The crop community is

Testing on the topic "Natural Communities and the Biosphere".

Option 1.

A1 The community in which cultivated plants are grown is:

1.birch grove

2.bottom swamp

3.mixed wood

4.fruit garden

A2 Unlike natural ecosystems, in agroecosystems:

1.unclosed circulation of substances

2.branched food chains

3. reducers prevail in the pyramid of mass

4. a large number of chemotrophs among mass producers

A3. What is the name of the connections between organisms of different species in the ecosystem, which provide them with substances and energy:

1.food

2.abiotic

3.evolutionary

4 territorial

A4. The primary source of energy for the circulation of substances in the biosphere is:

1.activities of living organisms

2.chemical energy

3.thermal energy

4. energy of the sun

A5 In modern biological science, a population is considered to be:

1.the set of organisms of one kingdom

2.the set of individuals that form the food chain

3.species of different species forming a biocenosis

4. a group of individuals of the same species living in the same territory.

A6 Artificial ecosystems in which human agricultural activities are carried out:

1.biocenoses

2.agrocenoses

3.reserves

4.national parks

A7. - the author of the doctrine about:

1.biogeocenoses

2.photoperiodism

3.Origin of cultivated plants

4.the leading role of living matter

A8. A feature of rice plantation as an agroecosystem is:

1.Its instability

2.large number of species

3.Long power supply circuits

4.closed circulation of substances

A9.To prevent imbalance in the biosphere, it is necessary:

1.increase the diversity of agroecosystems on Earth

2. to create new varieties of plants and animal breeds

3. to maintain biodiversity in ecosystems

4.increase the productivity of agricultural plants and animals

A10. What criterion of the species is based on the differences in individuals of vital processes:

1.physiological 2.ecological

3.genetic 4.morphological

A11. The main reason for the decline in plant species diversity in our time:

1.their death from pests

2.seasonal changes in plant life

3.influence of human activities

4. short life expectancy

A12 The limiting factor at great depths for plant life is the lack of:

1.food 2.heat

3.light 4.oxygen

A13. Which power circuit correctly reflects the transfer of energy in it?:

1 plant seeds — mouse — hedgehog — fox

2. plant seeds — hedgehog — fox — mouse

3. plant seeds — mouse — fox — hedgehog

4.plant seeds — fox — hedgehog — mouse

A14 The cosmic role of plants in the biosphere is in:

1.participation in the circulation of substances

2.Solar energy storage

3.the release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere

4.absorption of water and mineral salts

A15.Among the named environmental factors, biotic includes:

1.wind movement

2.increase in air temperature

3.Ultraviolet radiation

4.the formation of mycorrhiza in a pine forest

A16.Which organisms make up the first trophic level in the ecosystem:

1.autotrophs

2.heterotrophs

3.consumptions

4.reducers

A17.The main role in the circulation of substances in the biosphere is played by:

1.living organisms

2.abiotic factors

3.organisms-heterotrophs

4.anthropogenic factors

A18. Consequences of the impact of the anthropogenic factor on the biosphere are:

1.increase in natural background radiation

2.eruption of active volcanoes

3.manifestation of the greenhouse effect of the atmosphere

4.Earthquakes in areas of increased seismic activity

A19. An orchard, in contrast to a forest, is considered an agrocenosis, since in it:

1. monocultures prevail

2.has power circuits

3.there is a cycle of substances

4.different species

A20 Thanks to living matter in the biosphere, the circulation of substances:

1.open

2.Involves many chemical elements

3.increases the diversity of agrocenoses on Earth

4.Provides accumulation of inert gases in the atmosphere

Choose 3 correct answers and write down the numbers of correct answers in sequence.

IN 1. In the food webs of the natural ecosystem

1.part of the energy contained in food is spent on the vital activity of organisms

2.part of the energy is converted into heat and dissipated

3.all food energy is converted to chemical

4.all generated energy is stored in ATP molecules

5.population fluctuations occur

6 when moving from link to link, biomass decreases

AT 2... The biogeocenosis of a fresh water body is characterized by:

1.the availability of organic matter producers

2.Lack of reducers

3.the presence of flowering plants in shallow water

4.Lack of predatory fish

5.the constant number of animal populations inhabiting it

6.closed circulation of substances

AT 3. Establish a correspondence between the sign of a large pond snail and the criterion of the species for which it is characteristic:

A). Sense organs - one pair of tentacles 1). Morphological

B). Brown shell 2) environmental

B). Inhabits fresh water bodies

D). Feeds on soft tissues of plants

E) .Shell spirally twisted

C1. Build a food chain using all of the named objects: Sparrowhawk, Plant, Caterpillar, Great Tit. Define a consumer of the second order in the composed chain.

Testing on the topic "Natural communities, ecology and biosphere».

Option 2.

A1 The similarity between artificial and natural ecosystems is that they:

1.contain the same number of links in power networks

2.have the same plant biomass productivity

3.cannot exist without human participation

4. contain the same functional groups of organisms.

A2 Due to the accumulation of sulfur oxides in the atmosphere,:

1.greenhouse effect

2.expansion of ozone holes

3.acid rainfall

4.decrease in transparency of the atmosphere

A3 According to the morphological criterion, individuals of warty birch differ from each other:

1.chromosome set

2.shaped crown and leaf blade

3.intensity of photosynthesis

4.geographic habitat

A4 In the nitrogen cycle in the biosphere, the role of nodule bacteria is:

1.absorption of atmospheric nitrogen

2.the breakdown of protein compounds

3.the accumulation of essential amino acids

4.forming polysaccharides

A5.The ozone layer is necessary for the preservation of life on Earth, since it:

1.Prevents meteor showers

2.absorbs infrared radiation

3.absorbs ultraviolet radiation

4. slows down the evaporation of water from the atmosphere.

A6 According to the provisions of modern biological science, species in nature:

1.exist in the form of populations

2.do not change over time

3.do not exist

4.exist in the form of families

A7 Determine a properly structured food chain:

1.seagull — perch — fish fry — algae

2.algae — seagull — perch — fish fry

3. small fish — algae — perch — seagull

4. algae — fish fry — perch — seagull

A8 The ozone screen appeared in the Earth's atmosphere as a result of:

1.life of plants

2.chemosynthesis

3.chemical reactions in the hydrosphere

4.Moving a mass of oxygen from space

A9 The similar composition of organic compounds inherent in individuals of the same species characterizes the criterion:

1.morphological

2.biochemical

3.genetic

4.physiological

A10 Artificial ecosystems in which human economic activities are carried out:

1.biocenoses

2.agrocenoses

3.reserves

4.national parks

A11 Are the following judgments about type criteria correct:

A. The genetic criterion of a species is characterized by the same response of individuals to the impact of environmental factors

B. in accordance with the genetic criterion, all individuals of the species have the same chemical composition and similar vital processes

1.Only A is correct

2.Only B is correct

3.Both statements are true

4.both judgments are wrong

A12.What is the function of microorganisms participating in the formation of chalk and limestone in the biosphere?

1.gas

2.transport

3.concentration

4.oxidation-reduction

A13.What environmental factor serves as a signal to prepare birds for migration:

1.changing the length of daylight hours

2.decrease in air temperature

3.increase ultraviolet radiation

4.ripening of fruits and seeds in plants

A14 Unlike natural ecosystems, in agroecosystems:

1.unclosed circulation of substances

2.branched food webs

3. reducers prevail in the pyramid of mass

4. a large number of chemotrophs among the producers of organic substances

A15.What ecological factor limits the spread of plants to great depths:

1.salinity of water

2.Lack of light

3.atmospheric pressure

4.deficiency of minerals

A16.The primary source of energy for the circulation of substances in the biosphere is:

1.activities of living organisms

2.chemical energy

3.thermal energy

4. energy of the sun

A17. The humidity of the environment required for living organisms is a factor

1.biological 2.anthropogenic

3.biotic 4.non-periodic

A18.To prevent imbalance in the biosphere, it is necessary:

1.Increase the diversity of agroecosystems on Earth

2. to create new varieties of plants and animal breeds

3. to maintain biodiversity in ecosystems

4.increase the productivity of farm animals

A19.Among the named ecological factors, biotic ones include:

1.wind movement

2.increase in air temperature

3.Ultraviolet radiation

4.the formation of mycorrhiza in a pine forest

A20 What organisms make up the first trophic level in the ecosystem:

1.autotrophs

2.heterotrophs

3.consumptions

4.reducers

A21 The adaptability of plants to cohabitation in the forest is manifested in:

1.seed propagation

2.deck arrangement

3.use oxygen for breathing

4.use of water and carbon dioxide for photosynthesis

A22.What factors cause erosion of the soil on which cultivated plants are grown:

1.seasonal 2.anthropogenic

3.biotic 4.limiting

Choose 3 correct answers, write down the numbers corresponding to these answers.

IN 1. In a natural ecosystem

1) diverse species composition

2). Unbalanced circulation of substances

3). Open circulation of substances

4) .closed circulation of substances

5) .branched food chains

6). Predators prevail among consumers

B2 In the deciduous forest ecosystem - oak grove:

1) .Short food chains

2). Resistance is provided by a variety of organisms

3) the initial link in the food chain is represented by plants

4). The population composition of animals does not change over time

5). Primary energy source - sunlight

6). There are no decomposers in the soil

Q3 Establish a correspondence between a group of plants or animals and its role in the ecosystem of the pond.

Pond Plants and Animals Ecosystem Components

A). Coastal vegetation 1) producers

B). Fish 2). Consumables

B). Amphibian larvae

D) phytoplankton

D). Bottom plants

E) .Molluscs

C1. Porcini mushrooms are commonly found in coniferous and mixed forests. Explain why.

Testing by topic. "Human origins, evidence for evolution, evolution"

A1 The social factors of human evolution include:

1.fight for existence

2.writing and art

3.heredity and variability

4.the ability to self-replicate

A2 The most ancient people, in contrast to the ancient great apes

1.used plant food

2.manufactured tools

3.were related to the environment

4. ate animal food

A3. What evidence of evolution can be attributed to the similarity of the embryos of humans and animals?

1.biogeographic

2.biochemical

3.embryological

4.comparative anatomical

A4 The human vocal cords are located:

1.in the larynx

2.in the throat

3.in the epiglottis

4.in the trachea

A5 Comparative anatomical evidence for evolution is:

1 fossil finds and plant prints in ancient strata

2.the similarity of flora and fauna of different continents

3.Similarity of embryos of different taxonomic groups

4. Establishment of homologous and similar organs, rudiments and atavisms.

A6. Work and speech of a person are attributed to factors of evolution.:

1.biotic

2.anthropogenic

3.biological

4.social

A7.Biological factors of human evolution include:

1. articulate speech

2.social lifestyle

3.Using the experience of previous generations

4 the struggle for existence and natural selection

A8.Paleontologists have shown that the phylogenetic series of the horse confirms:

1.reversibility of the evolutionary process

2.regular return to ancestral forms

3.Similarity of postembryonic development of organisms

4.Historical development of the modern species

A9 From among the examples, select those that illustrate similar organs:

1.wings of swallows and butterflies

2.the ability of the auricle to move

3.rudments and atavisms in humans

4.philogenetic series of the horse

A10.Among the named organs, homologous are:

1. butterfly and bird wings

2.the burrowing limbs of a mole and a bear

3.the limbs of a mole and a bat

4.the hind limbs of the whale

A11. In his writings, Charles Darwin described and explained the process of evolution as

1.Historical development of the wildlife world

2.individual development of living organisms

3.the desire of individuals for self-improvement

4. consistent transformation of some species into others.

A12 Race theory is based on denial:

1.morphological unity of races

2.the similarities between humans and anthropoids

3.human primacy

4.unity of origin of races

A13.Which scientific field of biology studies the origin of man:

1.selection

2.genetics

3.zoology

4.anthropology

A14. Anthropogenesis is:

1.human evolution

2. maturation of germ cells

3.human activity

4.human reproduction

A15 Races are:

1.groups of people with different ancestors

2.groups of people belonging to different species

3.groups of people within the homo sapiens species

4.groups of people differing in blood group and level of brain development

A16.Rasogenesis is:

1.Origin of races

2.the origin of man

3.the formation of new species

4.settlement of races in different territories

A17 What theory is characteristic of the assertion of the dominance of one race over another:

1.racism

2.Darwinism

3.cellular theory

4.synthetic theory of evolution

A18.What areas of the Earth are the ancestral home of man:

1.Germany

2.France

3.South Asia and Africa

4.America

A19. The manifestation of a specific blood group in humans is due to:

1.the influence of abiotic factors

2.Exposure to microorganisms

3.response immune responses

4.inheritance of genes

A20 What is the reason for the appearance of races on Earth:

1.various climatic conditions

2.fight for existence

3.interspecies struggle

4.interspecies struggle

A21. To what stage of anthropogenesis can Pithecanthropus and Sinanthropus be attributed:

1.the earliest people

2.ancient people

3.people of modern anatomical type

4.australopithecus

A22.Rudiments are:

1. organs that have lost their original meaning

2. signs inherent in our distant ancestors, sometimes appearing in humans

3. organs of the same origin but with different functions

4.similar bodies

A23. Atavisms include:

1.apppendix

2.the remainder of the third century in humans

3.multi-location

4.auricle

A24.Features of the human skeleton associated with upright posture:

1.the spine has 4 curves, arched foot

2.the brain department prevails over the facial

3.the presence of a chin bump

4.development of the second signaling system

A25 A person is characterized by:

1.reasoning activity

2.instinct

3.higher nervous activity

4.only unconditioned reflexes

Choose three correct answers out of six, write down the numbers corresponding to the correct answers, sequentially

IN 1.In connection with the development of bipedal locomotion in humans:

1.the front limbs are freed

2.the foot becomes vaulted

3.the thumb of the upper limbs is opposed to the rest

4.the pelvis expands, its bones grow together

5.Cranial region of the skull is smaller than the facial region

6.the hairline is reduced

AT 2.Incorrect posture of a person causes:

1.displacement and squeezing of internal organs

2.changes in the sequence of the phases of the cardiac cycle

3.Difficulties in the process of heat release

4.changes in the skeleton of the spine

5.deformation of the chest

6.increase in the content of minerals in the bones.

B3. Establish the correct sequence of biological processes, write down the correct answers sequentially in the form of numbers.

Establish the chronological sequence of anthropogenesis:

1) .Human is skillful

2). Homo erectus

3) .driopithecus

4) a reasonable person

C1.Why people of different races belong to the same species Homo sapiens

Testing on the topic "Selection, types of variability, reproduction"

A1 Hereditary traits of descendants arise by combining

parental characteristics with:

1.spore formation 2.sexual reproduction

3.free reproduction 4.vegetative reproduction

A2 In breeding, to create pure plant lines with a homozygous genotype, the following method is used:

1.production of polyploids

2.experimental mutagenesis

3.remote hybridization

4.crossbreeding

A3.B breeding to overcome infertility of distant hybrids use:

1.polyploid organisms

2.pure-bred individuals

3.heterozygous organisms

4.species of the same species

A4 In breeding work, the effect of heterosis is explained by the formation of organisms with:

1.heterozygous genotype 2.homozygous genotype

3.polyploid genotype 4.new genes

A5 The method of distant hybridization is used by breeders for:

1.increase the fertility of individuals

2.forming clean lines

3.appearance of mutant forms

4.obtaining the effect of heterosis

A6 In plant breeding, in contrast to animal breeding, the following method is used:

1.production of polyploids

2.Individual selection

3.experimental mutagenesis

4.crossbreeding

A7 An example of unrelated hybridization (outbreeding) in breeding is:

1.Self-pollination of pea plants

2.crossing wheat and barley

3.crossing piglets from the same litter

4.mating geese obtained from one parental pair

A8. Genetic engineering methods are used in breeding for:

1.implementing cross-pollination of plants

2.introduction of new genes into the genotype

3.the implementation of sexual reproduction of animals

4.obtaining the effect of heterosis

A9. Science is engaged in the creation of new varieties of polyploid wheat:

1.selection 2.botanist

3.physiology 4.biochemistry

A10., Studying the features of inheritance of traits of cultivated plants, substantiated the law:

1.homologous series of hereditary variability

.2.independent inheritance of non-allelic genes

3.Dominating first generation hybrids

4.gender-linked inheritance

A11 In his writings, G. Mendel developed and applied the method of genetic research:

1.cytological

2.genealogical

3.hybridological

4.light microscopy

A12.In animal breeding, the following method is used:

1.production of polyploids

2. mentor (educator)

3.Self-fertilization of individuals

4.evaluation of parental individuals by offspring

A13.In plant breeding by crossing pure lines of first-generation hybrids:

1.the signs of the paternal organism develop

2.homozygous genotypes are formed

3.there is gender-linked inheritance

4.the effect of heterosis is manifested

A14.The phenomenon of hybrid force, manifested in an increase in the productivity and vitality of organisms, is called:

1.polyploidy

2.mutagenesis

3.heterosis

4.dominance

A15. The method of plant breeding, which is based on a multiple increase in the set of chromosomes in the cell nucleus, is:

1.gene mutation 2.polyploidy

3.neuploidy 4.chromosomal mutation

A16 The increase in egg production resulting from improved housing conditions in chickens is an example of variability:

1.combinative 2.modification

3.genotypic 4. mutational

A17 Modification changes arising in organisms under the influence of environmental factors:

1. are individual

2. are of a group nature

3.associated with a change in genotype

4.transferred from generation to generation

A18 Mutational variability of organisms:

1.not inherited

2.occurs randomly

3.characterized by the normal reaction of the trait

4. is of a group nature of occurrence

A19. The change in the area of ​​the leaf blade in Norway maple depending on the illumination is an example of variability:

1.mutational 2.hereditary

3.modification 4.combinative

A20 Combinative variability of traits manifests itself during reproduction.:

1.sexually 2.with dispute

3.vegetative 4.without

A21 An example of what variability is the appearance in a number of generations of albino mammals, i.e. animals that do not have pigmentation body integument :

1.inherited 2.group

3.phenotypic 4.non-hereditary

A22.What scientific field of biology studies the processes of synthesis of drugs obtained as a result of the vital activity of microorganisms:

1.botany 2.embryology

3.Zoology 4.Biotechnology

A23.Hereditary traits in offspring and parental forms differ when:

1.propagation of plants by cuttings

2.mitotic cell division

3.sexual reproduction

4. budding hydra

A24 Examples of sexual reproduction are:

1.parthenogenesis 2.selling

3.spore formation 4. budding

A25 The twin method is used in science:

1.selection 2.physiology

3.genetics 4.cytology

Choose three correct answers out of six, write down the correct answers sequentially in the form of numbers.

IN 1.What properties is the modification variability characterized by:

1.is massive

2.has an individual character

3.not inherited

4.inherited

5.Limited by normal reaction

6.the range of variability has no limit

AT 2... Examples of sexual reproduction in animals are:

1.hydra budding

2.spawning fish

3.dividing the common amoeba

4.Regeneration of the earthworm

5.parthenogenesis of aphids

6.development of a butterfly from a zygote

AT 3.

Establish a correspondence between the selection criterion and its type.

Sign Selection type

A). Leads to creation 1) .natural

new animal breeds and varieties 2) .Artificial

plants

B). Promotes the creation of organisms

with the hereditary

changes

C). Has been active in nature for millions of years

D). Leads to the formation of new

species and the formation of adaptation to the environment

D). Is carried out by a person

C1.Explain why a large number of earthworms can be seen on the surface of the earth after rain?

Grapes are eaten fresh, as well as juice, wine, raisins are made from it.

Cultivated plants (agricultural crops) - Plants grown by humans for food, feed in agriculture, medicines, industrial and other raw materials and other purposes.

According to the eighth edition of the International Code of Nomenclature of Cultivated Plants, three categories of cultivated plants are currently recognized: cultivar, grex (for Orchids only) and group.

Cultivated plants are obtained from wild plants by hybridization, selection or genetic engineering. In the process of searching for wild plants to transform them into cultural ones and use them, the doctrine of the centers of origin of cultivated plants arose. In 1926-1939, NI Vavilov summarized the accumulated knowledge and identified seven main centers of origin of cultivated plants. Unlike ornamental species, cultivated plants do not have natural habitats.

Classification of cultivated plants

• Decorative (rose);
• Cereals and cereals (rice, corn, wheat);
• Legumes (beans, soy);
• Starchy (sweet potatoes, potatoes);
• Sugar-bearing (sugar beet);
• Oilseeds (sunflower);
• Fibrous;
• Melons (watermelons);
• Vegetables (tomatoes, cucumbers, dill);
• Fruit plants (pineapples, coconuts);
• Stimulating (tea, coffee, poppy seeds).

Images

• Coffee is the main export product of tropical countries

• Cotton is the most widespread industrial crop. Its fibers are used to make yarn, and its seeds are used to make oil and forage.

• Harvester harvests

Cereals

Wheat grows around the world in areas with warm summers and mild winters.

Rice is cultivated in countries with warm, humid climates, such as China

Among field crops, cereals are the most important. These include rye, wheat, rice, corn, oats, barley, sorghum and millet, which occupy nearly three quarters of the world's arable land. Wheat is grown almost everywhere: it is our main bread that we consume every day. Part of the harvest is used to feed livestock. Rice is also a very important cereal crop, it is a staple food in Asian countries.

Harvesting

By automatically cutting, threshing and winding, for example wheat, the harvesters deliver clean grain, ready to be sent to the market. Using special attachments, you can convert the combine harvester to collect various crops, such as soybeans and corn.

Wild ancestors

All cultivated plants originated from wild plants. As a result of selection, they began to give higher yields in unusual conditions for themselves - on new lands or in a different climate. Some plants have changed so much that it is difficult even to identify their ancestors. With the increase in acreage, fertilizers began to be used to increase yields, and insecticides and fungicides were used to control pests. Crop production emerged simultaneously in the Old and New Worlds in 7-8 thousand years BC. The domestication process originally took place independently in geographically distinct areas of the globe on four continents and the island of New Guinea, and, of course, on the species of the surrounding flora. The floristic composition of the domesticated species was endemic for large geographical areas, in other words, the native flora was used.

Tubers

The main food products also include tubers - plants with edible tubers. In Europe, this crop is potatoes, and in Africa - yams and cassava.

Potatoes brought to Europe from South America have long been indispensable on our table

Sugar beets are prized for sugar-rich root vegetables

Notes (edit)

Links

• Cultivated plants (after: Life of plants. In six volumes // Chief ed. Academician A. L. Takhtadzhyan)

Since ancient times, a fairly close connection between man and the plant world has been established. There are some species that people plant themselves, take care of the seedlings, then harvest. But in nature there are species that develop regardless of human activity. Cultivated plants, the names of which will be given below, are of particular importance to people. What are the species in this category? About this, as well as about which plants are cultivated, further in the article.

general information

The groups of cultivated plants, the list of which will be given below, are grown by humans for obtaining feed for farm animals, food products, industrial, medicinal and other raw materials and for other purposes. In accordance with the eighth edition of the International Nomenclature Code, today three categories are recognized, according to which the considered representatives of the flora are divided. These include, in particular, a species, a group, and a grex (for orchids). They are all obtained from wild varieties. In this case, selection, hybridization, or genetic engineering methods were used.When searching for wild varieties for breeding cultivated plants and their subsequent use, the doctrine of the centers of origin of agricultural crops was formed. So, Vavilov, summarizing the available knowledge, identified 7 main centers. It should be said that groups of cultivated plants, in contrast to wild varieties, do not have natural distribution zones (areas).

Modification of wild varieties

As a result of selection, wild crops began to give high yields in a new climate or on new soils - in conditions unusual for them. As a result, some varieties have changed so much that it is now difficult to identify their ancestors. To increase the productivity of agricultural crops, people began to use fertilizers. At the same time, pest control was carried out using insecticides and fungicides.

Cultivated plants. Examples. Classification

There are the following groups of cultivated plants:

1. Decorative (rose).
2. Cereals and grains (e.g. wheat, corn, rice).
3. Legumes (soybeans, beans, etc.).
4. Sugar-bearing (sugar beets).
5. Starchy (potatoes, sweet potatoes).
6. Fibrous.
7. Oilseeds (sunflower).
8. Fruit (apples, pears, pineapples).
9. Vegetables (dill, cucumbers, tomatoes).
10. Melons (melons, watermelons).
11. Stimulating (poppy, coffee, tea).

Description

Groups of cultivated plants are defined according to various characteristics. Classification is widely used in accordance with the economic purpose of a particular variety. So, there are groups of medicinal, melliferous, dyeing, spinning, fodder, food, industrial and other cultivated plants. As a variation of this classification (less convenient and, therefore, rarely used), separation in accordance with the substances present in them can act. In this case, there are, for example, alkaloid-containing, protein-containing, oily and others. Also, a mixed classification is often used: together with food, medicinal, fodder, oilseeds, fibrous, spicy-aromatic groups of cultivated plants are also distinguished. However, the most logical and fully developed system is considered to be the classification in accordance with the industry principle.

Division according to the branches of agriculture

Experts distinguish groups of cultivated plants by the type of agricultural activity: fruit growing, vegetable growing and field growing. Accordingly, there are fruit, vegetable and field varieties. The latter, in turn, are divided into root (radish, carrot, beet), leafy (lettuce, spinach, cabbage), fruit (cucumber, tomato), stem (asparagus, kohlrabi), bulbous (garlic, onion). In many cases, flavoring (spicy-aromatic) cultivated plants (parsley, dill) are considered as a special subgroup. The tubers are edible tubers. The staple foods include potatoes (in Europe), cassava and yams (in Africa).

Field varieties

This group of plants includes cereals (cereals - rye, wheat, legumes - lentils, soybeans, peas, cereal varieties - millet, buckwheat, root crops (turnips, beets), tubers (potatoes), spinning crops (hemp, flax, cotton ), oilseeds (mustard, peanuts, sunflowers), forage grasses (alfalfa, clover) .In some cases, melon varieties are also included in the field: pumpkin, watermelons, melons. But, as a rule, it is more convenient to consider them as separate crops or as part of vegetable cultural groups According to experts, it is also advisable to separately distinguish medicinal varieties (valerian, foxglove and others), essential oils (lavender, coriander), as well as specific species (makhorka, tobacco).

Fruit varieties

This group includes agricultural crops that produce juicy fruits. They, in turn, are divided into stone fruit (apricot, plum, cherry), pome fruit (quince, pear, apple), berry (currant, strawberry, raspberry, strawberry).In some cases, this group includes citrus fruits (orange, lemon), nut fruits (hazelnuts, almonds, walnuts). In fruit and berry varieties, a subgroup of subtropical varieties is sometimes distinguished. These include, in particular, medlar, pomegranate, figs. Crops such as rose hips, sea buckthorn and other vitamin-bearing crops are considered close to fruit and berry crops.

Cereals

In the whole group of field crops, cereals are considered the most important. Among the most popular types should be noted rice, wheat, rye, oats, corn, millet. According to various sources, these crops occupy about three quarters of the entire arable land of the planet. Wheat is grown almost everywhere: it is the main bread for a person, which he consumes every day. Part of the crop is also used for fattening livestock. Rice is considered an equally important crop. In Asian countries, it is considered the main food product. With automatic collection, threshing, for example, wheat in a combine harvester, clean grain is obtained. Improving the units, a person adapts them for harvesting other crops, for example, soybeans, corn and others.