Boletus mushroom

Where do porcini mushrooms grow?

The mushroom is cosmopolitan - that is, a widespread species. It can be found throughout the northern hemisphere with the exception of Australia. Europe, North America, northern Africa are natural growth zones.

Within Asia, it grows in the Caucasus, the Far East, Turkey, China, Japan, Siberia, and the northern part of Mongolia. It is believed that boletus was introduced to the territory of South America together with seedlings of coniferous trees, on the roots of which there was mycorrhiza.

Porcini mushrooms have even made their way deep into the Arctic natural zone. To the north, there are only some varieties of boletus boletus. Boletus are ubiquitous within the Russian Federation, but not evenly.

Map of mushroom regions of Russia
An interesting fact: in Italy there is a special attitude towards porcini mushrooms - they are very much appreciated there. It is forbidden to pick mushrooms in unlimited quantities in the country. The forest police are monitoring this. Due to the high demand, boletus has to be imported. Special tours to Finland for collection are also organized.

What mushrooms can be confused with and how to distinguish from false

The Borovik family has not only edible varieties, but also several false twins. Most often, there are three types of mushrooms that are considered poisonous.

Satanic mushroom

Distinctive features of this mushroom are a thick, bright red barrel-shaped stem and a light ball-shaped cap. In addition, the pulp of the fruit tends to turn blue or red when cut.

Boletus purple

This twin is poisonous, posing a serious threat to the body. Characteristic features are an uneven hat with dark spots and a reddish leg, which tends to turn blue, and after a while blush at a break.

Borovik the most beautiful

This inedible variety differs from the boletus in the gradient color of its thick leg expanding from top to bottom, passing from a red base to a lemon-yellow top and a hymenophore. In addition to the fact that the flesh of this mushroom turns blue, it also has a pronounced bitter taste.

Mushrooms of Russian forests. Not every boletus is a boletus, although every boletus is a boletus

PINE WHITE MUSHROOM

• Boletus belongs to the Kingdom of mushrooms, the boletus family and the boletus genus. The most striking representative of the BOLETUS family is the porcini mushroom.
• Why is it called the porcini mushroom? Why, whatever you do with it: cut it with a knife, break it, boil it, pickle it or dry it - its pulp will not darken, it will remain white. Hence the name - white
• And it was also called “white”, as opposed to less valuable, so-called “black” porous mushrooms, for example - bobcats (aspen mushrooms and boletus).

WHITE BIRCH MUSHROOM

• Well, scientifically, correctly, textbook, you should still call it - boletus or boletus mushroom. At the same time, the ubiquity of the porcini mushroom in nature has given rise to a huge variety of its popular names.
• And, as they call him: he is a belevik, and a boletus, and a capercaillie, and a reaper, and a horse-barn, and a bear-barn or a bear-barn, and a cowshed, and a white-grouse, and a pechura, and a string, and pusher….
• But, from a scientific point of view, it is not always possible to identify the concepts of "boletus" and "white mushroom". Indeed, despite the fact that any porcini mushroom can be called a boletus, not every boletus can have signs typical of a porcini mushroom.

BOROVIK YELLOW

• The most noticeable difference is that the pulp, which in the porcini mushroom not only on the cut, but also during cooking, and even when drying, remains white, in many other boletus, already initially, it may have a yellow tint on the cut (when pressed) turn blue.
• In addition, absolutely all porcini mushrooms are considered edible and even raw (with minimal heat treatment) suitable for consumption.But among other boletus mushrooms there are both edible, which can be similarly used for cooking or frying, and conditionally edible, inedible and even poisonous mushrooms.

WHITE OAK MUSHROOM

• BY APPEARANCE, the whole family of boletus has no special, sharply striking, differences.
• The cap of a young boletus has the shape of a half-ball; as it grows, it gradually becomes convex, cushion-shaped, with a matte velvety surface. The color depends on their species, habitat and local conditions: from pale - light (almost white) to deep brown tones. The diameter of the caps is from 5 to 25 cm. In some cases, up to 30-35 cm.
• The boletus leg is dense, thickened at the base or in the middle, has a cylindrical barrel or club shape. The color of the leg ranges from white to dark brown, burgundy. Reaches 20-25 cm in height (sometimes more) and up to 5-6 cm in width. Often the lower part of the leg is deeply buried in the ground.

WHITE SPRING MUSHROOM

The flesh of the boletus is dense, fleshy. The peel does not separate from the pulp. The color of the pulp on a break or cut either does not change or turns yellow. In some species, it becomes bluish and even brownish.

PURPLE BOROVIK

Scientists count up to 300 species of boletus. I will list just a few of them: porcini mushroom (with all its varieties), semi-white mushroom, oak trees, red flyworm, boletus: bronze, girlish, royal, two-color, yellow, rooted, pink-skinned, pink-purple, beautiful, porous, deep - rooted, beautifully - pedunculated, le Gal boletus and Fechtner boletus,….

CONDITIONALLY ALL WARRIORS CAN BE DIVIDED INTO:

1. Excellent edible: porcini mushroom (pine, spruce, oak, birch), sore net, etc.

BOROVIK GIRL

2. Good edibles: boletus yellow, red, royal, girlish, semi-white, Fechtner's sick, etc.

OAK BLINK

3. Conditionally edible: common oak and speckled, olive-brown, red flyworm, etc.

BOROVIK KORENASTY

4. Inedible non-toxic mushrooms: chunky driller, purple, handsome, etc.

SATANIC MUSHROOM

5.Inedible toxic mushrooms: satanic mushroom, beautiful boletus, Le Gal boletus, etc.

Edibility, useful properties and contraindications for use

All edible boletus varieties are widely used in medicine, possessing many useful properties. They are rich in vitamins, iron, calcium and substances such as riboflavin, which help strengthen hair and nails.

Edible mushroom or not

Boletus is not only edible, but also useful for regular consumption. Reducing cholesterol and increasing hemoglobin in the blood, strengthening bone and joint tissue, general vitaminization and immunization - and these are not all the benefits of this forest gift.

Cooking applications

Due to its organoleptic qualities, boletus is widely used in cooking. These mushrooms make excellent vegetarian soups, risottos, casseroles, steaks, pâtés and roasts. In addition, experienced housewives prepare mushroom flour for future use, using it in the future as a flavoring agent for many other dishes.

Marinated mushrooms

Very tasty boletus mushrooms in marinades, the main thing is to properly prepare them by cleaning them from sand, larvae and forest litter by soaking the product in cold salted water. The marinade usually contains vinegar, sugar, salt, bay leaf, peppercorns and coriander seeds.

Today, you can buy boletus not only fresh, but also in dried and canned form, which is especially important for lovers of gourmet mushrooms who live far from forests or do not have the experience to collect them on their own.

Edible boletus varieties

The edibility of boletus has been known for a long time, because it is not for nothing that these mushrooms were repeatedly mentioned in various ancient legends and legends, famous for their marvelous aroma and excellent taste.

Gold

The second name of this variety is the spikelet, since it has a wheat shade of the cap and legs, as close as possible to beige. Among the key features of the fungus are its relatively small size from 5 to 15 cm, slightly wrinkled skin and a well-defined mesh at the top of the stem. It is noteworthy that the golden mushroom does not change the color of its pulp when cut or broken.

Royal

This southern European mushroom loves oak groves, differing from other members of the genus with a bright red cap with a velvety surface, which can sometimes acquire a pinkish or even deep purple hue. The leg, hymenophore and flesh of royal boletus have a uniform light yellow hue, and a pleasant taste allows not only frying and drying the fruits, but also preparing all kinds of marinades and pickles on their basis.

Bronze

Distinctive characteristics of this variety, which grows mainly in deciduous forests of the North American continent, is a dark brown cap, often reaching 17 cm in diameter, as well as a rather dark cylindrical or barrel-shaped stem with a reddish tint. At the break, the pulp does not change its color and does not emit milky juice.

Bicolor

Quite a rare species of the family, found in the eastern part of the forests of North America. The main feature of the boletus is the uniform coloring of the fruiting body in red with a rich yellow tint at the fracture, which turns blue over time. The mushroom cap also has the ability to change, which, as it ages, departs from its convex shape, opening to the maximum.

Inedible mushrooms of Bashkiria

70% of the mushroom mass in the forests of Bashkiria is inedible and poisonous mushrooms. If the former taste bad, and can only spoil the dish, the latter can cause severe poisoning, up to and including death. To protect yourself from the use of poisonous mushrooms, all of them should be known by name - with signs and places of growth. Let's see what deadly mushrooms can be found in the forests of Bashkiria.

Report on the peculiarities of picking mushrooms in October. Experts talk about the rules for picking mushrooms that will avoid poisoning:

Fly agaric

Description. Amanita muscaria is a beautiful mushroom with a bright cap topped with white scaly dots.

Where does it grow and when? Grows in any forest. Amanita is capable of creating mycorrhiza with any trees. Growth begins at the end of July.

WITH who can be confused? It is impossible to confuse red fly agarics - there are no more such bright and noticeable mushrooms in the forest. In addition to red, there are other poisonous varieties - panther, smelly, toadstool. But there are also edible fly agarics - for example, gray-pink and Caesar. They are even cultivated artificially. For this, spore-bearing caps are used - they are cut and mixed with the soil.

Death cap

Description. Pale toadstool and all relatives are very similar in shape, the only differences are in color and nuances. All of them have one thing in common - they are terribly poisonous. The color of the cap may differ in shades - there are greenish, olive, grayish toadstools. Hats are flat or hemispherical, with straight edges. If the pulp is broken, its color does not change. Toadstool tastes sweet, but does not smell. The lower part of the leg has a thickening with a film, on the upper part there is a film ring. Tuberous thickening at the bottom of the leg is the main difference between the toadstool, by which it can be accurately identified.

Where does it grow and when? It grows alone and in groups. Grows everywhere, but prefers mixed and deciduous forests. Growth begins in late summer.

Who can be confused with? Inexperienced mushroom pickers can mistake toadstools for russules, green leaves, champignons.

Poisonous ryadovka

Description. In a poisonous gray row, the edges of the cap are tucked inward. The color of the hat is off-white, brownish, gray. The pulp is white, with a flour smell and taste. On the hat there are densely spaced scales. The leg is covered with a mealy bloom.Greenish-yellow plates grow to the stem.

Where does it grow and when? Prefers sandy soils covered with moss. Grows in coniferous forests, pine forests, parks and gardens, in fields and meadows. Ripening period - August-October.

Who can be confused with? May be confused with edible rows. There are many conditionally edible mushrooms in their family.

False honey mushrooms (sulfur yellow)

Description. The sulfur-yellow honey agarics have strong hats, reaching a diameter of 7 cm. At first, the hats are spherical, as the mushroom grows, they straighten out. The color of the caps is bright yellow. In the center there are orange spots. The legs are thick and hollow. The color is similar to the hat. The flesh on the break is yellow, smells unpleasant, tastes bitter.

Where does it grow and when? Fruiting from mid-June until the snow. They grow in all types of forests and fields. It grows on tree trunks and rotten stumps. Colonies can contain up to 20 copies.

Who can be confused with? Usually confused with edible mushrooms. The main difference from real mushrooms is the absence of scales. Real mushrooms - summer and autumn, have brown legs, like hats.

Cobweb

Description. Cobwebs have about 400 species. Among them are both poisonous and edible. They are practically not collected - they look like toadstools. Many people smell unpleasant. Two mushrooms are considered deadly poisonous - mountain and beautiful spiderwebs. The hat of the mountain spider web is brownish-red or orange, the plates are the same color. The leg is yellowish, with longitudinal rusty fibers on it. The most beautiful webcap looks like a mountain one. Young growth has a cobweb-like cover of yellow-ocher color.

Where does it grow and when? Cobwebs grow in coniferous forests, they love moss and wet swampy soil.

Who can be confused with? It can be confused with a varied edible webcap, which has a fleshy brown hat with curved edges.

On the territory of Bashkiria there are zones that differ in relief and climate, therefore, mushrooms of various types are found here. The main thing is not to confuse an edible mushroom with false doubles, and not to put a poisonous mushroom in the basket.

Interesting Facts

Some mushroom pickers argue that the satanic pain can be called so because it knows how to perfectly disguise itself as edible species (boletus, poddubovik, etc.), as Satan changes his devilish appearance to the image of a pious one.

In France and the Czech Republic, the satanic mushroom is conditionally edible and allowed for consumption. It is considered a gourmet variety that can be cooked as usual. It is recommended to make soups, sauces, pickles and marinades from it.

Mikhail Vishnevsky, a well-known author of many books on mushrooms, claims that “Boletus satanas has long been mistakenly considered poisonous. Now, after boiling, this mushroom can be eaten without fear, using in various recipes. "

It is noticed that worms eat all mushrooms, except for poisonous ones

It is worth paying attention to the fact that in nature neither animals nor worms consume deadly plants. This information will help determine the edibility of mushrooms at the time of harvest and will help distinguish them from other species.

Despite the polarity of opinions on the edibility of the satanic mushroom, it is always worth remembering that this species is extremely insidious. Even after prolonged and correct heat treatment, one cannot be completely sure that all toxins and poisons are neutralized, and the fruit body is absolutely safe for consumption. Do not risk your health, be extremely careful and selective during a quiet hunt!

Where do boletus grow

Boletus belongs to one of the most widespread mushrooms in the world. They can be found all over the globe, except Australia and Antarctica, because their main condition is a temperate climatic zone.

Boletus most often live in coniferous forests (after all, this is where their name comes from), but it is very likely to meet them in mixed and deciduous forests.

You should look for boletus, first of all, under spruce and pine.These mushrooms also like to settle under chestnut, beech, hornbeam and oak. If you're lucky, you can find them in the neighborhood of birches, as well as near juniper thickets. Boletus grows mainly in groups, but there are also single specimens.

The fungus very rarely lives in the tundra and forest-tundra, but in the northern taiga it is possible to collect a large number of excellent boletus. And if on the territory of the forest-steppe these delicious mushrooms come across to mushroom pickers less and less often, then in the steppe they are no longer at all. Also, the fertility of boletus is greatly reduced when moving from lowland forests to mountainous areas.

Examples of pseudo-fighters

Unfortunately, such a noble mushroom as boletus has a considerable number of dangerous twins. In order not to make a mistake when collecting and not endanger health, it is necessary to consider them in more detail.

Bilious

Because of the bitter taste, this species is popularly called gorchak. According to the description, the gall fungus has the following characteristics:

• inedible;
• the yellow-brown cap of the gall mushroom has the shape of a semicircle, its diameter is 5-15 cm;
• the leg is cylindrical, 3-15 cm high, the thickness reaches 3 cm;
• the pulp is dense, with distinct fiber, the aroma is weak;
• tubular hymenophore (spongy);
• the spore powder has a pink color, at the site of the break or cut, the pulp turns red;
• there is a characteristic brown mesh on the surface of the leg, forming a beautiful pattern.

Boletus is beautiful

Poisonous mushrooms can cause severe poisoning

It is often called beautiful-legged for the characteristic color of this part of the fruiting body. Despite the attractive name, this white mushroom counterpart is inedible due to its very bitter taste. His bitterness is not removed even after prolonged cooking.

Among the main characteristics are the following:

• the cap is large (up to 25 cm), semicircular, its surface is velvety and dry, the color is from light to dark brown;
• the leg is high (up to 10 cm), dense and thick, the fruiting body grows up to 15 cm;
• the lower spongy side of the cap (hymenophore) has a deep yellow color;
• the pulp is firm, yellowish, with an unpleasant odor;
• there is a fine mesh on the leg;
• the place of the cut acquires a blue tint.

Opinions on the toxicity of the beautiful-legged pain differ. The disputing parties agree on one thing: there are no deaths as a result of poisoning with this species. But in any case, you need to follow the safety rules.

Satanic

Outwardly similar to white, but in fact, poisonous satanic mushroom grows in oak and birch forests. It is an increased source of danger to human health: by eating even 20-30 g of the product, you can get severe poisoning. Its description includes the following signs:

• a large cap (up to 40 cm), pillow-shaped, dense and smooth, brown with an olive tint;
• the underside of the cap is spongy, pink;
• the leg is cylindrical, tapers downward;
• the color of the leg is very peculiar: in the upper part - red-yellow, in the center - red-orange, below - yellow-brown;
• the mushroom grows to a height of 13-15 cm;
• the cut initially turns blue, and then becomes red, which is associated with the oxidation of poisonous compounds by oxygen.

Speckled oak

This mushroom is classified as conditionally edible: with proper heat treatment, it is suitable for human consumption. It looks like a boletus and has the following characteristics:

• the cap is large (up to 20 cm), pillow-shaped, the surface is velvety and dry, the color is brown with a reddish tint;
• the leg reaches a height of 10 cm, has a tuberous shape;
• when pressed on the light edge of the cap and leg, the mushroom darkens;
• the cut on the pulp acquires a blue tint after a while.

Prefers acidic soils. It is rarely found on the territory of Russia. The first fruiting bodies appear in mid-May. You can harvest until the end of October. Yields peak in July.

Borovik le Gal

Its second name is legal boletus.This is another type of poisonous false porcini mushrooms, which are characterized by the following features:

• the cap is large (up to 16 cm), curved, with a smooth pink-orange surface;
• the mushroom has a pleasant aroma;
• the pulp is milky with a yellowish tinge;
• the leg is strong, thick, reaches 5 cm in diameter, grows up to 15-17 cm in height;
• the color of the leg reproduces the color of the cap;
• a red mesh forms on the leg in its upper part;
• the color of the pulp is white or yellow, it turns blue on the cut.

The species prefer alkaline soils. Fruiting bodies can be found in the forest in summer and early autumn.