Podrikosovik

Poisonous entoloma (rose leaf), its differences from other mushrooms

At the time of the mushroom "hunt" sometimes there are cases of poisoning with the gifts of the forest. The fact is that some poisonous mushrooms are very similar to edible ones. These include the poisonous entoloma - the largest representative of its family. Its fibers contain a strong poison that can be fatal without proper help.

The appearance of the mushroom

The poisonous lamellar mushroom entoloma, a description of which was first given by H. Person in 1801, is rather large. Usually the cap reaches a diameter of 6-16 cm, in rare cases - 25 cm.

At an early stage of development, the color of the cap ranges from off-white to gray with a touch of ocher. By old age, the color changes towards darker shades and becomes gray-brown. The cap is smooth to the touch; large specimens have small folds in its center.

When wet, the surface of the cap becomes sticky and shiny; when it dries, the shine remains.

In youth, the cap has a hemispherical shape, which, with age, becomes a bell with the edge wrapped around the leg. In old mushrooms, a notch appears on the cap in the center.

Red trellis mushroom: edible or not

The distinctive features of poisonous entoloma include the following:

• the flesh does not change color at the break;
• rare and wide plates;
• the smell of a young mushroom is mealy, with age it becomes rancid.

Distribution and places of growth

Poisonous entoloma, or poisonous rose leaf, is a relatively thermophilic mushroom. Distributed in the southern regions of Russia, comes across in the Caucasus, is well known to the inhabitants of Ukraine and the Republic of Belarus. This mushroom is rarely found in Karelia and the Murmansk region. In Western Europe, it practically does not occur - it is very rarely found in Austria and the mountainous regions of France.

He loves the neighborhood of hornbeam, beech, oak, sometimes it can be found near a willow or birch. Grows, as a rule, in small groups of 2-4 pieces. Favorite growing places are in the shade, under trees, in beams, on swampy soils with a high lime content.

Similar species

There are many edible mushrooms that are similar in appearance to the poisonous rose leaf, which poses a danger to novice mushroom pickers. Most often, fans of "mushroom hunting" confuse entoloma with the following mushrooms:

• pendant - the color is almost identical, the difference is in the plates descending to the leg;
• smoky ryadovka - differs in smaller plates, the color of which is noticeably lighter;
• pigeon ryadovka - differs in a hat, on which colored spots are noticeable, and flesh turning pink on the cut;
• smoky talker - it has a peculiar floral or putrid smell, the plates are narrower and lighter;
• common champignon - is distinguished by the presence of a ring on the leg and dark-colored plates;
• rose-leaf garden - an edible mushroom that grows in gardens and meadows, differs in that its cap has a hygrophilous property (swells when wet).

Edible and Poisonous Species of the Yellow Spiderweb Mushroom

Entoloma poisoning and treatment

When eating even a small piece of this poisonous mushroom, irritation of the gastrointestinal mucosa and intoxication of the body occurs with the following symptoms: severe migraine, vomiting, pain and cramps in the abdomen, diarrhea, dizziness. Signs of poisoning appear within 30-120 minutes.

Inpatient treatment usually lasts no more than 3-4 days. It is carried out permanently in the clinic with the intake of toxin-removing drugs. Glucose and saline are injected intravenously through a dropper.

First aid for poisoning before the arrival of an ambulance consists in washing the stomach, taking sorbents and laxatives.

If chills are observed, the victim should be wrapped in a blanket, blanket or additionally put on warm clothes.

Calling an ambulance is mandatory, you cannot try to cure the poisoning yourself.It is advisable to collect the remains of the mushrooms for transfer for examination to determine the type and degree of toxicity. In severe cases, a blood transfusion is required to save lives after entoloma poisoning, which can only be done in a clinical setting.

After providing first aid and carrying out the entire complex of medical procedures, a poisoned entoloma poisonous may for some time (1-2 weeks) experience deviations from the norm in the state of the body: frequent migraines, increased irritability, severe thirst and indigestion. In this case, it is recommended to take as much fluids as possible to remove toxins from the body.

Galerina edged mushroom: description and differences from honey agarics

Entoloma squeezed (pink-gray): photo and description

At first glance, it may seem to an inexperienced mushroom picker that a squeezed entoloma is a completely edible mushroom. However, eating can cause poisoning. The second common name for this mushroom is the pink-gray entoloma. In addition, there are other less well-known options, such as: squeezed or fuming champignon, fuming or gray entoloma, autumn rose-leaf, fuming rose-leaf.

Description of the crushed Entoloma

The flesh of the mushroom is transparent white in color, is particularly fragile and does not have a pronounced taste. As a rule, squeezed entoloma does not smell, but in some cases there may be a smell of nitric acid or alkali. The spores are angular, 8-10.5 × 7-9 μm. The spore powder is pink in color. The plates are quite wide, young specimens are white, and with age they turn pink.

Description of the hat

The hat is 4 to 10 cm in diameter; in a young specimen, it has a bell-shaped shape. With age, the cap gradually unfolds to an almost flat shape. It is characterized as dry, hygrophane, smooth, with a slightly tucked wavy edge.

Leg description

The pressed entoloma has an aligned cylindrical leg, the height of which is from 3.5 to 10 cm, and the thickness is from 0.5 to 0.15 cm. As a rule, their surface is smooth and painted in a pale gray, white or brown tone. At the junction of the cap with the leg, you can see a tiny white pile. The ring is missing.

Is the mushroom edible or not

Entoloma perforated is classified as inedible and poisonous. Eating can cause severe stomach poisoning. Signs may include: dizziness, nausea, headache, severe vomiting, diarrhea. The duration of the poisoning is about 3 days. If consumed in large quantities, it can be fatal.

Where and how does Entoloma pink-gray grow

This species is quite common, it grows almost throughout the territory of Russia, as well as in other countries that can boast of humid tropical forests. Perhaps the only exception is Antarctica.

Doubles and their differences

It is believed that poisonous mushrooms have a bright and attractive color, but this certainly does not apply to this representative of the mushroom kingdom. Entoloma squeezed out is unnoticeable and has a simple appearance, which is why it can be confused with many other edible mushrooms. The twins of this mushroom are considered:

1. Plutey - similar to entola in color and size, but it is classified as edible. To distinguish entholoma from a double, it should be remembered that they grow exclusively on the soil, and spits are most often located on stumps. The second difference may be the smell: a pleasant flour aroma emanates from the double, and entoloma either does not smell at all, or emits an unpleasant ammonia smell.
2. Garden entoloma - in color and size, exactly the same as pink-gray. They grow in forests, parks, meadows. In addition, they can be found in city gardens under fruit trees - apple, pear, hawthorn.

As a rule, they appear in groups and are conventionally considered edible mushrooms. The main difference is the leg: in the garden entoloma, it is twisted, slightly furrowed, grayish or pinkish in color, and in the squeezed-out one, it is straight, usually white.

Conclusion

Entoloma perforated is a fairly common species that can be found almost anywhere.

However, it is important to remember that it is classified as a poisonous mushroom, so each specimen should be carefully studied when collecting gifts from the forest.

Red Book

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Home - the Red Book of the Rostov region. Plants - Entoloma gray-white KK Rostov region

Entoloma gray-white CC of the Rostov region

Department of Basidiomycetes - Basidiomycota
Class Agaricomycetes - Agaricomycetes
Order Agaricaceae - Agaricales
Family Entolomaceae - Entolomataceae
Entoloma lividoalbum (Kuehn. & Romagn.) Kubicka

Rarity status category. 2 a. A species decreasing in numbers as a result of changes in conditions of existence or destruction of habitats. RRC - B.

Description

The cap is 3–6 (10) cm in diameter., Conical in youth, later convexly outstretched, occasionally gluey, with a curved edge (in young fruiting bodies), in the center, as a rule, with a dark obtuse tubercle. The color is zonal, yellowish-brown, when dry, the zoning is more pronounced, and the overall color tone is lighter. The plates are adherent, rather frequent, later free, darken with age to cream and deep pink. Spore powder, grayish-pinkish. The stem is central, cylindrical, sometimes slightly thickened at the base, long (5–10 x 0.5–1.5 cm), often cap color or lighter, with small light longitudinal fibrous scales. The flesh is whitish, darker under the skin of the cap, thick in the central part, increasingly thin on the periphery, often with translucent plates along the edges. The smell and taste are mealy. Spores are angular, 8–11 × 8–9 µm.

Spreading

In Europe, it is distributed in Estonia, Germany, and other countries; in Russia it is known only from the Rostov region. ... - In the Rostov region. occurs in the Azov (environs of the village of Kuleshovka), Ust-Donetsk (Nizhnekundryuchensky sandy massif, Ogib tract) districts and in Rostov-on-Don (Botanical Garden of the Southern Federal University; Chkalova settlement).

Features of biology and ecology

Mycorrhizal fungus. Grows in large groups in forests and plantations with a predominance of oak, in parks and gardens. Prefers humus-rich soils. Fruiting V – X.

Number

In some years favorable for climatic conditions, mass fruiting is noted. The population in the Azov region is not on the verge of extinction due to intensive industrial and agricultural development of the territory.

Limiting factors

High anthropogenic load on habitats (recreation, forest fires, grazing in forests, etc.). Mass collection of fruit bodies by the population.

Security measures

On adjacent to the Rostov region. territories have no legal status of protection. Protected at the Ogib Tract in the Ust-Donetsk region and the Southern Federal University Botanical Garden in Rostov-on-Don. It is necessary to search for new locations of the species in the area. This mushroom should be promoted among the local population as rare and in need of protection. Artificial cultivation of the mushroom in protected areas is possible. It is advisable to separate it into a pure culture and preserve it as a part of mushroom collections of living cultures.

Practical value. Edible mushroom with low gustatory characteristics (according to some authors, inedible).
Sources of information. 1. Urbonas, Kalamees, Lukin, 1986; 2. Bon, 1987; 3. Chipped, 1990; 4. Vychepan, Rusanov, 1996.
Compiled by. Rusanov V.A.
Photo. Morozova O.V.

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15.12.2017 20:40:23

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Biological description

The fruiting bodies of the cap-pectus, small, medium or rather large, are gasteroid in only some species. The type of development of fruiting bodies is hymnocarp, that is, there are no particular and general covers.

The cap is conical, bell-shaped, flat, plano-convex, convex or funnel-shaped, thin or fleshy. The surface of the cap is smooth, velvety or scaly. An important sign for the distribution of species into subgenera is hygrophilousness, that is, the ability to absorb water in wet weather, or non-hygrophilousness of the cap. In representatives of some subgenera, the edge of the cap is translucent and radially lined, while in others it is smooth and opaque.

The plates are adherent or narrowly adhered to the pedicle, descending onto it or with indentations and teeth running down onto the pedicle, only in some species almost free from it. The edge of the plates is even or slightly serrated. In addition to the plates, many species have plates.

The stem is absent or present, central or eccentric, short and fleshy, or thin and long, even or widening towards the base. The surface of the leg is smooth, velvety or finely scaly, striped in some species.

Angular spores of lead-white entoloma

The hyphal system of the fruiting bodies is monomytic, that is, the fruiting bodies of the entolome consist only of generative hyphae. Hyphae with or without buckles, non-amyloid.

Spore powder of pink or pinkish-brown color. Spores in all species are angular, thin or thick-walled. Basidia are two- or four-spore. Cheilocystids - cystids located at the edges of the plates - are most often present, pleurocystids, that is, cystids on the surface of the plates, are absent in most species. The cuticle of the cap (pileipellis) in different species has a different structure: it can be cutis, trichodermis or hymenodermis. Hyphae with or without buckles. Short (30-100 μm), swollen or cylindrical hyphae are characteristic, for example, of the subgenus Entoloma, long fusiform hyphae - for Nolanea... The tram of the plates and the cap is correct, that is, their hyphae are almost not intertwined, but are located parallel to each other.

Similar species from other genera

Fruiting bodies of many entoloms resemble representatives of other, sometimes unrelated genera. One of these genera is Plyutey (Pluteus) from the Plutey family (Pluteaceae). However, representatives of this genus are markedly different from entola - their pinkish plates are always free from the stem. Representatives of some related genera are also outwardly similar to entolomes. For some clitopiluses (Clitopilus) are characterized by descending plates and the absence of cystids, as in many enthol. Some species form mycorrhiza. In other representatives of this genus, previously isolated in the genus Rhodocybe (Rhodocybe), plates adhered to the pedicle or descending to it, the cap is depressed in the center. However, representatives of all these genera are very different from enthol in the form of spores - unlike angular spores with entol, in representatives of these genera they are round, oblong, warty or striped.

Entoloma poisonous

Poisonous entoloma - lat. Entoloma sinuatum

In a different way, a dangerous mushroom is called Entoloma tin, Rosovoplastinnik gigantic, Rosovoplastinnik poisonous, Entoloma notched-lamellar, or Rosovoplastinnik yellowish-glaucous.

Mushroom cap

Pewter entoloma builds up a giant cap with a diameter of up to 25 cm. The hats of young mushrooms at first have a convex rounded or bell-shaped shape, after which they spread out or remain convex-flat.

The edges of the caps are at first tucked up, as they mature, they are lowered, even or wavy. In the center of the mushroom, a sloping mound is preserved; in old mushrooms, a notch often appears.

The glossy silky skin becomes sticky in wet weather. It is painted gray-ocher or grayish-white, with age turning into a gray-brown shade with an ash tint.

The inside of the hats has a fleshy white flesh that turns brown under the skin and does not change color after damage. The flesh of a young pink-colored plate smells like flour, while old mushrooms exude a rancid odor. It is tasteless or has a bitter taste.

The bottom of the hat is speckled with weakly growing thin plates 8-15 mm wide. Young plates are grayish-yellow in color, while mature ones are pink or reddish with a dark edge.

Giant pink laminae reproduces by angular spores, forming them in pink spore powder.

Stipe

Entoloma poisonous has a powerful cylindrical or clavate leg, bending downward, the diameter of which is 10-35 mm, and the length is 40-150 mm. At a young age, the legs are filled with pulp, which later turns into a spongy mass.

The leg is covered with a smooth silky white skin that turns gray or yellow with time. If you press on it, it will turn slightly brown. The lower part remains smooth, the upper part is covered with a mealy bloom.

Entoloma poisonous (Entoloma sinuatum)

Growing places

Poisonous rose-leaf is a rare mushroom that prefers heavy clay or limestone soil of light deciduous and mixed forests and parks with beech, oak, hornbeam, willow and birch trees. It is found in the South Siberian, North Caucasian and European parts of Russia, as well as in Ukraine.

Single and numerous fruiting occurs at the end of May - beginning of October.

Edibility

The name of the mushroom speaks for itself: Poisonous entoloma is very toxic. Its use causes severe food poisoning, accompanied by fever, vomiting, abdominal pain, etc. If you eat a large number of mushrooms, you can die.

Notes (edit)

1. Vasilyeva L.N. Agaric cap mushrooms (por. Agaricales) of Primorsky Territory. - L.: Nauka, 1973 .-- P. 256.
2. P. M. Kirk, P. F. Cannon, D. W. Minter, J. A. Stalpers. Ainsworth & Bisby's Dictionary of the Fungi. - 10th ed. - CAB International, 2008. - P. 237. - ISBN 978-0-85199-826-8.
3. ↑ Bas, C .; Kuyper, T. W .; Noordeloos, M. E .; Vellinga, E. C .; Crevel, R. van; Arnolds, E. J. M. Flora Agaricina Neerlandica. - 1988. - Vol. 1.
4. P. F. Cannon, P. M. Kirk. Fungal Families of the World. - CAB International, 2007. - P. 116-117. - ISBN 978-0-85199-827-5.
5. Wasser S.P. Flora of mushrooms of Ukraine. Amanital mushrooms / otv. ed. K. A. Kalamees. - TO.: Naukova Dumka, 1992. - S. 41-87. - ISBN 5-12-003226-5.
6. ↑ M. E. Peterson, P. A. Talcott. Small Animal Toxicology. - 2nd ed. - Elsevier Health Sciences, 2006. - P. 876. - 1190 p. - ISBN 0721606393.
7. J. F. Ammirati, J. A. Traquair, P. A. Horgen. Poisonous Mushrooms of the Northern United States and Canada. - University of Minnesota Press, 1985. - P. 312-313. - 396 p. - ISBN 0816614075.
8. E. R. Boa. Champignons Comestibles Sauvages. - Rome: Organization des Nations Uniens pour L'Alimentation et L'Agriculture, 2006. - Vol. 17. - ISBN 92-5-205157-0.
9. Roody, W. C. Mushrooms of West Virginia and the Central Appalachians. - University Press of Kentucky, 2003. - P. 133-134. - ISBN 0813190398.
10. Nilson, S., Persson, O. Fungi of Northern Europe 2: Gill-Fungi. - Penguin, 1977. - P. 98. - ISBN 0-14-063006-6.
11. Fries, E. M. Systema Mycologicum. - 1821. - Vol. 1. - P. 207.
12. Fries, E. M. Epicrisis Systematis Mycologici. - 1838.
13. Quélet, L. Enchiridion Fungorum in Europa media et praesertim in Gallia Vigentium. - 1886 .-- P. 57.

Description of poisonous entoloma

Entoloma venomous is the largest member of the genus. The diameter of its cap is most often 5-17 centimeters, but can reach 25 centimeters. The color of the cap in young specimens ranges from grayish-ocher to off-white; with age, the color becomes ash or gray-brown. The cap is smooth, sometimes there may be small folds in the central part. In wet weather, the cap becomes a little sticky, and when it dries, it becomes shiny.

The shape of the cap at a young age is hemispherical, it can be conical-bell-shaped with a rolled edge, over time it becomes flat-convex with a blunt wide tubercle in the center and a wavy or even edge, and in very old mushrooms it can become sunken.

The flesh of the rose leaf is thin and dense. At a break, the color of the pulp does not change. The taste is unpleasant and the odor can be mealy or rancid. The blades are sparse, wide, notched or with weakly adherent teeth.The color of the plates is first dirty yellow, then yellow-pink, pinkish or red, while the edges are darker.

The height of the leg of the poisonous entoloma ranges from 4 to 15 centimeters with a thickness of 1-3.5 centimeters. The stem is central, cylindrical, most often curved and thickened at the base. At first, the leg is dense, but in adulthood it becomes spongy. The surface of the leg is silky, white, and later grayish or ocher-yellow. If you press on the leg, it will turn pale brown. In the upper part of the leg there is a mealy bloom, and below it is naked.
Spore powder of pink color. Spores are hexagonal, slightly elongated, pink-yellow in color, smooth, with one or two drops of oil.

Ecology and distribution of the poisonous rose-leaf

Poisonous entoloma is a relatively rare fungus that grows sparsely. These mushrooms grow in the soil. The fruiting season begins at the end of May. They are found in mixed and deciduous forests, most often in parks and oak forests.

They form mycorrhiza with beech, oak, hornbeam, and in more rare cases - with willow and birch. Poisonous rose-leafed plants prefer heavy soils with a high lime content. These mushrooms live singly or in small groups. This is a thermophilic type of mushroom. On the territory of our country, they are found in the south of the European part and the northern Caucasus, and also grow in the south of Siberia.

Toxicity of the giant rose-leaf

It is a gastrointestinal poisonous fungus that, when eaten, irritates the gastrointestinal tract. Poisonous entoloma provokes a resinoid syndrome, accompanied by vomiting, abdominal pain and loose stools. These symptoms appear already after 30 minutes - 2 hours after the ingestion of toxins. It all starts with a headache and dizziness, and then diarrhea and severe vomiting are added.

As a rule, recovery occurs after 48-72 hours, but if a person has eaten a large amount of poisonous mushrooms, death can occur.

Poisoning treatment

Treatment consists in gastric lavage and the appointment of saline-type laxatives, as well as enterosorbents.

If severe gastroenteritis has developed, saline and glucose are administered to the victim. In addition, everyone else who used poisonous entoloma, and who did not show symptoms of poisoning, also washed the stomach and prescribed laxatives and enterosorbents.

Similar species

The danger of the rosacea lies in its resemblance to a number of poisonous mushrooms:

• The edible rose-leaf garden can be distinguished from its poisonous counterpart thanks to its hygrophilous cap and habitat - these mushrooms grow in meadows and gardens, and not in forests;
• Hanging plant is recognized by the plates descending to the leg, but its color is practically the same as poisonous entoloma;
• May ridge is characterized by frequent, narrow blades, mostly adherent, of light ocher or whitish color;
• The pigeon row is distinguished by a silky white cap with colored spots and flesh, which becomes pink on the cut;
• Smoky talker has narrow, often spaced cream or whitish plates, which slightly descend along the stem and are easily separated from the cap. The smoky talker smell can be floral or putrid;
• The common champignon can be easily distinguished from the poisonous rose-leaf with the help of the ring on the stem and the plates of a darker color;
• The pigeon row is characterized by a silky cap with colored spots and a pinkish flesh on the cut.
Among poisonous mushrooms, the greatest similarity is observed with the pressed entola. But the entholoma pushed through, just like the poisonous rose-leaf, is not harvested, so it is not scary to confuse these mushrooms.

Definitioner

Basidia (Basidia)

Lat. Basidia. A specialized structure of sexual reproduction in fungi, inherent only in Basidiomycetes.Basidia are terminal (end) elements of hyphae of various shapes and sizes, on which spores develop exogenously (outside).

Basidia are diverse in structure and method of attachment to hyphae.

According to the position relative to the axis of the hypha, to which they are attached, three types of basidia are distinguished:

Apical basidia are formed from the terminal cell of the hypha and are located parallel to its axis.

Pleurobasidia are formed from lateral processes and are located perpendicular to the axis of the hypha, which continues to grow and can form new processes with basidia.

Subasidia are formed from a lateral process, turned perpendicular to the axis of the hypha, which, after the formation of one basidium, stops its growth.

Based on morphology:

Holobasidia - unicellular basidia, not divided by septa (see Fig. A, D.).

Phragmobasidia are divided by transverse or vertical septa, usually into four cells (see Fig. B, C).

By type of development:

Heterobasidia consists of two parts - hypobasidia and epibasidia developing from it, with or without partitions (see Fig. C, B) (see Fig. D).

Homobasidia is not divided into hypo- and epibasidia and in all cases is considered holobasidia (Fig. A).

Basidia is the place of karyogamy, meiosis and the formation of basidiospores. Homobasidia, as a rule, is not functionally divided, and meiosis follows karyogamy in it. However, basidia can be divided into probasidia - the site of karyogamy and metabasidia - the site of meiosis. Probasidium is often a dormant spore, for example in rust fungi. In such cases, probazidia grows with metabasidia, in which meiosis occurs and on which basidiospores are formed (see Fig. E).

See Karyogamy, Meiosis, Gifa.

Pileipellis

Lat. Pileipellis, skin - differentiated surface layer of the cap of agaricoid basidiomycetes. The structure of the skin in most cases differs from the inner flesh of the cap and may have a different structure. The structural features of pileipellis are often used as diagnostic features in descriptions of fungi species.

According to their structure, they are divided into four main types: cutis, trichoderma, hymeniderma and epithelium.

See Agaricoid fungi, Basidiomycete, Cutis, Trichoderma, Gimeniderm, Epithelium.

Cutis

The type of cap skin, consists of creeping non-gelatinized hyphae located parallel to the surface. The surface of the cap looks smooth.

Lat. Cutis.

See Gifa.

How to distinguish the false counterparts of a poisonous mushroom?

For those who like to walk in the forest, it is important to be able to distinguish edible mushrooms from a poisonous twin. It is better to first familiarize yourself with the photos of representatives of edible and inedible mushrooms

The table below lists the differences between twins from each other.

Smoky Talker and Tin Entoloma

Smoky talker

You can distinguish the Smoky Govorushka from a poisonous twin by narrow, often located plates that are cream or white in color. They descend weakly along the stem and are easily separated from the cap. By smell, Smoky Govorushka stands out with a floral scent. In some cases, there is a distinct rotten smell.

Differences from Entoloma Sadovaya

Entoloma garden

The edible representative of the kingdom of mushrooms, namely, Entoloma garden differs from its poisonous counterpart in that it has a hygrophilous cap, that is, when moisture gets on the fruiting body, it begins to swell. It cannot be found in forest belts, only in meadows or in gardens.