Content
Potatoes were brought to Russia quite late, at the very beginning of the 18th century. This was done by Peter I, who was the first to taste various potato dishes in Holland. Having approved the gastronomic and taste qualities of the product, he ordered the delivery of a bag of tubers to Russia for planting and growing.
In Russia, potatoes took root very well, but Russian peasants were afraid of an unknown plant and often refused to grow it. Here begins a very funny story connected with the way to solve the problem, which Peter I resorted to. The Tsar ordered to sow the fields with potatoes and put armed guards on them, who were supposed to guard the fields all day long, and went to sleep at night. The temptation was great, peasants from nearby villages could not resist and stole potatoes, which became for them a sweet forbidden fruit, from the sown fields for planting on their plots.
At first, cases of potato poisoning were often recorded, but this was, as a rule, due to the inability of the peasants to properly use potatoes. The peasants ate the fruits of potatoes, berries that resemble small tomatoes, which are known to be unsuitable for food and even poisonous.
Of course, this did not become an obstacle to the spread of potatoes in Russia, where it gained immense popularity and many times saved a significant part of the population from starvation during crop failures. No wonder in Russia potatoes were called the second bread. And, of course, the name of the potato speaks very eloquently about its nutritional properties: it comes from the German words "craft teffel", which means "devilish strength".
About potatoes. How potatoes were introduced in Russia
“Potatoes - has a weak, unbalanced, uncertain energy, an energy of doubt. The body becomes lethargic, lazy, sour. The solid energy of potatoes is called starch, which in the body does not lend itself to alkaline-acid treatment, is poorly excreted from the body, sharply reduces the speed of thought, and blocks the immune system. Potatoes are not compatible with any products. If there is, then separately, it is advisable to cook in a uniform. In the peel and just below it, there is a substance that helps break down the starch.
In Russia there has never been a potato, it was brought in by the "dark" and cultivated by force. Gradually, they brought it out and designated it in people's minds as the main vegetable, which greatly harmed the human body. Today it is the most important vegetable product on the table, it is considered the second bread, and healthy vegetables have been transferred to the category of secondary ones.
We ask you not to eat potatoes for students of the School "Happiness", where everything is aimed at increasing the speed of thought, because potatoes will reduce everything to zero.
Potatoes can be eaten young for two months, then they become poisonous. Substitute turnips for potatoes. It is no coincidence that they try to completely remove turnips from food products ”.
(from the book "Knowledge stored by dolmens", A. Savrasov)
Also, everyone who is interested in healthy eating knows that potatoes are a very mucus-forming product, and mucus is practically not excreted from the body, but is deposited, causing many diseases ("traditional" medicine, of course, knows nothing about this)).
There was a time when Russian Old Believers considered potatoes to be a devilish temptation. Indeed, this foreign root crop was forcibly introduced into the Russian land! The clergy, anathematizing, christened him “the devil’s apple”. To say a good word about potatoes, and even in print, was very risky. But today, many of our fellow citizens are sure that potatoes come from Russia, or at worst Belarus, and America gave the world only fries.
The potato was first brought to Europe after the conquest of Peru by the Spaniards, who spread it across the Netherlands, Burgundy and Italy.
There is no exact information about the appearance of potatoes in Russia, but it is associated with the Peter's era. At the end of the 17th century, Peter I (and again Peter I), while in the Netherlands on ship business, became interested in this plant, and “for brood” sent a bag of tubers from Rotterdam to Count Sheremetyev. To speed up the spread of potatoes, the Senate only in 1755-66 considered the introduction of potatoes 23 TIMES!
In the first half of the 18th century. potatoes were cultivated in significant numbers by “particular people” (probably foreigners and people of the upper classes). Measures for the widespread cultivation of potatoes were first taken under Catherine II, on the initiative of the Medical College, of which Baron Alexander Cherkasov was president at that time. Initially, it was a matter of finding funds to help the starving peasants of Finland “without a big dependency”. On this occasion, the medical board reported to the Senate in 1765 that the best way to prevent this disaster "is in those earth apples, which in England are called potetes, and in other places, earth pears, tartuffles and potatoes."
At the same time, at the behest of the empress, the Senate sent seeds to all places of the empire and instructions on the development of potatoes and care for this were entrusted to the governors. Under Paul I, it was also prescribed to grow potatoes not only in gardens, but also on field land. In 1811, three colonists were sent to the Arkhangelsk province with instructions to plant a certain number of tithes of potatoes. All of these measures were sketchy; the mass of the population greeted the potato with distrust, and its culture was not grafted.
Only in the reign of Nicholas I in view of the former in 1839 and 1840. with poor grain harvests in some provinces, the government took the most energetic measures to spread the crops of potatoes. By the highest orders that followed in 1840 and 1842, it was decided:
1) to establish public crops of potatoes in all state-owned villages to supply these latter to the peasants for future crops.
2) publish an instruction on the cultivation, storage and use of potatoes.
3) to reward with prizes and other awards the owners, differing in the cultivation of Potatoes.
The implementation of these measures met in many places with stubborn resistance from the population.
So, in the Irbit and neighboring districts of the Perm province of states, the peasants somehow connected the idea of selling them to landowners with the prescription of public sowing of potatoes. A potato riot broke out (1842), which was expressed in the beating of the village authorities and demanded to pacify their assistance of military teams, which in one volost were even forced to use canister;
In terms of the number of peasants who participated in it and the vastness of the region it covered, this was the largest of the Russian unrest of the 19th century, which entailed reprisals, which were usually distinguished at that time by cruelty.
Interesting fact:
The owner of the estate, General R.O. Gerngros, growing tubers since 1817, gave them for seeds and peasants. However, the crops on the peasant plots turned out to be sparse. It turned out that the peasants, having planted tubers, dug up and sold “damned earth apples” for vodka in the nearest tavern at night. Then the general went for a trick: he gave out not whole, but cut tubers for seeds. Their peasants did not choose from the land and reaped a good harvest, and after making sure of the convenience of potatoes, they themselves began to grow it.
In general, those who needed and profitable for the Russian people to degrade, achieve their goal and potatoes become our second bread.
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The first image of a potato in Europe (
Clusius
, 1588)
The homeland of the potato is South America, where you can still find wild species of this plant.The introduction of potatoes into cultivation (first through the exploitation of wild thickets) began about 9-7 thousand years ago in the territory of modern Bolivia. The Indians not only consumed potatoes for food, but also worshiped it, considering it an animated creature.
In Europe, the potato appeared in the second half of the 16th century and was first mistaken for an ornamental plant, moreover, a poisonous one. The French agronomist Antoine-Auguste Parmentier (1737-1813) finally proved that potatoes have high taste and nutritional qualities. With his submission, the penetration of potatoes began in the provinces of France, and then in other countries. Even during Parmentier's life, this made it possible to defeat the previously frequent famine in France and to remove scurvy. Several dishes are named after Parmentier, the main ingredient of which is potatoes.
Early written evidence
The first sporadic mentions of potatoes (yoma in the Chibcha-Muisca language) are found in Spanish documents describing the conquest of the New Kingdom of Granada (the territories of Colombia and Venezuela): by Gonzalo Jimenez de Quesada (1539, edited by an anonymous author in 1548-1549; 1550), Juan de Castellanos (1540), Pascual de Andagoya (1540) by Fernandez de Oviedo (1545). Jimenez de Quesada in his report “Summary of the conquest of the New Kingdom of Granada", Speaking about the inhabitants of the territory he conquered, reported on the most important plants they use for food:
The food of these people is the same as in other parts of the Indies, because their main food is
maizeand
yuka... In addition, they have 2 or 3 varieties of plants from which they derive great benefit for their food, of which there are some, similar to truffles, called
ionas
, others look like a turnip called
cubias that they throw into their concoction, it serves as an important product for them.
- Gonzalo Jimenez de Quesada. "A summary of the conquest of the New Kingdom of Granada."
In the manuscript of the anonymous Chibcha vocabulary and grammar (around the beginning of the 17th century) different types of potatoes are given:
- “Animal truffle. - Niomy ";
- “Truffle, root. - Iomza iemuy ";
- “Yellow Truffle. - Tybaiomy ";
- “Wide truffle. - Gazaiomy ";
- Long Truffle. - Quyiomy ";
Conquistador Pascual de Andagoya in 1540 indicated in his “Report of the deeds of Pedrarias Davila in the provinces of Tierra Firme or Golden Castile"That" this valley and area of Popayan is very beautiful and fertile. The food is maize and some roots called papaschestnut-like roots, and other roots like turnips, besides the many fruits. "
Thanks to the historian and conquistador Pedro Cieza de Leon, Europe learned in detail about such a culture as potatoes from his work "Chronicle of Peru", published in 1553 in the city of Seville, where he also reports that he met potatoes in Quito (Ecuador), Popayan and Pasto (Colombia). He, relying both on his own observations and on the information of the predecessor conquistadors, collected thanks to his position in the apparatus of Viceroy Pedro de La Gasky, gave his first description, the correct method of preparation and storage:
“Of the local products, with the exception of maize, there are two more, which are considered by the Indians to be the main food products. One they call Papas like truffles, after boiling they become as soft on the inside as boiled chestnuts; it has neither a shell nor a bone, only what truffles have, because it forms underground, just like them. This fruit is produced by a herb, just like a field poppy ”,“… and they dry it in the sun, and store it from one harvest to another. After drying, they call these potatoes „chuño“And it is highly valued by them and is worth a lot, because they do not have irrigation canals, as in many other places in this kingdom, to irrigate their fields, they do not even have enough natural water for crops, they are in need and deprivation if they do not have of this dried potato. "
Potatoes were first brought to Europe (Spain), probably by the same Cieza de Leon in 1551, upon his return from Peru.The first evidence of the use of potatoes in food also relates to Spain: in 1573 it is listed among the products purchased for the Hospital of the Blood of Jesus in Seville. Later the culture spread to Italy, Belgium, Germany, the Netherlands, France, Great Britain and other European countries.
Peru
It is argued that the Inca calendar used the following way of determining daytime: the measure was the time it took to boil potatoes - which was approximately equal to one hour. That is, in Peru they said: as much time has passed as it would have taken to prepare a dish from potatoes.
A description of the traditional method of cooking potatoes by the Peruvians is contained in a letter from the French explorer Joseph Dombay, dated May 20, 1779. Potatoes, along with corn, were a unique product of the Peruvians, who took them with them on long trips. They cooked potatoes in water, peeled and dried in the sun. The resulting product is used.papa seca mixed with other products. There was another cooking method. The tubers were frozen and trampled (?) With their feet to peel them. The mixture thus prepared was placed in a stream of water under a press. Fifteen to twenty days later, the resulting product was dried in the sun. The product thus obtained was called isp.chuño and "was pure starch that they could use to make powder (for the hair)." isp.chuño it was used to make jams, flour for the sick and additives to other dishes.
-
Chuño
-
Tunta, or chuño
-
Autre tunta
Freezing followed by dehydration is nothing more than freeze-drying by natural means. This means that you need to add water to consume. Chugno was part of the diet of the Indians working in the silver mines.
Chugno is produced in the Altiplano, namely in Souni and Puna (region in the Cordillera), where there are specific ecological and climatic conditions. Chugno is eaten in Argentina, Bolivia, Chile and Peru. According to Redcliffe Salaman, chunyo was ground into flour and added to stews and various soups.
Another traditional way of cooking potatoes is to keep the tubers in a stream of water for 6 months. The product obtained as a result of fermentation, isp.chuño podrido used to make Mazamorra dessert.
Bishopric of Liege
In all likelihood, the first cookbook containing recipes for potato dishes belongs to the pen of Lancelot de Casteau (fr.) Russian, the chef of three (successive) princes-bishops of Liege. A book published in 1604 under the title Ouverture de cuisine contains four recipes for cooking a dish that was then exotic for Europeans.
Ouverture de cuisine facsimile spread
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|
|
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The lack of salt in the filling is explained by the fact that at that time there was enough salt in the oil.
De Casto did not leave any comments regarding the origin, the price of potatoes, and its availability on the market. However, he has been using potatoes since at least December 12, 1558, as "boiled potatoes" appear on the menu (3 courses) of the banquet given in honor of Archbishop Robert's joyeuse entrée.
Illustration from the herbarium of J. Gerard (1633)
Ireland
In Ireland, the potato appeared at the end of the 16th century. It quickly gained popularity, and by the end of the 18th century it had firmly established itself as a staple in the diet of Irish peasants.
In peasant houses, potatoes have always been part of the dinner in one form, the easiest to prepare, boiled in water. The tubers were boiled together with the peel in a cauldron. The contents of the cauldron were poured into a wicker basket (eng. Skeehogue), allowing water to pass through, and family members, sitting around the basket and in front of the fireplace, ate directly from the basket with their hands.
The potato crop failure, provoked by the influence of the pathogenic microorganism Phytophthora infestans, which causes late blight, became one of the reasons for the mass famine that struck Ireland in the middle of the 19th century. This, in turn, gave rise to a massive emigration of the Irish to the New World, and above all to the United States of America.
France
Since its appearance in Europe, potatoes have gained popularity in the bishopric of Liege, Ireland, Germany, Switzerland, Italy. In France, due to the similarity with the known poisonous representatives of the Solanaceae family, as well as the lack of storage and use technologies, the introduction was slowed down. In addition, there were problems of a purely agronomic (unsuitable environmental conditions) and religious (non-recognition of tithes).
Olivier de Serre, in his 1600 book Théâtre d'agriculture et Mesnage des champs, recommended the cultivation of potatoes and compared its taste ("white truffle") with the best examples of black truffles.
By 1750, many people and organizations began to recommend the cultivation and consumption of potatoes: Duhamel du Monceau, Bishops of Albi and Leon, Minister Turgot, Rosa Bertin, Rennes Agricultural Society. Even ten years before the publications of Antoine Parmentier and Samuel Angel, Duhamel du Monceau urged farmers not to ignore potatoes and noted that "... is an excellent product, especially with bacon or corned beef."
But the masses were skeptical about potatoes. Most of the French treated it with disdain, although in some areas it was grown and consumed. Potatoes were an alternative to wheat, a staple food shortage of which for centuries led to hunger and panic at the dawn of the French Revolution.
Parmentier was especially active in promoting the cultivation of potatoes as a vegetable crop. His treatise Examen chymique des pommes de terres (1774) proved the high nutritional value of potatoes. The government and the royal family itself took up the introduction of a new culture. It is said that Queen Marie Antoinette loved to curl potato flowers into her hair.
Russia
The Free Economic Society associated the appearance of potatoes in Russia with the name of Peter I, who at the end of the 17th century sent a bag of tubers from Holland to the capital, allegedly for distribution to the provinces for cultivation. The outlandish vegetable did not become widespread in Russia in the first half of the 18th century, although the "Historical note on the introduction of potato culture in Russia" reads:
The foreign innovation was adopted by individuals, mainly foreigners and some representatives of the upper classes ... Even in the reign of the Empress
Anna Ivanovnaat the prince's table
Bironpotatoes have already appeared as a tasty, but not at all rare tasty dish.
At first, potatoes were considered an exotic plant and were served only in aristocratic houses. In 1758, the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences published an article "On the cultivation of earth apples" - the first scientific article in Russia on the cultivation of potatoes. A little later, articles on potatoes were published by J.E.Sivers (1767) and A.T.Bolotov (1770).
State measures for the distribution of potatoes were taken under Catherine II: in 1765, the Senate Instruction "on the cultivation of earthen apples" was issued. The manual contained detailed recommendations for the cultivation and use of a new crop and, together with potato seeds, was sent to all provinces. This happened in line with the general European tendency: "Potatoes began to be cultivated on an extensive scale since 1684 in Lancashire, since 1717 in Saxony, since 1728 in Scotland, since 1738 in Prussia, since 1783 in France." Compared to rye and wheat, potatoes were considered an unpretentious crop, therefore they were considered as a good help in poor harvests and in non-bearded places.
In the "Economic description of the Perm province" of 1813, it is noted that peasants grow and sell "superbly large white potatoes" in Perm, but they are skeptical about the increase in sowing: "They are always ready to answer that they do not have enough time to sow the necessary bread, since potatoes, which must be planted with your hands. The peasants eat potatoes “baked, boiled, in porridge, and they also use flour to make their own pies and shangi (a kind of pastry) from it; and in the cities they spice them up soups, cook them with roast and make flour from it for making jelly. "
Due to the many poisonings caused by the consumption of fruits and young tubers containing solanine, the peasant population at first did not accept the new culture. Only gradually did he gain recognition, displacing turnips from the peasant ration. Nevertheless, as early as the 19th century, many peasants called potatoes "the devil's apple" and considered it a sin to eat them.
State measures were taken in the future. So, in Krasnoyarsk, they began to grow potatoes since 1835. Each family was obliged to grow potatoes. For failure to comply with this order, the perpetrators were supposed to be exiled to Belarus, to the construction of the Bobruisk fortress. Every year, the governor sent all the information about growing potatoes to St. Petersburg.
In 1840-42. on the initiative of Count Pavel Kiselev, the area allocated for potatoes began to increase rapidly. According to the decree of February 24, 1841, "On measures to promote the cultivation of potatoes," the governors had to regularly report to the government on the rate of increase in the sowing of the new crop. In a circulation of 30,000 copies, free instructions on the correct planting and growing of potatoes were sent out all over Russia.
As a result, a wave of "potato riots" swept across Russia. The people's fear of innovations was also shared by some enlightened Slavophiles. For example, Princess Avdotya Golitsyna "defended her protest with perseverance and passion, which was quite amused in society." She stated that potatoes "are an encroachment on the Russian nationality, that potatoes will ruin both the stomachs and the pious manners of our time immemorial and God-protected bread and cash-eaters."
Nevertheless, the "potato revolution" of the times of Nicholas I was crowned with success. By the end of the 19th century, more than 1.5 million hectares were occupied by potatoes in Russia. By the beginning of the 20th century, this vegetable was already considered in Russia "the second bread", that is, one of the main food products.
Notes (edit)
- ↑ Lost Crops of the Incas: Little-Known Plants of the Andes with Promise for Worldwide Cultivation
- ↑ A more accurate name in the Chibcha language is "Yoma" or "Yomui"
- ↑ Gonzalo Jimenez de Quesada. A summary of the conquest of the New Kingdom of Granada "(1539; 1548-1549) .. (A. Skromnitsky) (April 20, 2010). Retrieved April 20, 2010. Archived August 21, 2011.
- ↑ González de Pérez, María Stella. Diccionario y gramática chibcha. Imprenta patriótica del Instituto Caro y Cuervo. Bogotá. 1987, p. 331
- ↑ Pascual de Andagoya. Narrative of the proceedings of Pedrarias Dávila in the provinces of Tierra Firme or Catilla del Oro: and of the discovery of the South Sea and the coasts of Peru and Nicaragua. - London: Hakluyt Society, 1865. - p. 58.
- ↑ Cieza de Leon, Pedro. Chronicle of Peru. Part one. Chapter XL. - Kiev, 2008 (translated by A. Skromnitsky). Archived July 9, 2012.
- ↑ In Diego Gonzalez Holguin's Dictionary (1608): Chhuñu... Stayed / dried potatoes, frozen in the sun.
- ↑ Cieza de Leon, Pedro. Chronicle of Peru. Part one. Chapter XCIX. - Kiev, 2008 (translated by A. Skromnitsky). Archived July 9, 2012.
- ↑ Montanari Massimo. Hunger and abundance. M., 2009. p. 129
- ↑ Bernabe Cobo "History of the New World" (Volume 3, Book 12, Chapter XXXVII). Archived July 11, 2012.
- ↑ "Proceedings of the Free Economic Society", 1852
- ↑ Berdyshev A.P. Andrei Timofeevich Bolotov: The first Russian scientist agronomist. - Gosselkhozizdat. - M., 1949 .-- 184 p. - 25,000 copies.
- ↑ № 12406. - May 31. Instruction - on the cultivation of earthen apples, called potetes (potatoes) // Poln. collection laws Ros. Empire. Sobr. 1st. SPb., 1830. T. 17. S. 141-148.
- ↑ Potatoes // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary: in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb., 1890-1907.
- ↑ Economic description of the Perm province: at 3 o'clock, Part 2. St. Petersburg, 1813, p. 162.
- ↑ From the history of potatoes in the world and in Russia (Russian). Retrieved March 20, 2011. Archived July 2, 2012.
- ↑ Guide to botany / comp. V.V. Grigoriev. 4th ed. - M .: publication of the Salaev brothers, 1865 .-- P. 232.
- ↑ s: Old notebook 181-190 (Vyazemsky)
Potatoes were brought to Russia at the beginning of the 18th century. While Peter I was in Holland, he tasted food made from potatoes, and he really liked it, after which the tsar sent a bag of potatoes to Russia to grow.
Potato tubers grew well on Russian soil, but the spread was very hindered by the fact that the peasants were afraid of the overseas fruit. When Peter I was informed about the fear of the people, he had to use a trick. He sowed several fields with potatoes, and ordered that a guard with weapons was stationed near them.
The soldiers guarded the potatoes all day and went to bed at night. The peasants who lived nearby could not resist the temptation, and began to steal potatoes and secretly plant in their garden.
Of course, at first there were cases of poisoning from potatoes, but only because people did not know the properties of this plant and tried its fruits without any culinary processing. And potatoes in this form are not only not edible, but also poisonous.
Among the aristocrats in France at one time it was customary to wear potato flowers as decoration.
Thus, the potato spread very quickly across Russia, also because it helped feed people with poor grain yields. That is why the potato was called the second bread. The name itself speaks about the nutritional properties of potatoes, which comes from the German phrase "craft teffel", which means - devilish strength.
Potatoes were brought to Russia quite late, at the very beginning of the 18th century. This was done by Peter I, who was the first to taste various potato dishes in Holland. Having approved the gastronomic and taste qualities of the product, he ordered the delivery of a bag of tubers to Russia for planting and growing.
In Russia, potatoes took root very well, but Russian peasants were afraid of an unknown plant and often refused to grow it. Here begins a very funny story connected with the way to solve the problem, which Peter I resorted to. The Tsar ordered to sow the fields with potatoes and put armed guards on them, who were supposed to guard the fields all day long, and went to sleep at night. The temptation was great, peasants from nearby villages could not resist and stole potatoes, which became for them a sweet forbidden fruit, from the sown fields for planting on their plots.
At first, cases of potato poisoning were often recorded, but this happened, as a rule, due to the inability of the peasants to use potatoes correctly. The peasants ate the fruits of potatoes, berries that resemble small tomatoes, which are known to be unsuitable for food and even poisonous.
Of course, this did not become an obstacle to the spread of potatoes in Russia, where it gained immense popularity and many times saved a significant part of the population from starvation during crop failures. No wonder in Russia potatoes were called the second bread. And, of course, the name of the potato speaks very eloquently about its nutritional properties: it comes from the German words "craft teffel", which means "devilish strength".
About potatoes. How potatoes were introduced in Russia
Once the Russian Old Believers considered potatoes to be a devilish temptation. Indeed, this foreign root crop was forcibly introduced into the Russian land! Some churchmen, anathematizing, christened him "the devil's apple". To say a kind word about potatoes was very risky then.But today, many of our fellow citizens are sure that the potatoes are from Russia, or, at worst, Belarus, and America gave the world only fries.
The potato was first brought to Europe after the conquest of Peru by the Spaniards, who spread it across the Netherlands, Burgundy and Italy.
There is no exact information about the appearance of potatoes in Russia, but it is associated with the Peter's era. At the end of the 17th century, Peter I (and again Peter I), while in the Netherlands on ship business, became interested in this plant, and “for brood” sent a bag of tubers from Rotterdam to Count Sheremetyev. To speed up the spread of potatoes, the Senate only in 1755-66 considered the introduction of potatoes 23 TIMES!
In the first half of the 18th century. potatoes were cultivated in significant numbers by “particular people” (probably foreigners and people of the upper class). Measures for the widespread cultivation of potatoes were first taken under Catherine II, on the initiative of the Medical College, of which Baron Alexander Cherkasov was president at that time. Initially, it was a question of finding funds to help the starving peasants of Finland “without a big dependency”. On this occasion, the medical board reported to the Senate in 1765 that the best way to prevent this disaster "is in those earth apples, which in England are called potetes, and in other places, earth pears, tartuffles and potatoes."
At the same time, at the behest of the empress, the Senate sent seeds to all places of the empire and instructions on the development of potatoes and care for this were entrusted to the governors. Under Paul I, it was also prescribed to grow potatoes not only in gardens, but also on field land. In 1811, three colonists were sent to the Arkhangelsk province with instructions to plant a certain number of tithes of potatoes. All of these measures were sketchy; the mass of the population greeted the potato with distrust, and its culture was not grafted.
Only in the reign of Nicholas I in view of the former in 1839 and 1840. with poor grain harvests in some provinces, the government took the most energetic measures to spread the crops of potatoes. By the highest orders that followed in 1840 and 1842, it was decided:
1) to establish public crops of potatoes in all state-owned villages to supply these latter to the peasants for future crops.
2) publish an instruction on the cultivation, storage and use of potatoes.
3) to reward with prizes and other awards the owners, differing in the cultivation of Potatoes.
The implementation of these measures was met in many places with stubborn resistance from the population.
So, in the Irbit and neighboring districts of the Perm province of states, the peasants somehow connected the idea of selling them to landowners with the prescription of public sowing of potatoes. A potato riot broke out (1842), which was expressed in the beating of the village authorities and demanded to pacify their assistance military teams, which in one volost were even forced to use canister;
In terms of the number of peasants who participated in it and the vastness of the region it covered, this was the largest of the Russian unrest of the 19th century, which entailed reprisals, which were usually distinguished at that time by cruelty.
Interesting fact:
The owner of the estate, General R.O. Gerngros, growing tubers since 1817, gave them for seeds and peasants. However, the crops on the peasant plots turned out to be sparse. It turned out that the peasants, having planted tubers, dug up and sold “damned earth apples” for vodka in the nearest tavern at night. Then the general went for a trick: he gave out not whole, but cut tubers for seeds. Their peasants did not choose from the land and reaped a good harvest, and after making sure of the convenience of potatoes, they themselves began to grow it.
The indisputable benefits of potatoes Potatoes have properties that make it a healthy product.One hundred grams of young potato tubers contains 20 mg of vitamin C (ascorbic acid) necessary for people, and this is a third of the daily requirement. To preserve its maximum amount, it is recommended to peel and cut the potatoes with a stainless steel knife, and crush the boiled potatoes with a wooden pestle. When cooking, the tubers should be dipped in boiling water. Potatoes also contain vitamins of group B, PP, folic acid, magnesium, calcium, phosphorus and potassium salts. In the body, potato starch is broken down to simple sugars: this makes potatoes an easily digestible carbohydrate product. Obvious benefits of potatoes for people with stomach ulcers, duodenal ulcers, hyperacid gastritis, heartburn, a tendency to constipation, which can be healed with the juice of young potatoes made from pink tubers. In many cases, potato juice is also effective for headaches. Since potatoes are abundant in potassium salts, it is useful for people suffering from diseases of the cardiovascular system. Applying freshly cut potato pieces to eczema-affected areas significantly eases the condition of the skin. And of course, many people use boiled "in their uniforms" potatoes for inhalation: this relieves cough and reduces inflammation in the nasopharynx. this can be one of the many causes of illness, usually attributed to seasonal hypovitaminosis. Therefore, when peeling old potatoes, it is recommended to remove a large layer and use only the core for cooking. The harm of potatoes is also due to the fact that, under the influence of sunlight, chlorophyll is formed in it, which does not break down during cooking and is also a toxin. Nutritionists advise not to eat potatoes for patients with diabetes and obese people, since it has a high glycemic index, which causes an increase in sugar in blood. It is also believed that fried potatoes are harmful due to the high content of hydrogenated fats in them. As you can see, potatoes can be both hugely beneficial and harmful: it all depends on whether you eat old or young tubers, and on the method of preparation ... It is believed that the most useful is young organic potatoes, baked and boiled "in their jacket"
