1975
• Panellus microsporus Corner, 1986
• Panellus mitis (Pers.) Singer, 1936 - Panellus tender
• Panellus niger G. Stev., 1964
• Panellus parvulus Corner, 1986
• Panellus pauciporus Corner, 1986
• Panellus pendens Corner, 1986
• Panellus pusillus (Pers. Ex Lév.) Burds. & O.K. Mill., 1975
• Panellus pyruliferus Corner, 1986
• Panellus ringens (Fr.) Romagn., 1945 - Paste-like panelellus
• Panellus serotinus (Schrad.) Kühner, 1950 - Panellus late
• Panellus stipticus (Bull.) P. Karst., 1879 - Astringent Panellus, or rennet
• Panellus sublamelliformis Corner, 1986
• Panellus sublevatus Corner, 1986
• Panellus violaceofulvus (Batsch) Singer, 1936 - Almost violet panel

Definitioner

Lat. Basidia. A specialized structure of sexual reproduction in fungi, inherent only in Basidiomycetes. Basidia are terminal (end) elements of hyphae of various shapes and sizes, on which spores develop exogenously (outside).

Basidia are diverse in structure and method of attachment to hyphae.

According to the position relative to the axis of the hypha, to which they are attached, three types of basidia are distinguished:

Apical basidia are formed from the terminal cell of the hypha and are located parallel to its axis.

Pleurobasidia are formed from lateral processes and are located perpendicular to the axis of the hypha, which continues to grow and can form new processes with basidia.

Subasidia are formed from a lateral process, turned perpendicular to the axis of the hypha, which, after the formation of one basidium, stops its growth.

Based on morphology:

Holobasidia - unicellular basidia, not divided by septa (see Fig. A, D.).

Phragmobasidia are divided by transverse or vertical septa, usually into four cells (see Fig. B, C).

By type of development:

Heterobasidia consists of two parts - hypobasidia and epibasidia developing from it, with or without partitions (see Fig. C, B) (see Fig. D).

Homobasidia is not divided into hypo- and epibasidia and in all cases is considered holobasidia (Fig. A).

Basidia is the place of karyogamy, meiosis and the formation of basidiospores. Homobasidia, as a rule, is not functionally divided, and meiosis follows karyogamy in it. However, basidia can be divided into probasidia - the site of karyogamy and metabasidia - the site of meiosis. Probasidium is often a dormant spore, for example in rust fungi. In such cases, probazidia grows with metabasidia, in which meiosis occurs and on which basidiospores are formed (see Fig. E).

See Karyogamy, Meiosis, Gifa.

Amyloid (Amyloid structure)

The structure is called amyloid if from Melzer's reagent (solution of 0.5 g of crystalline iodine + 1.5 g of potassium iodide + 20 ml of chloral hydrate + 20 ml of distilled water) turns blue, violet, sometimes almost black.

Preparation

Late forest oyster mushrooms often have a bitter taste. It appears during the aging of mushrooms, as well as when they grow in a certain environment. Therefore, it is recommended to harvest only young fruits.

Oyster mushrooms are "clean" mushrooms, they practically do not need to be cleaned, you may only need to remove soil particles near the cut

The pigs must be handled very carefully, as they are fragile and crumbly, they must not be dropped. The prepared fruits are washed in plenty of water and soaked in a weak salt solution for half an hour.

This relieves them of bitterness. Then you can start heat treatment. Oyster mushrooms are used for cooking:

• soups;
• second courses;
• casseroles;
• salads;
• pickles.

The taste of these mushrooms goes well with meat, various vegetables and cereals.

Fried oyster mushrooms are very tasty. There is a widespread belief that this is a dangerous mushroom, which must be boiled before frying, but this is not true. Oyster mushrooms can be fried immediately after harvesting, they do not need to be re-cooked.

Oyster mushrooms fried with onions

This is a simple dish, but if you know some cooking secrets, it will turn out to be especially tasty and aromatic.

Ingredients:

• oyster mushrooms - 600 g;
• onions - 250 g;
• sunflower oil - 50 g;
• garlic - 3 teeth;
• dill - a few branches;
• green onions - several feathers;
• salt.

Preparation:

1. Cut the washed oyster mushrooms into small cubes.
2. Peel and chop the onion in the same way.
3. Heat a frying pan with a thick bottom, pour oil into it.
4. When the oil is hot, put the onion in it and fry until golden brown.
5. Add mushrooms and fry for 15 minutes, stirring occasionally.
6. Salt.
7. Peel and chop the garlic.
8. Chop green onions and dill.
9. Remove the cooked mushrooms from heat and immediately season with chopped garlic.
10. Sprinkle with herbs when serving.

Evaluation of edibility and possible harm

Late oyster mushroom is a category 4 mushroom, it does not have first-class taste. In Russia it has been known for a long time and was formerly called "ishiven".

It is recommended to collect them at a young age. Ripe fruits become tough and fibrous, with thick skin and a bitter taste.

Properly harvested and cooked, mushrooms are edible and healthy:

• they contain a set of vitamins, minerals and amino acids necessary for human life;
• the fats found in the pulp of oyster mushrooms, consist of polyunsaturated fatty acids, help to lower blood cholesterol levels;
• carbohydrates in the composition of mushrooms are easily absorbed, since they consist of 20% sucrose, glucose and fructose;
• polysaccharides contained in fruits have an immunomodulatory effect;
• mushrooms have a low calorie content due to the large amount of fiber, therefore they are successfully used to fight obesity.

In addition, oyster mushrooms contain substances that have antimicrobial and anthelmintic effects.

At the same time, there are certain restrictions associated with the consumption of pigs in food:

• due to the presence of chitin in the pulp, which is practically not absorbed by the body, it is not recommended to feed a child under five years old with mushrooms;
• children over 5 years old are better off eating them rarely and in small quantities;
• older people and those who have problems with the digestive system (gastrointestinal tract, liver, pancreas) and the excretory system (kidneys) should refrain from eating pigs;
• when collecting and processing oyster mushrooms, you need to be careful for people prone to allergies - fungal spores can enter the body by inhalation and cause an allergic reaction;
• so that oyster mushrooms do not harm, they should be eaten no more than twice a week.

Description

Autumn oyster mushroom is a mushroom of the mycene family, lamellar, conditionally edible. Has other names - late panelus, late oyster mushroom, alder oyster mushroom, willow pig.

Hat

The cap of the mushroom is auricular or lobed, fleshy. The size is from 3 to 8 cm, sometimes up to 15 cm. The structure of the cap is solid. The surface is smooth, in young specimens it is slimy, shiny, then becomes dull, slightly velvety. The edges of the cap are bent at an early age; in old mushrooms, they are straight, uneven and thin.

The color is dark, gray-brown with yellow and olive-green shades, while it is darker at the edges, brownish-yellow in the middle. Occasionally, the entire hat is purple. Reddish colors may appear in the coloration after frost.

Under the cap, the oyster mushroom has plates - frequent, with uneven edges, adhered to the stem, sometimes descending. The color of these parts is light, from white to gray-yellow, in young ones it is orange. It gets paler over time.

Spore white powder.

Pulp

The pulp of autumn oyster mushrooms can be dense or loose, watery in rainy weather. As it matures, it becomes more rigid. Color - white or cream. The smell is mild, sometimes absent. The taste is pleasant, sometimes bitter.

Leg

The mushroom has a short (2-3 cm), curved lateral leg of a cylindrical shape. Sometimes it can be practically absent. It is covered with small scales, pubescent, dense in structure.

Mycelium on cubes Late oyster mushroom, Panellus serotinus

Description An oak bar, 10x10x70mm in size, is the highest quality primary mycelium on an oak stick. 1 mycelium bar (mushroom stick) is designed for 3kg of wood. For example, if a lump weighs 11kg, 3-4 blocks are taken for it. It is intended for introducing mycelium inside a log (logs, chocks, etc.) and / or a stump by driving the block itself into the hole drilled for it. For large logs and stumps, holes are drilled with a diameter of 10 mm and a length of 70 mm, the block is driven into it completely. If the logs or hemp are small, holes of shorter length are drilled, part of the bar is driven in there, and the part that remains outside is cut or broken off and brought into another hole.

Also, the blocks can be driven into the cracks of natural and mechanical origin; into holes in wood, arising in the process of life of parasitic plants, for example, mistletoe, flower garden or as a result of the life of birds, for example, woodpecker; to other similar places.

Wood for infection can be used both sawn (logs, chocks, logs) and on the standing (stumps, dead and dying trees); both fresh and lying, even for several years; both alive and dead. The main thing is that the wood is deciduous and not rotten, preferably without traces of mold, at least without a large amount of it.

If the wood is dry, before planting mycelium in it on oak sticks (mushroom sticks), you need to moisten it, “nourish”, “water” it with moisture. Lumps are soaked for 2-3 days in old troughs, boils or in ponds, stalls, lakes, rivers. A dry tree stump is poured 3-5 times a day for a week.The mushroom stick itself (oak bar) can also be "held" in water for 1.5-2 hours before planting. When the infected wood cannot be moistened, for example, when the stump is very far from the water source, or when a dry or dying tall tree becomes infected, it's okay, infect with dry ones, natural precipitation will later "fix" the problem.

After infection, the logs are placed in shady (shade, partial shade, diffused light) and, if possible, damp places in personal plots or in rooms (basements, cellars, sheds, etc.). They can be left outside on an ongoing basis, the mycelium tolerates any frost, it is not necessary to cover it for the winter. And you can bring it into a room with a positive temperature, where they will continue to bear fruit (from +8 ° C).

Mushrooms appear 3-7 months after planting, in some cases up to 12 months, depending on the density of the wood and environmental conditions. The wood that the mycelium takes up the longest will take longer and bear fruit. Usually, how many months the wood becomes infected, so many years it bears fruit.

The yield is at least 35% of the weight of the hemp, but most often, much higher. That is, the yield from one oak bar (mushroom stick) is from 1 kg of mushrooms and more! / p / 537673224-miceliy-na-brusochkah-veshenka-dubovaya-pleurotus-dryinus / Country: Poland Availability: In Stock

How does the binder panel look

Panellus astringent (Panellus stipticus) is a lamellar mushroom of the Mycene family. The fruiting body consists of a low stem and a fan-shaped cap.

At a young age, the cap is reniform, however, as it develops, it acquires a depressed shape with tucked lobed or wavy edges, resembling an auricle. In a wet environment, the color of the cap is yellow-brown or clay, when dry it becomes light ocher. Sometimes binder panel is usually almost a shade of white. The diameter of the cap does not exceed 2-4 cm, its surface is dull, scattered with grains and covered with very small cracks.

The other side of the cap is represented by narrow thin plates located close to each other, sometimes branching or soldered in certain places by bridges. Their color is similar to the hat, closer to the place of growth, the shade is more saturated. The spore powder is white; the spores themselves are oblong and bean-shaped.

The leg is located on the side. Poorly developed. Height - from 1 to 10 mm, with a diameter of 2-7 mm. The shape of the stem is cylindrical, often tapering at the very base, without cavities in the middle. The upper part is pubescent. Color to match the hat or slightly lighter.

The pulp of the binder panelus is painted in a cream or ocher shade. The structure is leathery, elastic. The mushroom has an excellent odor. The taste of the pulp is astringent, slightly pungent and bitter.

Why does Panellus astringent glow in the dark?

Astringent panelus is one of the few living organisms capable of bioluminescence. Other representatives of the kingdom of fungi glow due to bacteria that have settled on their surface. But Panellus astringent emits light due to its enzyme - luciferase. When interacting with oxygen, the luciferin pigment is oxidized and begins to glow with a cold green glow. Mature specimens shine most brightly during the period of spore development. The intensity is enough not to use long shutter speeds when photographing.

Medicinal properties of the plant

The gear has a wide range of therapeutic options:

1. Strengthens the immune system.
2. Helps to overcome diseases of a viral, infectious and bacterial nature.
3. Improves blood circulation.
4. Reduces high blood pressure.
5. Increases myocardial contractility.
6. Improves the condition of blood vessels.
7. Protects liver cells from the damaging effects of toxins, waste products and free radicals.
8. Helps cleanse the body of toxic and other harmful substances.
9. Improves blood clotting ability.
10. Thinns phlegm, facilitates its removal from the respiratory tract.
11. Improves the functioning of the thyroid gland.
12. Reduces the risk of developing cancer.
13. Improves skin condition.

Provides the following properties:

• Anti-inflammatory.
• Antibacterial.
• Antipyretic.
• Wound healing.
• Pain relievers.
• Calming.
• Antispasmodic.
• Anticonvulsants.
• Diuretics.
• Choleretic.

Thanks to such opportunities, the people use the cog for the prevention and treatment of benign and malignant neoplasms, diseases of the digestive system, cardiovascular and nervous system, urinary and biliary tract, inflammatory diseases of the respiratory tract, dermatosis, hepatitis, etc.

Astringent panelus (Panellus stipticus)

Astringent Panellus (Panellus stipticus) is a bioluminescent fungus, a fairly common type of fungus, with an extensive habitat.

External description

The fruiting body of the binder panellus consists of a cap and a stem. The mushroom is characterized by leathery and thin flesh, which has a light or ocher color. She has an astringent taste, a little pungent.

The diameter of the mushroom cap is 2-3 (4) cm. Initially, its shape is reniform, but gradually, as the fruiting bodies mature, the cap becomes depressed, ear-shaped, fan-shaped, covered with grains and many small cracks. The surface of the cap is matte, and its edges are ribbed, wavy or lobed. In color, the cap of this mushroom can be pale ocher, light brown, ocher brown, or clayey.

The hymenophore of the binder panellus is represented by plates, which are characterized by a small thickness, grow to the surface of the fruiting body, are very narrow and are located at a short distance, reach almost downward along the stem of the fungus, have bridges, the same color as the cap (sometimes slightly darker than it). The color of the plates is often gray-ocher or light brown. Their edges are slightly lighter than the middle.

Season and habitat of the mushroom

It is possible to meet binder panel on a fairly large area. It grows in Asia, Europe, Australia, North America. The described species of mushrooms is found in the northern part of Russia, Siberia, the Caucasus, Primorsky Territory. But in the Leningrad region, this mushroom is practically not found.

Binder panel grows mainly in groups, on decaying stumps, logs, deciduous tree trunks. Especially often it grows on beeches, oaks and birches. The size of the described mushroom is very small and often these mushrooms completely cling to whole stumps.

Active fruiting of the astringent panelus begins in the first half of August. In some literary sources it is also written that the fruiting bodies of the described fungus begin to grow actively already in spring. Until late autumn, whole colonies of astringent panellus appear on deadwood of deciduous trees and old stumps, which often grow together at their bases. You can not meet them too often, and the drying of mushrooms of the described species occurs without involving the processes of decay. In the spring you can often see the dried fruit bodies of the astringent panellus on stumps and old tree trunks.

Similar types and differences from them

Panellus astringent is slightly similar in appearance to an inedible mushroom called soft (tender) panellus. True, the latter is distinguished by white or whitish fruiting bodies. Such mushrooms have a very mild taste, and they grow mainly on the fallen branches of coniferous trees (more often they ate).

Other information about the mushroom

The bioluminescent properties of the binder panel are due to a chemical reaction involving luceferin (a pigment that emits light) and oxygen. The interaction of these substances leads to the fact that the tissues of the fungus begin to glow greenish in the dark.

Late oyster mushroom - Panellus serotinus

Written by Nikolay Budnik and Elena Meck.

The main difference between the late oyster mushroom and other oyster mushrooms is the gelatin-like layer of pulp under the skin of the cap. Late oyster mushrooms grow on rotten trunks in groups, in floors, growing together with the bases of the legs. The mycelium remains on one tree for many years in a row until it eats this trunk. The mushroom is edible, but in old age it is harsh and slightly bitter.But in late autumn, when there are few mushrooms, it is quite possible to pick it, boil it, fry it and pickle it.

1. Late oyster mushroom appears at the end of September.

2.. and grows to snow.

3. It can also be greenish.

4. . and slightly purple.

6. Mushrooms are like strange ears.

7. Sometimes they grow together with other mushrooms.

8. Late oyster mushroom is found on dead or dying wood.

9. It can be deciduous.

ten. . and conifers.

11. The fungus can grow on the trunk.

12. . or on the stump of any tree.

13. The mushroom is of medium size.

14. Mushrooms of this size are still soft.

15. But this one is already harsh.

16. Usually mushrooms grow on top of each other.

17. They often form aggregates like this.

18. The hat attaches to the barrel sideways and looks like a large ear.

19. It can be of different colors.

20. Its surface can be olive green, greenish at the edges, brownish closer to the stem.

21. Both violet and gray-brown tones appear in the color of the cap.

22. It is all, as it were, covered with a thin felt.

23. The hat is rather fleshy.

24. In wet weather, the cap becomes slimy.

25. The plates are very even, frequent, thin.

26. They are always yellowish, regardless of the age of the mushroom.

27. The plates do not descend on the stem, like other oyster mushrooms.

28. The leg is very short and thick.

29. Sometimes there are practically no legs.

30. The leg is eccentric, that is, it grows from one side of the cap.

31. Stem yellow or brownish, often with yellowish-brown scales.

32. Inside the leg is filled.

33. The pulp of the mushroom is juicy and strong.

34. She is almost white, soft.

35.. without much taste or smell.

36. Late oyster mushroom is a good late mushroom.