How to find truffles
In addition to the differences mentioned above, there is another characteristic sign of how to distinguish a real delicacy from imitators. You can find out that the mushroom is edible by its depth: a real truffle can be found no closer than 50–70 cm from the surface of the earth, while false varieties grow no deeper than 15 cm.
The truffle harvesting season is quite short - the black varieties are harvested from late autumn to early spring. The collection period for white representatives of the species is even shorter - beginning around November and until the end of the year, that is, a little over a month. For collection, specially trained dogs or pigs are used, otherwise this mushroom will not be found. In Russia, it is found on the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus, in the middle zone of the European part, on the territory of the Moscow region. Black truffle grows best in calcareous soils.
But the white variety of the mushroom prefers the edges of deciduous forests, glades, hazel groves, birch groves, which are not deprived of sunlight. The most widespread is in the Oryol, Smolensk regions, some areas of the Volga region (Samara, Nizhny Novgorod, Vladimir). Although the coveted trophy is also found in more northern regions (Moscow, St. Petersburg).
It is extremely difficult to find a valuable mushroom without a dog and appropriate training, but some useful tips will help you in this exciting, albeit difficult task:
- the presence of a fungus in a specific place is recognized by its characteristic feature - the ashy color of the soil;
- mushrooms live in families in the ground, keep this in mind - if you find 1-2 pieces in the ground, do not stop, dig up the soil nearby;
- will tell you about the location of the desired prize and traces of digging the earth by animals, the accumulation of small insects over a certain place;
- it is best to use a trained dog for searches - this is the most common and effective way to find a wild mushroom.
Now you know the difference between real and false truffles, and even some tricks for collecting this truly royal delicacy. If you decide to go in search, we wish you good luck and a good harvest.
Mushroom truffle - what does it look like and where does it grow?
Truffle is a rare delicacy mushroom that grows underground. On the market, 1 kg of such mushrooms costs from 2 to 5 thousand euros, some specimens were sold at a higher price. The high cost is determined by the complexity of obtaining the mushroom and high demand. High demand due to its extraordinary taste, which will be appreciated even by a strict critic.
Mushrooms grow in hard-to-reach places, 10-15 cm underground under the roots of trees, which complicates their search. The location of the mushrooms depends on the composition of the soil and climate. You need to look for them in the roots of poplar, linden, rowan, oak, beech, birch, from this we can conclude that the mushroom chooses mixed and deciduous forests.
What is a mushroom
Truffle is a parasite fungus, it develops on the roots of trees and draws useful microelements from them, it does no harm. Another difficulty in finding mushrooms is that there are different types of truffles and each type ripens at a certain time, for example: white in autumn, black in winter.
Truffles grow in Europe, North America, Asia and the USA. In Russia, truffles are found in places where a warm climate prevails, sometimes they can be found in the European part, mainly where the soil is saturated with lime.
Basically, truffles are divided into 2 types: these are black and white types.
- Black truffle. It begins to ripen in the summer and bears fruit by the fall. Fresh fruit is red-purple in color, sweat. The core is white. They grow under the roots of oak, hornbeam, beech, sometimes near pines and birches.
- White truffle. Ripens from autumn to early winter. The fruits are yellowish in color, the flesh itself is white. It is less common than black truffle, therefore it is more appreciated.
Where does the mushroom grow?
The geography of the truffle habitat in Russia is quite extensive, it is found in the Central regions, in the Volga region, in the Caucasus.
European part
In deciduous and mixed forests in the Caucasus, on the Black Sea coast, in the Moscow, Voronezh, Podolsk, Tver, Leningrad regions, you can find a black truffle. White tubers are found in the Tula, Oryol, Vladimir, Smolensk, Kuibyshev regions.
Siberia
Deciduous and coniferous forests of Siberia are the habitat of the delicious white truffle, and favorable climatic conditions contribute to their good harvest.
Crimea and Caucasus
Mild climatic conditions and planting of oak and beech groves increases the yield of mushrooms and promotes their active growth. Gelendzhik, Anapa, the village of Abrau-Dyurso, Alania are the regions that account for the largest amount of the harvest.
Due to the complexity of mushroom picking, there is a whole set of rules, thanks to which the picking efficiency can be increased many times over.
The most important thing is to choose the right forest. These should be areas with deciduous trees (beech, birch, oak)
The soil should contain a large amount of lime and sand. In the mushroom place there will be high humidity, the vegetation is stunted, the earth is gray-ashy, and midges will circle over the place. If the plantings are very young, then you won't be able to find mushrooms there, but you can often see traces of wild boars and other animals around.
You should pay attention to the bumps under the trees and look for places where the roots are large. The main condition for finding mushrooms is the availability of trained assistants.
It can be a dog or a trained pig. Animals can smell the delicacy up to 25 meters away. As soon as the beast starts digging the ground, you need to immediately stop it before it ate or spoiled the mushroom. All truffle places can be memorized and returned there, while it is advisable to search everything nearby, because there is a chance to find a new habitat for this wonderful mushroom.
Doubtful melanogaster
- The mushroom is rare and edible, slightly different from the fruiting body described above. He prefers to settle in splendid isolation, but sometimes there are small groups. Specimens should be searched from late spring to mid-autumn. The habitat is carried out in larches with hornbeams and oaks.
- The mushroom is tuberous, like a ball, in diameter can reach 4 cm. Initially pigmented brownish, later turns black or so. In young animals, the surface is felt, in older representatives it is smoothed. The taste is pleasant, edible. Gleb is pigmented with black-blue, does not disintegrate into a powder mass.
- Fruit bodies predominantly grow on soil in deciduous and pine forests. Specimens are especially found in hornbeam and oak. It cannot be said for sure, but mushroom pickers assume that such fruits form mycorrhiza with various trees, under which they actually grow.
- Fruit bodies begin to bear fruit from mid-spring until the first frost. Copies can be found in the European part of Russia. It is also assumed that such a mushroom is cosmopolitan.
- In addition to Europe itself, the specimens under discussion are often found in India, North and South America, and New Zealand. Such a mushroom does not have a high taste, but it can be used to cook many first and second courses.
How to distinguish false truffles
The main difference between the original mushroom and its false counterparts is aroma and taste. But even without gastronomic experiments, it is possible to establish the belonging of a mushroom to a particular species without any problems.
The main difference is that black or white truffles that are eaten form deep (up to 50 cm to 1 m) underground, and all false twins bear fruit exclusively on the soil surface. In addition, eaten mushrooms are hard, and their inedible counterparts can be easily deformed by fingers.
The original truffle has a solid body and a coarse-grained peridium
Red Book
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Home - the Red Book of the Rostov region. Plants - Melanogaster variegated KK Rostov region
Melanogaster variegated KK of the Rostov region
Melanogaster variegatus (Vittad.) Tul. & C. Tul Department of Basidiomycetes - Basidiomycota Class Agaricomycetes - Agaricomycetes Boletales order - Boletales Family Melanogastric - Melanogastraceae Rarity status category. 3 b. A rare species with a significant range, within which it occurs sporadically and with a small number of populations. RRC - V.
Description
Fruit bodies are underground, tuberous, reddish-brown to dark-brown, 3–6 cm in diameter, covered with strands of rhizomorphs. Peridium rough-tomentose. The gleb is fleshy, with numerous small (0.2–0.3 mm in diameter) chambers filled with black spores. The walls of the chambers are almost white to yellow when ripe. A mushroom with a strong leather smell.
Spreading
Distributed in Europe, Asia, Africa, North. America, in Russia found in the European part. - In the Rostov region. found in Krasnosulinsky (village Donleskhoz), Tsimlyansky (farm. Loznoy) and Sholokhovsky (farm. Nizhnekrivsky) districts.
Features of biology and ecology
Mycorrhizal forming agent with deciduous species, often with oak. In the region, it lives in ravine forests and mixed deciduous forests with the participation of oak. Fruit bodies are formed in groups in the soil or forest floor. Spores V – X.
Number
Due to irregular fruiting and the difficulty of detecting underground fruiting bodies, information on the population size is insufficient.
Security measures
On adjacent to the Rostov region. territories have no legal status of protection. Protected on the territory of the natural park "Donskoy" (site "Ostrovnoy") in the Tsimlyansk region. Monitoring of known populations and the search for new locations of the species are required.
Practical value. Not known.
Sources of information. 1. Sosin, 1973; 2. Gasteromycetes, 1958; 3. Data of the originator.
Compiled by. Yu.A. Rebriev
Drawing. Sopina A.A., Tarasenko T.A.
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15.12.2017 20:49:00
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What false truffle mushrooms look like
It is a spherical tuber with a diameter of 1 to 8 cm. Irregularly shaped "tubers" are often found. Relatively soft to the touch. When compressed, they quickly restore their original shape. A photo of a false truffle is shown below:
The cut shows a characteristic cellular structure
The outer shell, or peridium, in young mushrooms looks like a potato skin. Its color can be yellow or brownish-yellow. As it grows, it changes to a darker one. Older specimens may even turn black. The peridium is usually smooth, but there are also types covered with a mesh texture. In some cases, the peridium may be felt.
The inner part of the fruiting body, also called "gleba", has a gelatinous consistency. However, it is quite resilient. In young specimens, its color is light brown. With age, it darkens, becoming first dark brown and then completely black.
Whole and cut fake double tubers
Gleb is a kind of sponge, the cavities of which are filled with a gelatinous substance. The interlayers inside can be white, yellow or gray.
One of the features of the false double is its rather pleasant smell, which has fruity notes. It also often confuses inexperienced mushroom pickers who mistake it for the real one.
In addition, a false truffle is often understood as another type of mushroom - deer truffle or parga. This is a representative of another family - Elaphomycetes. It also has nothing to do with edible mushrooms.
A distinctive feature of parga is the granular structure of peridium
The mushroom got its name because it is eaten with pleasure by deer and other animals, for example, squirrels and hares. Its fruiting bodies are up to 15 cm in diameter and are located in the upper layers of the soil.
Where truffle-like mushrooms grow
The range of the toadstool truffle is very extensive. The mushroom can be found in many regions of Europe and Asia, as well as in North America. In Russia, it is especially abundant in the Novosibirsk region, in Kazakhstan, it grows in the Almaty region.
Prefers deciduous forests with acidic and neutral soils. Less commonly found in mixed. In coniferous forests, populations of this species are extremely rare (the exception is the previously mentioned Novosibirsk).
Unlike its expensive and edible namesake, which grows deep underground, this species forms fruiting bodies exclusively in the upper layers of the soil. It can often be found right on the ground under a layer of fallen leaves. Mushrooms are distinguished by early ripening - the first specimens appear in early June. By mid-July, fruiting ends, and the mycelium no longer forms new specimens.
Reindeer truffle is much more widespread than false truffle. It is found almost everywhere from the tropics to the subarctic.
Melanogaster broomeanus
Current title
| Index Fungorum | Melanogaster broomeanus Berk. | |
| MycoBank | Melanogaster broomeanus Berkeley |
Systematic position
Etymology of the species epithet
Broomeanus, in honor of Broome. Christopher Edmund Broome, 1812 - 1886, English mycologist.
Other names: Sometimes called false truffle.
Habit
Fruit body: Rounded, star-shaped, merry, nested (gasteroid)
Hymenophore: Absent or difficult to classify
Fruiting body
Fruit bodies are almost spherical or irregularly tuberous, up to 80 mm in diameter, at the base with rare brown mycelial strands.
The peridium is yellow-brown at a young age, darkens at maturity, brown, dark brown, glabrous or slightly tomentose, smooth.
Gleb is hard-hardy, at first brown, then brown-black, consists of numerous rounded chambers filled with a shiny black gelatinous substance. The layers are white, yellow or blackish.
The smell of mature, drying fruit bodies is very pleasant, with spicy, fruity notes.
Microscopy
The spores are brown, 3.4 - 4.5 × 7.5 - 10 µm, oval, truncated at the base.
Ecology and distribution
Substrate: Soil, litter
Grows in deciduous forests, shallow in the soil under a layer of fallen leaves. Possibly forms mycorrhiza with birch and other trees.
It is difficult to judge the distribution of the species in Western Siberia and its rarity, because fruiting bodies, normally hidden under the litter and soil, can only be discovered by chance. In the Novosibirsk region, it is listed as a rare species. In Akademgorodok, it occurs under large birches within the boundaries of multi-storey buildings, along paths, on trampled lawns, where fruit bodies protrude from the substrate, and they are easy to notice; from year to year bears fruit in one place.
Fruiting
The divisions correspond to the decades of the month.
Nutritional properties
Some sources cite it as edible with care. Matt Trappe et
al. note that some species have a very bright smell and give a recipe for butter flavored with melanogaster fruit bodies.
Conservation status
- Red Data Book of the Novosibirsk Region 2008. A rare species.It is necessary to control the state of known populations of the species, search for new locations, protect and monitor them.
- Red Data Book of the Novosibirsk Region 2018. Rare view. It is necessary to control the state of the known population, to search for new locations.
Notes
Ascomycete Hypomyces chrysospermus parasitizes the fruiting bodies of melanogaster Brum, as well as on many boletes.
Related materials
- Red Data Book of the Novosibirsk Region: Animals, Plants and Mushrooms / Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Protection of the Novosibirsk Region. - 2nd edition, revised and enlarged. - Novosibirsk: "Arta", 2008. - 528 p. - S. 505.
- Huffman D. M., Tiffany L. H., Knaphaus G., Healy R. A. Mushrooms and Other Fungi of the Midcontinental United States. - Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 2008 .-- 384 p. - P. 309.
- Trappe M., Evans F., Trappe J. M. Field Guide to North American Truffles: Hunting, Identifying, and Enjoying the World's Most Prized Fungi. - Berkeley: Ten Speed Press, 2007 .-- 144 p. - P. 63.
- Red Data Book of the Novosibirsk Region: Animals, Plants and Fungi / Ministry of Natural Resources and Ecology of the Novosibirsk Region. - 3rd ed. revised and enlarged. - Novosibirsk: Printing house of Andrey Khristolyubov, 2018 .-- 588 p. - S. 538.
Link to this page for prints
Description
- Otherwise, the presented variety of fruit bodies is called a false truffle. The thing is that it looks like an edible species of expensive mushrooms. But by its type, melanogaster cannot be eaten. By smell, these fruiting bodies are quite pleasant, they give off fruits or forest berries.
- The structure of the mushroom is like a tuber, that is, spherical. The glomeruli can reach a diameter of about 2 cm, but specimens of 1.5 cm are often found. At the base of the fruiting body, there are screeds pigmented with a brown tone.
- In young animals, the peridium is colored in brown-yellow or beige-brown pigment. Over the course of the life cycle, that is, in mature specimens, the shade changes and becomes darker. It has a felt or bare type.
- As for the gleba, it is gelatinous and compacted. Initially goes brownish and then turns black-brown. The basis includes cameras of a rounded format, located in large numbers. They are filled with a semi-liquid substance, like jelly, which shines and gives off a black color. The interlayers can be black or so, as well as whitish and yellowish.
- Now let's study the intricacies of the growth of this tuberous form. They prefer to dwell on litter and in the ground. The specimens like larches, especially oaks and hornbeams. False truffles are not buried deep, they are sprinkled with a small amount of earth and foliage. Therefore, with the proper skill, it is quite possible to find a couple of mushrooms. Fruiting begins in May and ends in October, but the peak is in June-July.
- With regard to the protection status, the following should be said. These specimens are listed in the Red Book of the Novosibirsk Region. The variety is rare, not subject to gathering. The population is strictly controlled in order to preserve it.
Mushrooms found near Novosibirsk turned out to be false truffles
A resident of the Novosibirsk town of Krasnoobsk all weekend imagined how he would raise the Siberian economy to the skies and make Novosibirsk a world leader in the supply of ingredients to the best restaurants in Europe.
Such thoughts came into my head after Dmitry Dubrovin found (or rather even dug) something in his native village that looked like an expensive delicacy - truffles.
The same mushrooms that grow in southern France and Switzerland, a kilo of these costs as much as an ordinary driver Dubrovin earns in three months.
“They smell like Amaretto,” Dmitry described the find. - Well, it’s like truffles.
The driver sent the photographs of the find to Komsomolskaya Pravda, and we showed them to the scientists. They promised to study and answer the main question: are Dmitry's dreams destined to come true? Mycologist Vyacheslav Vlasenko's answer was short:
- Unfortunately, the mushroom in the photo has nothing to do with truffles. This is Melanogaster broomeanus.I don't remember being eaten ...
Inside the mushroom there is a kind of granular mass that looks like black caviar in some way. Dmitry DUBROVIN
The ellipsis at the end seemed to hint that the mycologist himself was offended for Siberia. But maybe he was still wrong? We sent the pictures to another expert - mycologist Dmitry Ageev, who runs the site "Mushrooms of the Novosibirsk Region".
- Judging by the photographs and the described "fragrant" smell, a resident of Krasnoobsk found Melanogaster Bruma, - agrees with his colleague Ageev. - This is an unusual rare mushroom listed in the Red Book of the Novosibirsk Region. In mid-summer, it can sometimes be found in the topsoil under birch trees.
The most valuable types of truffles - white and black - prefer a milder climate and grow in the oak forests of Europe.
It is interesting that although Melanogaster looks like a European delicacy, in fact it is not even a brother of a real truffle.
- The closest relatives of Melanogaster, who are in the same family with them, are sows, well-known to mushroom pickers (they are also cowsheds), - says Ageev.
- Taking this opportunity, I would like to remind you that it has been proven: all pigs are poisonous, their use in some people causes deadly destruction of red blood cells and liver damage.
Therefore, you should not try Melanogaster, despite the pleasant smell - it is better to inform the mycologists about the find in the Red Book.
- This is definitely not a black truffle! - another scientist finally hacked down the business plan of the Siberian driver.
- Four species of Melanogaster grow in Russia, these mushrooms enter into symbiosis with deciduous species, for example oak or beech, - describes Yuri Rebriev, PhD in Biological Sciences at the Southern Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, who specializes in gasteromycetes (this group of mushrooms includes the false truffle Melanogaster Bruma) ...
- On the cut, they really have a marble pattern - a black spore mass with whitish streaks of sterile tissue. At a young age, they can smell good, and with aging, the smell becomes pungent and unpleasant. Since Melanogaster form fruit bodies underground, it is quite difficult to find them. Their finds are rare.
SPECIFICALLY
How to tell a real truffle from a false one?
To the common man, the edible truffle and Melanogaster seem similar, like twin brothers. So how exactly are they different? - we asked the mycologist Dmitry Ageev.
- There are quite a few mushrooms with an underground lifestyle. And people, having dug out any mushroom with a closed structure, begin to take it for a truffle, - the expert explains. - Speaking in the context of Melanogaster, truffle is ascomycete, Melanogaster is basidiomycete. These are very large taxonomic groups, differing in the way spores are formed, which is clearly visible through a microscope.
But even without a microscope, you can see the difference by eye.
- Both Melanogaster and truffles show a structure in the form of a marble pattern on the cut - the same adaptation to fruiting underground. In truffles, this pattern is larger, and the pulp and veins itself are lighter than in Melanogaster, says the mycologist.
- The pulp of real truffles is of a waxy consistency, while in Melanogaster it looks like a dense black jelly penetrated with cartilaginous walls. In addition, the surface of some truffles, for example black, is not smooth, but cracked, covered with black scales.
Although, outwardly, if you do not touch them, do not smell, do not compare with each other, they are really similar, in the eyes of an unprepared mushroom picker.
