Porcini mushrooms (boletus)
I went to a pine forest with the secret hope of finding a typical August-September mushroom - boletus, or pine porcini mushroom, the most valuable trophy for all Russian mushroom pickers.
Despite almost the beginning of summer, I regularly came across ordinary spring lines in the forest, which also confused the season, but I don't take them - I don't want to mess around, boiling them a couple of times, removing the gyromitrin toxin (the ordinary line is a conditionally edible mushroom).
Green moss and bluish reindeer lichen are constant companions of boletus. No moss - looking for boletus is useless! And the boletus prefers forests, or rather, pine plantations not older than thirty-five years. And always the layer of pine whites begins with the curbs, road shoulders and fire grooves. At the beginning of the season, looking for mushrooms in the forest itself is useless.
Borovik Photo: Ivan SEMENOV
Peering carefully at the slopes of the brow, I miraculously did not crush a brown hat with a diameter of no more than a couple of centimeters. The May boletus is three centimeters high, which in no way affected the value of the find. I carefully picked it up with my finger: cutting off porcini mushrooms, in my opinion, is the height of blasphemy: after all, up to a third of a thick leg can remain in the soil.
How much time I spend in the woods looking for mushrooms, but never found boletus in the spring. The usual white, birch and spruce (boletus edulis - lat.), As well as oak (boletus reticulatus - lat.) Always appear near Moscow at the end of May, which, by the way, not all mushroom pickers know about. But to be dense, with a thick leg and a cherry hat, the most beautiful of porcini mushrooms - pine boletus (boletus pinophilus - lat.) ... This happens extremely rarely.
It is the boletus that love to grow in the so-called "bushes", when several mushrooms appear at once within a radius of up to a meter. And for sure: it was worth taking a closer look, as I noticed four more brownish hats, the most valuable trophy for every mushroom picker. And on the calendar - the last days of May.
Within a couple of hours, the number of boletus found reached thirty.
By the way, boletus under favorable conditions can grow up to two centimeters a day.
| Cut or twist: how to pick mushrooms This is probably the most eternal argument of mushroom pickers: cut or twist mushrooms. But mycologists have long and unequivocally answered this question: twisting and even pulling out mushrooms does not harm the mycelium in any way! Mushroom hyphae (invisible thinnest threads) cannot be pulled out and damaged, mushrooms are not plants, they simply do not have roots, and even if you dig up a boletus with a shovel, then the mycelium will not feel it in any way. Plucking a mushroom is like picking an apple from an apple tree. In Russia, by the way, mushrooms were never cut until the middle of the twentieth century, but, as they used to say in the old days, they "took" them, and the mushrooms did not decrease! |
Phytoncides
The forest itself has a beneficial effect on our body. Trees actively produce useful phytoncides. They are a protective reaction of trees to the external environment: bacteria, fungi, microorganisms, insects that try to harm the tree.
If, when entering the forest, you had a headache or had a slight runny nose, then after several hours spent alone with nature, they may disappear without a trace. An important feature of phytoncides is to slow down or completely stop the development of microorganisms.
There is also a number of observations that phytoncides are an excellent prophylactic agent against frequent migraines, insomnia, and colds. Their presence in the air normalizes blood sugar, stimulates the work of the heart and brain. They enter our body through respiration and through the skin. Most of the phytoncides in coniferous forests, however, they are also present in deciduous forests, but in smaller quantities.
Movement is life
An inactive lifestyle is a direct path to many ailments of the musculoskeletal system, cardiovascular system, and so on, it will take a long time to list all of them. In addition, we become lethargic, depressed.
That is why mushroom hunting is not only pleasant, but also surprisingly useful procedure. Think for yourself how many hours you were on your feet, how many times you had to bend down, squat and stretch to cut the mushroom.
After such a walk, the muscles are filled with new strength, the face acquires a natural color. The tone increases and the mood improves!
In the article, I have repeatedly cited photographs of cute creations of forest nature from my collection. I hope that after watching them, you will also want to go to the forest.
Dear readers, would you like to know your opinion on mushroom picking? What mushrooms do you prefer, where do you collect and what does it do with them later? And most importantly, does such a "hunt" bring you joy and positive emotions?
Butterlets
Butterlets Photo: commons.wikimedia.org
But even before the boletus, in the twenties of May, boletus went en masse near Moscow. It is worth looking for these cute mushrooms (hence the name) only in young pines, up to five meters high. I now find early boletus under trees, but most of them are in tall grass in the field.
The main thing here is not to suppress the mushrooms and carefully push the thickets apart. But there must be pine trees nearby
What is interesting: at the end of this spring, two types of butter went simultaneously - grainy and real. Many mushroom pickers do not distinguish between them, and this is not necessary - there are no inedible species among the boletus, and it is impossible to confuse them with some kind of false poisonous twin.
But if a granular oiler is common at the beginning of summer, then a real one, denser and more powerful, appears only in August and September. Distinctive features of these two types - the granular lacks a film under the cap. Cold May also played into the hands of Moscow mushroom pickers. Butterflies, like boletus mushrooms, took the cold snap for autumn. I think there is no more perfect mushroom for pickling than butterdishes. Some mushroom pickers remove the mucous skin from the cap, some boil it with it: it all depends on the individual reaction of the stomach and how much you want the fungus to be aesthetically pleasing in the jar. Without the skin, of course, it is prettier.
| Pickled butter recipe For one liter of water: 2 tablespoons of sugar, 4 teaspoons of salt, 3 bay leaves, 6 black peppercorns, 3 pieces of cloves, 3 cinnamon sticks. Add all the ingredients to boiling water, remove from heat and add three teaspoons of vinegar essence. Cool down. Pour the marinade over boiled butter with salt and vinegar for five minutes. Wrap (it is better not to roll up to avoid botulism) with a lid and store in a cool dark place. |
Boletus and boletus
Podosinovik Photo: Maxim SHANIN, commons.wikimedia.org
The third main mushroom this spring is, of course, boletus. In the south of the Moscow region, in the direction of Kaluga and Ryazan, boletus began to grow along light birch edges just a few days after the boletus. And with each warm day it becomes more and more. And most importantly - while these mushrooms are almost not worms.
Following the boletus, the first boletus boletus have already begun to come across, which must be searched for along the edges of young aspen and birch trees. In my opinion, only a young boletus boletus in beauty and stature, popularly called "brisket", with an unopened cap, can compete with a boletus boletus. But last year for all Moscow mushroom pickers passed under the sign of the boletus, which grew literally everywhere, even in the capital's parks, and therefore my forecast for this one - boletus, alas, will be few.
Mushroom hunting - general rules
Mushroom picking is a popular outdoor activity or hobby known as quiet or mushroom hunting. Mushroom picking can also be a commercial activity - for sale on the market or delivery to procurement points.
Mushroom hunting is common all over the world, especially in the countries of Eastern and Northern Europe, the Baltic States, the Mediterranean and North America. There are countries in which the rules and restrictions on mushroom picking are clearly spelled out.
The equipment of a mushroom hunter usually includes:
A sharp small knife. Knives for mushroom pickers are on sale.
Wicker basket. It is convenient if the basket is attached to the belt so that your hands remain free.
High rubber boots.
Compass.
Comfortable clothing for the area and the weather
Particular attention is paid to shoes.
It is best to pick mushrooms in a wicker or plastic basket with many holes: they will be ventilated and not crushed. Never use plastic bags, otherwise, when you come home, you will find that you have brought a shapeless sticky mass.
To ensure safety when consumed, one should be able to distinguish edible mushrooms from poisonous ones.
Precautions when picking and using mushrooms
Most often, poisoning occurs with poisonous mushrooms, which have an external resemblance to edible ones and accidentally fall into the mushroom picker basket with them. To avoid such a mistake, which can become fatal, it is necessary to study well the general characteristics of all fungi and know the characteristic differences between poisonous species.
Collect only the types of mushrooms you know. Unknown or questionable fruiting bodies should not be eaten. It should be remembered that some specimens may not have distinctive features, for example, white flakes on the cap of fly agarics can be washed off by heavy rain, the cap of a pale toadstool, cut off at the very top, does not allow you to notice the ring.
For children, many mushrooms are much more dangerous than for adults, so the use of even edible mushrooms by children should be limited.
The danger can be represented by fungi as accumulators of toxic substances (heavy metals, pesticides, radionuclides).
Causes of mushroom poisoning
- The toxicity of the fungi themselves, due to the presence of toxins (or mycotoxins). Long-term storage of harvested fresh mushrooms without culinary processing, or long-term storage of already processed mushrooms
- Damage to fungi by pests, in particular, mushroom flies
- Joint consumption of certain types of mushrooms (e.g. dung beetles) with alcohol
- Accumulation of substances harmful to the body (heavy metals, etc.) during the growth of the fungus in the fruit bodies when they grow near roads and enterprises
- Frequent consumption of mushrooms of the Morel family
- Abuse of mushrooms, even of the first category, is harmful to the body, since mushrooms are indigestible food and with a large volume of semi-digested mass in the gastrointestinal tract, intoxication of the body can develop.
First aid measures
In case of severe mushroom poisoning, you must call an ambulance. Before the doctor arrives, the patient is put to bed, gastric lavage is carried out: they give an abundant drink (4-5 glasses of boiled water at room temperature, drink in small sips) or a light pink solution of potassium permanganate and induce vomiting by pressing a smooth object on the root of the tongue. To remove the poison from the intestines, immediately after washing the stomach, a laxative is given and an enema is given.
To clarify the diagnosis, save all the mushrooms that have not been eaten.
Treatment for mushroom poisoning depends on the type of mushroom. Toadstool poisoning is accompanied by vomiting and dehydration; after gastric lavage, exchange blood transfusion, hemodialysis, glucose with insulin intravenously are performed, in case of respiratory failure - atropine subcutaneously.
The best weather for mushroom picking
I will dispel one of the popular myths: mushrooms do not need warm and rainy weather at all, as in the popular expression "mushroom rain" - when it is raining, warm and sunny at the same time.
In fact, mushrooms need the so-called "TVP", as experienced mushroom pickers in their slang call "temperature-humidity provocation" when the air temperature drops sharply.And if it also rains, then this is what contributes to the beginning of the growth of those white, boletus, mushrooms, and almost all of our best mushrooms. When, on the contrary, it is warm and rainy all the time, the mycelium grows and develops well under the ground, but for us, mushroom pickers, this does not make it easier. After all, we do not need thin hyphae (filaments) of the mycelium, but the fruit that it bears - a large and beautiful mushroom!
The first half of May this year turned out to be cold, in fact it was not spring, but autumn. And this could not but affect the mushroom season in the Moscow region in 2020.
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Under the game there is a description, instructions and rules, as well as thematic links to similar materials - we recommend that you familiarize yourself.
»Three in a row
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How to play - rules and description
Dear mushroom pickers! Welcome to this marvelous forest, where always: in any weather, at any time of the day, you can harvest an excellent harvest of mushrooms. On these forest glades, on wonderful sunny edges, line up three mushrooms in one row: porcini, boletus, butterdish, russula or camelina and complete game tasks. The tasks themselves are clear. For example, on the first level you will be asked to collect 5 mushrooms, 6 boletus and 5 handsome white ones. But the task is not always easy to complete.
This game is ranked as "three in a row", which means that in order to solve a game problem, you need to build rows of identical objects. For example, to collect three porcini mushrooms in your basket, you need to attach a third one to two mushrooms that are already next to each other in the plate so that they line up in a horizontal line or a vertical row. You can make rows not from three, but from a larger number of the same mushrooms: from four or even five.
Note that the task set at the level does not oblige you to rearrange and compose rows only from those mushrooms that are indicated in the task. Moreover, to successfully complete the stage and collect the target mushroom harvest, you will need to collect other mushrooms. In the early stages, you don't need to focus on goals at all. Just collect rows of mushrooms and have fun, and the task will be solved by itself. But in the future, starting from level 4-5, you will have to more closely monitor the situation in the mushroom clearing. And the point here is that the number of moves at the level is limited.
On each level above the mushroom clearing (a game plate with mushrooms) there is a line that shows the mushrooms that need to be collected and their number. In the same line there is a down counter of moves. Each move of the mushroom picker, any rearrangement of mushrooms, subtracts one from this number. Try to manage to collect the required number of mushrooms in the specified number of moves, otherwise the level will have to be replayed.
The skill of the mushroom picker is evaluated in stars. The fewer moves you manage to collect the necessary mushrooms, the more stars you will receive (maximum three). If you like high ratings, and the level was played unsuccessfully - do not worry, you can replay it at any time.
So, dear mushroom players, we invite you to an exciting mushroom hunt! Have a nice game!
Can download game MUSHROOM HUNT on your computer, it will not take up much space, but think about whether it makes sense to do this, because it is always available here, you just need to open this page.
Take a break and play Online Gamesthat develop logic and imagination, allow you to have a pleasant rest. Relax and take a break from business!
• For tablet
The game MUSHROOM HUNT in the categories Three in a row, Available for the tablet, around the clock and without registering with a description in Russian on Min2Win. If the capabilities of the electronic desktop allow, you can expand the MUSHROOM HUNT storyline in full screen and enhance the effect of passing scenarios. Many things really make sense to consider in more detail.
