To fry mushrooms or cook a fragrant soup, it is not necessary to wear rubber boots and a raincoat, and go to the forest for a "quiet" hunt.
Mushroom "clearing" in the form of shelves can be arranged in your own cellar, the main thing is to know what mushrooms can be grown artificially. We will find out which varieties are easily grown at home, are distinguished by their unpretentiousness and excellent taste.
What mushrooms are grown artificially
Soil mushrooms
- Ring piece. A mushroom that looks like a boletus. Grown in boxes, plastic bags and outdoors, like a vegetable in the garden. In terms of taste, the ringlet is in no way inferior to champignons.
- Champignon. Gourmet mushroom, grown both at home and on an industrial scale. It has an excellent aroma and is appreciated for its excellent taste. It is used in cooking in many dishes: appetizers, salads, hot dishes, sauces, etc. Champignons are grown in bags and boxes.
Useful article: "How to grow mushrooms at home"
Champignons are grown in bags and boxes
Tree mushrooms
- Oyster mushroom... A popular mushroom that is easy to grow and therefore ideal for newcomers to mushroom farming. Unpretentious oyster mushroom gives large yields, is resistant to pathogenic bacteria, excellent taste and rather long shelf life. It is grown on stumps, logs or in plastic bags.
- Shiitake... Healing Mushroom - An antioxidant (used in cancer treatment) with an exquisite taste. It is grown on various substrates and wood. If it is a medicinal mushroom that needs to be grown, it will need a real mycelium, not subjected to selection, - Japanese or Chinese production.
- Winter honey agaric. A valuable nutritious mushroom that is not afraid of cold weather (it can grow at a temperature of 1-2 ° C) and has a wonderful taste and aroma. Grown in basements on wood and various substrates.
Now that you know what mushrooms can be grown artificially, you can safely join the ranks of mushroom growers and grow your favorite mushrooms with your own hands!
The most developed methods of artificial cultivation of champignons, but successful breeding attempts were also made in relation to morels, raincoats, purple ryadovka (Tricholoma nudum) and grass flakes (Pholiota aurea).
With regard to those fungi, the development of which depends on certain tree species, successful attempts were also made to breed them, on the basis of the property of such fungi to enter into symbiosis with higher plants. Truffles, porcini mushrooms, boletus, boletus and mushrooms were grown under the corresponding trees.
Mushroom culture... The most productive is the culture of champignons in greenhouses - in special mushrooms or ordinary greenhouses, greenhouses, greenhouses, cellars, stables, basements, mines and quarries. In all these cases, a prerequisite is a temperature of 10-14 ° C and as a basis for growing mushrooms - horse manure mixed with other organic residues (foliage, sawdust, peat, etc.). For sowing, use the mycelium of wild-growing forms of common champignon or its pure culture obtained in laboratory conditions. In both cases, manure bricks penetrated by the mycelium of the fungus are placed in the soil. Mushrooms begin to bear fruit 50-60 days after planting the mycelium. The yield of mushroom fruiting bodies reaches 12-16 kg per 1 sq. m.
It is also possible to cultivate champignons in the open field, in the beds, which, in order to regulate temperature and humidity, are either covered with shields, then opened, or additionally watered. Fruiting bodies in this case appear after 1-1.5 months and their growth continues until frost.Sometimes in the open field, mushrooms are bred together with vegetables.
Morels and lines culture... Successful attempts to grow morels and stitches were carried out by sowing pieces of fruit bodies, watering the soil with water outlets from caps with spores, as well as planting lumps of soil with mycelium, after which the beds were covered with forest humus and spruce branches to prevent the development of weeds and for fertilization. The next year, in the spring, morels and stitches appeared in fairly large numbers (the yield in one case was 13-14 kg from an area of 9 square meters. M). It has been noted that some species of morels develop better on soils in places of fire. The presence of forest humus in the beds is an important factor contributing to the development of morels and lines.
Ways to increase yields and cultivation of forest mushrooms... Artificial breeding of black truffles is possible in two ways:
1) by scattering crushed pieces of fruit bodies in oak or beech plantations or by watering the soil with aqueous tinctures containing truffle spores;
2) the creation of new oak or beech plantations by sowing seeds originating from areas in which there are truffles. Although this method is very slow, since you have to wait 6-12 years, and sometimes even more, until the mycorrhiza fully develop, but it gives good results, because during the next 30-40 years you can get a harvest of truffles annually.
The cultivation of such mycorrhizal fungi as white, boletus, boletus and camelina under the corresponding tree species was carried out in the same way as the cultivation of morels and lines. The formation of fruiting bodies was observed the next year. Special observations and experiments have shown that in these cases spore germination, mycelium engraftment and infection of tree roots take place. The best way is to transplant soil lumps containing mycelium to the roots of trees, previously exposed to a depth of 20-30 cm, followed by backfilling with humus forest soil and covering them with moss. Artificial cultivation of mushrooms is best done under young trees at the age of 15-20 years. Of all the tested mushrooms, the boletus was distinguished by the fastest growing rate.
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Home growing of mushrooms is becoming more and more popular every year. Unfortunately, not all varieties of mushrooms can be bred in this way, some of them are too capricious to the surrounding conditions, others require serious financial investments. Based on this, before you start mushroom growing on your own, you need to find out what mushrooms are grown at home. Most often these are the following types:
- Champignons (all varieties), volvariella, ringlet, raincoat, dung beetle. These are soil fungi, usually they grow in fields or meadows in the humus layer of the soil.
- Porcini mushrooms, chanterelles, boletus, boletus, truffles, morels, mushrooms. These are mycorrhizal fungi that form a symbiosis with the roots of only certain trees. They are artificially grown from purchased mycelium (mycelium is sprouted mushroom spores that are placed in a substrate), but it is rather difficult to breed these types at home.
- Oyster mushroom (all types - common, royal, pink, lemon), honey mushrooms (winter, summer, poplar, marble), gericium, tinder fungus, shiitake. These types of fungi grow on the wood of dead trees or plant debris containing cellulose.
The most unpretentious of all and the easiest to grow at home are oyster mushrooms, shiitake, winter mushrooms, mushrooms and ringlet.
All of these species have certain requirements for the conditions of detention. It remains only to figure out which ones.
Oyster mushroom is in the first place in terms of prevalence and ease of cultivation.For novice mushroom growers, experienced entrepreneurs who have been engaged in mushroom growing for a long time suggest starting mushroom cultivation with it. When artificially growing oyster mushrooms, costs are required less than for all other mushrooms. Oyster mushroom is distinguished by unpretentiousness, excellent taste, early maturity, excellent yield, high resistance to viruses and bacteria, as well as rather long shelf life. Oyster mushrooms are grown in plastic bags (with a substrate, mushroom mycelium and bio-additives), on hemp, sawdust of various trees, straw, husk, corn stalks. Mushrooms grow well in rooms with a humidity of 80-85% and at fairly wide temperature ranges (from 10 to 30C, average values 16-20C). The first harvest of mushrooms can be cut after 30 days (in winter after 45). From one mushroom block at a time, it turns out to remove an average of 2.5-3 kg of the crop. At the same time, serve 100 blocks on an area with an area of 30 sq. m. without any problems even one person can. Mushrooms produce crops for 5 years.- Champignons occupy the next place in terms of the popularity of cultivation, both in an industrial economy and at home. They are much more demanding on the conditions of detention. And the technology of growing them is more expensive than breeding oyster mushrooms. Mushrooms are grown in bags or boxes with soil, in which the mycelium is laid. Champignons grow well in dark, cool rooms (12-18C, maximum value no more than 28C) with a humidity of 65-85%. The first harvest of mushrooms is ready for harvest in 45-50 days, and the next ones can be harvested within 3 months.
Shiitake - not only tasty, but also a very healing mushroom (it is successfully used in the treatment of cancer). Until a certain moment, it was grown only in Asian countries. Shiitake is one of the most expensive mushrooms (the price is about $ 50 per 1 kg). Grows well at an average temperature of 12C. It is grown on tree sections and on various substrates. It is important to know that in order to get a harvest of really tasty and healthy shiitake, the mycelium for breeding must be purchased from Japan or China, but not European, because it is spoiled by selection. The first harvest usually begins only in the next year and will last up to three years.- Winter honey - mushroom quite resistant to cold, grows well at ambient temperatures of 1-2 ° C. This mushroom has a pleasant taste and good nutritional value. It perfectly adapts to parasitizing on trees with living wood, and for this reason it should not be grown in backyard gardens or vegetable gardens, it is recommended to grow only on substrates and log cabins indoors.
- Koltsevik - not very well-known mushroom. Its cultivation began relatively recently, only about 25 years ago. This mushroom outwardly resembles a boletus, and in taste competes with champignons. It is grown on a personal plot directly on open ground beds or in plastic bags and boxes.
By becoming familiar with which mushrooms are grown at home, choosing a certain type for yourself and following the rules of caring for them, you will receive a constant tasty source of nutrients.
