Plant maintenance and care
Echinodorus is a hardy and undemanding plant to care for.
Echinodorus quadricostatus is a hardy and fast-growing plant.
The size and rate of its growth are controlled by the following parameters:
- Lighting. Echinodorus develops in both intense and dim light. In the shade, the leaves are drawn to the light source, so large single specimens up to 20 cm grow. In bright light, the bushes multiply faster and spread along the bottom in dense thickets. Like many aquarium plants, Quadricostatus prefers combined fluorescent and LED lighting fixtures. To achieve the desired result, the brightness of the backlight is adjustable. The optimal daylight hours are 9-12 hours. Recommended lighting is 0.4-0.5 W / l.
- Water. The acceptable water temperature for the content of the subspecies is + 21 ... + 28 ° C, the average degree of hardness is 8-15 ° F, the acidity level (pH) is 6.5-8.5. Hard water inhibits growth, soft water leads to iron deficiency without regular feeding. A weekly replacement of part of the water in the tank is required, filtration is required.
- Priming. For the base, it is recommended to use fine gravel or coarse river sand. In silted soil for an aquarium, the plant develops faster. Quadricostatus needs additional nutrient support with iron more than other Echinodorus species. The most important is the enriched substrate during the start-up period of the aquarium.
- Fertilizer. Echinodorus Quadricostatus develops without auxiliary nutrients, but when they are deficient, the plant fades, the color fades. Regular application of CO2 in a ratio of 3-5 mg per 1 liter of water has a beneficial effect on the development of the population. It is recommended to feed Echinodorus with a complex of macro- and microelements in liquid form, use sub-root tablets. In the absence of a substrate containing iron, the trace element is applied in the form of a liquid fertilizer.
Pachyphytum care at home
Such a succulent may well be grown by both experienced and novice florists, since it does not differ in its whimsicality.
Illumination
This is a fairly light-loving plant that needs bright lighting, but it should be shaded from the scorching rays of the midday sun. It is recommended to place it on a window of either western or eastern orientation. You can also place it on the window with a north orientation, but at the same time you need to be prepared for the color of the leaves to become paler, and their size will decrease. At the same time, flowering may also be absent.
Temperature regime
In summer, pachyphytum grows normally and develops at temperatures from 20 to 26 degrees. It tolerates a not too long rise in air temperature. But in the event that it is hot in the room for a long time, you need to arrange frequent ventilation, as well as protect the plant from direct sunlight. In the warm season, it is recommended to take pachyphytum to fresh air (to the garden, to the balcony).
In winter, he has a dormant period, and at the same time the plant needs to be rearranged to a cooler place (about 16 degrees). However, make sure that the temperature in the room does not drop below 10 degrees, as otherwise the flower may freeze.
How to water
Such a plant calmly tolerates drought, since a supply of liquid accumulates in its leaves.
In this regard, it must be watered very carefully and for this one must pay attention to the condition of the soil in the pot. When the soil dries up to 1/3 of the depth, it is necessary to water
Overflowing will have an extremely negative effect on the flower, since rot can form not only on the root system, but also on the leaves saturated with moisture.
Humidity
Pachyphytum is quite calm about the dry air of city apartments and does not need additional humidification.At the same time, experts do not recommend arranging a shower for him for 2 reasons, namely: you can inadvertently damage either juicy leaves or a wax coating. And this, in turn, will lead to a decrease in decorativeness.
Earth mixture
Suitable soil should be poor, loose, and neutral or slightly acidic. To prepare the soil mixture, you will need to combine purchased soil for succulents and cacti with fine gravel and coarse-grained river sand, which should be taken in a ratio of 3: 1: 1.
Fertilizer
The plant needs feeding only during intensive growth, or rather, from mid-spring to mid-autumn. At the same time, during all this time, it is only necessary to apply fertilizer with a low nitrogen content to the soil 3 or 4 times. You can use a special fertilizer for succulents and cacti.
Breeding method
Most often propagated by cuttings. To do this, you need to cut off a part of the apical stem, the length of which should vary from 5 to 7 centimeters. The cutting is dried in the open air for 1-2 days, and then planted in the soil, while only the very tip should be buried. To make the stalk more stable, it is recommended to tie it to a support.
In order for the cutting to take root well, you will need to water it properly. Both waterlogging and overdrying of the earthy coma should not be allowed. Experts advise not to water the dried substrate, but to moisten it from a sprayer. It is worth remembering that it is impossible to cover the stalk with any "cap", since rot quickly forms on it due to the increase in air humidity.
Rooting of leafy cuttings occurs in the same way.
Pests and diseases
This plant is resistant to both diseases and harmful insects. The most common problem is stagnation of liquid in the soil, too abundant watering and excessively high air humidity. All this can contribute to the formation of root, leaf and stem rot.
Chromozero blue-plate
Description
Hat with a diameter of 1-3 cm; first hemispherical with a flattened or slightly depressed center, with a tucked edge, then truncated-conical with a raised or upwardly curved edge; smooth, sticky, slimy in wet weather; striatal from the edge of the cap and up to ¾ radius; in older specimens, it may be hygrophilous. Initial color is dull yellow-orange, ocher-orange, olive green with orange hues, lemon yellow; then dull yellow-olive with green, orange and brown tints, grayish-olive by old age. There is no private veil.
The flesh is thin, the shades of the colors of the cap, the taste and smell are not expressed.
The plates are thick, sparse, descending; there are up to 2 groups of shortened plate sizes. The color is first fawn pink-violet, then blue-violet, and, towards old age, gray-violet.
Spore powder is white. Spores are elongated, of various shapes, 7.2-8x3.6-4.4 μm, Q = 1.6 ... 2.5, Qav = 2.0, Me = 7.7 × 3.9, thin-walled, smooth, hyaline in water and KOH, non-amyloid, not cyanophilic, with a pronounced apiculus.
The leg is 2-3.5 cm high, 1.5-3 mm in diameter, cylindrical, often with an extension at the base, often curved, slimy, sticky and shiny in high humidity, sticky, dirty-cartilaginous in dry weather. The colors of the leg are varied, with violet-brownish, yellow-violet, yellow-green, olive shades; dirty fawn in young or old mushrooms; often pronounced bright blue-violet at the base.
Habitat
It grows in the first half of summer (perhaps not only, these are my personal observations, according to which it grows together with Mycena viridimarginata both in time and in the substrate), on rotten coniferous wood: spruce, fir, according to the literature, less often, and pines.
Similar species
There are no similar species, due to the very peculiar color of the fruit chalk.From the first, superficial, glance, some faded specimens can be mistaken for Roridomyces roridus, but, from a second glance, this version is swept away immediately.
Edibility
References. Holec, Jan & Kříž, Martin & Beran, Miroslav & Kolarik, Miroslav. Chromosera cyanophylla (Basidiomycota, Agaricales) - a rare fungus of Central European old-growth forests and its habitat preferences in Europe. Nova Hedwigia Vol. 100 (2015) Issue 1-2, 189-204
Mushroom photo Chromozero blue-plate from questions in recognition:
Gray lamellar honey fungus: where false mushrooms grow
Seroplate false honey fungus belongs to the conditionally edible group of mushrooms and belongs to the Stropharia family. Its Latin name is Hypholoma capnoides. Mushroom pickers are also called poppy or pine false foams.
Description of seroplate pseudo-foam
The cap of this type of mushroom has a diameter of 2-8 cm. Its color depends on the moisture and age of the mushroom body: in dry mushrooms it is light yellow with a rich center, in wet mushrooms it is light brown. There is a whitish film on the plates.
In adult mushrooms, the cap evens out, and its shade changes to orange-brown with dark blotches. At the same time, the film breaks down and hangs on the body in the form of whitish flakes. In wet weather, the surface of the cap becomes sticky.
Gray-lamellar pseudo-foam can have a straight or slightly curved stem, on which there are practically no rings. Its upper part is colored light yellow, and the lower part is brown.
The flesh of the mushroom cap is thin, white or light yellow, almost odorless. However, old mushroom bodies are distinguished by a pronounced odor of moisture. Spores are gray-blue in color.
Where grow
Most often, gray mushrooms are found in the Northern Hemisphere, in regions with a temperate climate. They grow in forests with conifers, but sometimes they can also be seen in mixed woodlands. Among deciduous trees, poppy pseudo-froth rarely grows.
In most cases, these fungal bodies are found on tree stumps, rotting tree trunks and roots in lowlands and hills. Mushroom pickers collect them from early summer to late autumn, but the peak of ripening of fruit bodies occurs in September-October. False heaps prefer to settle in large clusters, single fruiting bodies rarely grow.
Some varieties of fungi form a symbiosis (mycorrhiza) with plants, and the gray-lamellar type pseudo-weavers act as symbiotes. Their myceliums go deeper into the root system of plants and provide constant nutrition to the fungal bodies.
For plants, this union is also useful, since the roots of false hoofs deliver minerals from the soil to their rhizomes. As a result, the pines grow tall and powerful. However, if gray mushrooms grow on unhealthy trees, then the latter die.
How do they reproduce
Like other types of mushrooms, gray-lamellar mushrooms reproduce through spores and have a smooth surface and an elongated shape. The spore powder has a deep purple or gray-blue color.
Disputes are recorded on the plates. They spread over the terrain with the help of the wind. After the spore hits the surface of the earth, it begins to actively form mycelium.
Edibility of honey fungus
Sulfur-lamellar mushrooms are considered conditionally edible. Most of the mushrooms in the Strophariacea family are poisonous, but some types, including the gray puffins, can be used as food, but only after careful processing.
To taste, this subspecies belongs to the fourth category. False foam is added to various culinary dishes, but before that it must be boiled for 15 minutes. At the same time, mushroom bodies can be dried, pickled and made on their basis mouth-watering pickles. Gray honey mushroom is characterized by a pleasant and mild taste and aroma.
It is advisable to eat young fruiting bodies for food, because old mushrooms have an unpleasant odor. In this case, it is recommended to collect only the caps of the mushrooms, since their legs are too hard.
Similar species
This type of mushroom can be confused with other members of the Gifoloma genus. Most similar species:
- Brick red false froth. This mushroom got this name for its specific color.The fruit body is not poisonous, however, it is not customary to eat it. The peculiarity of the brick-red variety is that its plates are yellow in color. The pulp is dense and bitter in taste, so dishes made from brick-red honey mushrooms are not particularly appetizing.
When collecting seroplate false mushrooms, you should exercise maximum vigilance, because eating poisonous mushrooms similar to it can lead to extremely undesirable health effects.
Chromozero blue-plate (Omphalina blue-plate, Chromosera cyanophylla): what it looks like, where and how it grows, edible or not
Chromosera cyanophylla (Fr.) Redhead, Ammirati & Norvell, 2011
| Images at Wikimedia Commons |
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- Agaricus cyanophyllus Fr., 1863
- Agaricus lilacifolius Peck, 1878
- Agaricus lilacinus Peck, 1872, nom. illeg.
- Clitocybe lilacifolia (Peck) Singer, 1942
- Mycena lilacifolia (Peck) A.H. Sm., 1947
- Omphalia cyanophylla (Fr.) Quél., 1872
- Omphalia lilacifolia (Peck) Peck, 1893
- Omphalina cyanophylla (Fr.) Courtec. & Bon, 1986
- Omphalina lilacifolia (Peck) Murrill, 1916
Biological description
- The hat is 0.3-2.5 cm in diameter, first convex, then flat and depressed, with a radially ribbed, matte or shiny, at a young age, a moist surface painted in grayish-lilac, then yellow, light yellow or yellow -brown tones, with a lighter edge.
- The pulp is light yellow in color. Smell and taste are absent.
- The hymenophore is lamellar, the plates are weakly descending on the pedicle, frequent or rather rare, at a young age, bright lilac, then light lilac in color. In addition to records, there are also records.
- Leg 1-4.5 cm long and 0.1-0.25 cm thick, central, brittle, smooth, at a young age, mucous, lilac color, fading to yellow with a lilac shade.
- Spore white powder.
- The cap cuticle - ixotrihodermis, consists of thin-walled hyphae 3-5 microns thick.
- Spores 6-11 × 3.5-4.5 µm, non-amyloid, colorless, thin-walled, almond-shaped or elliptical Basidia four-spore, 20-29 × 4-6.5 µm, clavate. Cystyds are absent.
Ecology
Occurs singly or in small groups, on dead wood of coniferous trees. It is found quite often in North America and Europe.
Similar species
Outwardly resembles some species of the genus Xeromphalina, from which it differs in the lilac shade of the plates and microscopic characteristics.
Omphaline rose-disk
Omphalina discorosea (Pilat) Hering et Kotl. = O. lilaceorosea Svrcek et
Kubicka = Rhodocybe ulmi L. Vass. = Rh. xylophila Vassilk
Family Ordovkovy - Tricholomataceae
Category and status.
Category 3 (R). A rare species with a disjunctive range.
A relic of the nemoral flora.
Short description. The cap is 1.5-4 cm, with a dimple, funnel-shaped, hygrophane, translucent striped at the edge, pinkish, brown-gray. The plates are descending, with anastomoses, narrow, rather frequent, alternating with plates, pink, dirty pink, one-color with a cap or brighter. Leg 1.2-2 x 0.3-0.5 cm, central or eccentric, tubular, pinkish-nutty, pinkish-brown, brown-gray, one-color with a cap. The base of the stem is covered with bright pink mycelium. When dry, the fruit body turns black to almost black in color. Spore powder is bright pink. Spores b, 5-8.5 x 4-5.5 microns, ovoid-ellipsoid, with a drop, slightly rough.
Ecology and biology. Xylotroph. Inhabits humid floodplain forests on ash, poplar, elm wood. In Siberia, the fungus was recorded either in refuges of nemoral flora, or near thermal springs, but always in warm and humid ecotopes, most often in floodplain spruce-fir forests, usually on birch or fragrant poplar wood.
Spreading. The species was first described by A. Pilat in 1933 for Western Siberia. But, as it turned out later, the main area of the omphaline rosacea covers the southern regions of Europe (Bulgaria, France, Czechoslovakia, Georgia, Moldova) and Southeast Asia (Russian Federation: Kamchatka, Primorsky Krai). In Siberia, rare finds were noted in Buryatia, in the Krasnoyarsk Territory, in the Novosibirsk and Irkutsk (Slyudyansky District, Snezhnaya and Solzan rivers) regions.
Limiting factors. Narrow ecological specialization, low competitiveness, reduction of areas of undisturbed floodplain dark coniferous forests.
Adopted and necessary security measures. It is included in the regional Red Data Books of a number of subjects of the Siberian Federal District. It is desirable to introduce Siberian strains into international collections of pure cultures.
Sources of information: 1 - Beglyanova, 1972; 2 - Vasilieva, 1973; 3 - The Red Data Book of Novosibirsk. 2008; 4 - Petrov, 1981; 5 - Petrov, 1991; 6 - Unique. 1990; 7 - Courtecuisse, 1994; 8 - Moser, 1978; 9 - data of the compiler.
Literature
- The Red Book of Altai Territory: in 2 volumes - Barnaul: Publishing house of Altai. un-ta, 1998. - T. 1: Rare and endangered species of plants / scientific. ed. R.V. Kamelin. - 306 p. - 1000 copies. - ISBN 5-7904-0032-9.
- The Red Book of Altai Territory: in 2 volumes - Barnaul: Publishing house of Altai. un-ta, 1998. - T. 2: Rare and endangered species of animals / scientific. ed. N. L. Irisova. - 238 p. - 1000 copies. - ISBN 5-7904-0036-1.
- Red Book of Altai Territory: in 2 volumes - 2nd ed. - Barnaul: JSC "IPP" Altai "", 2006. - Vol. 1: Rare and endangered plant species / scientific. ed. R.V. Kamelin, A.I.Shmakov. - 262 p. - 1000 copies. - ISBN 5-88449-165-4.
- Red Book of Altai Territory: in 2 volumes - 2nd ed. - Barnaul: JSC "IPP" Altai "", 2006. - Vol. 2: Rare and endangered species of animals / scientific. ed. N. L. Irisova. - 211 p. - 1000 copies. - ISBN 5-88449-160-3.
- Red Book of Altai Territory: in 2 volumes - 3rd ed., Revised. and add. - Barnaul: Alt. un-ta, 2016. - T. 1: Rare and endangered species of plants and fungi / scientific. ed. A.I.Shmakov, M.M.Silantyeva. - 292 p. - ISBN 978-5-7904-2155-6. - ISBN 978-5-7904-2153-2 (vol. 1).
- Red Book of Altai Territory: in 2 volumes - 3rd ed., Revised. and add. - Barnaul: Alt. un-ta, 2016. - T. 2: Rare and endangered species of animals / scientific. ed. N. L. Irisova, E. V. Shapetko. - 312 p. - ISBN 978-5-7904-2155-6. - ISBN 978-5-7904-2154-9 (vol. 2).
