Ordinary fiber (inocybe obsoleta)

Biological description [| code]

Fruit bodies are cap-pedunculated, the cap of adult mushrooms is 2-9 cm in diameter, in young fruiting bodies it is conical, with a turned-up edge, then opens up to bell-shaped and broad-bell-shaped, with a sharp tubercle in the center, often cracking radially. The surface of the cap is radially fibrous, silky, slippery in wet weather, painted in golden yellow, pale straw yellow or honey brown tones, darker in the center.

The plates of the hymenophore adhered to the pedicle to almost free, frequent, with a serrated white edge, whitish in young mushrooms, then grayish-yellowish, with a greenish tinge, in old mushrooms, coffee-brown.

The pulp is whitish, thin, usually without a special smell and taste, less often with an unpleasant odor.

Leg 4-9 (11) cm high and 0.5-1 cm thick, cylindrical, less often slightly tapering towards the base, smooth, longitudinally fibrous, whitish, then colored to match the cap color.

The spore print is brown, the spores are elliptical, pale brown, 10-12 × 6-8 µm.

A poisonous fungus that causes gastrointestinal poisoning.

Patuillard fiber is the most dangerous mushroom of the genus

Fiber patuyara is a mushroom of the Spiderweb family, genus Fiber. Also, the mushroom is called blushing fibula.

The Latin name is Inocybe patouillardii.

Fiber patuillard is a deadly poisonous mushroom, it is one of the most dangerous in the genus.

Description of the fiberglass patuillard

The hat is usually reddish in color. Its diameter is 3-9 centimeters. The shape of the cap is at first bell-cone-shaped, but later it straightens out, while a protruding tubercle remains in the center. The cap is covered with a smooth skin that appears to be very dry. The edges of the cap have deep radial cracks.

The pedunculus stem is the same color as the cap or is slightly lighter in color. Its length is 4-10 centimeters, and its diameter is 0.8-1.5 centimeters. The stem is cylindrical, strong, dense, fibrous, slightly thickened at the base. There are grooves along the entire length of the leg.

The pulp is white, its taste is peppery, and there is practically no smell. If damaged, the flesh turns red, especially for older specimens. The plates are located very often, they are not wide.

The color of the plates is pink at first, and later brown with red spots. On the edges of the plate are white with fluff. Spore powder of ocher-brown color or brown.

The shape of the spores is bean-shaped or oval, the surface is smooth, the color is brown.

Variability of the fibula patuillard

The color of the cap varies from white to ocher and gray, and in mature mushrooms it can be brick red. If you press on the leg, it turns red. The color of the plates is reddish at first, and then becomes olive brown or rusty brown. The pulp often turns pink.

Distribution and seasonality of patuillard fiber

This type of fiber grows in forests of various types, in gardens, parks. These fungi settle mainly on clay and calcareous soils. They enter into mutually beneficial alliances with beeches and linden trees.

Patouillard fibrils grow in small groups or singly. They mainly choose mountainous and hilly areas. These mushrooms are distributed locally in Europe and certain regions of Asia. They are often found in the European part of Russia, as well as in the Caucasus. They bear fruit from August to September.

Similar species

The May row is outwardly similar to the fiberglass patuyard, but differs in that its pulp does not have a red tint, but it smells like flour.

Godet fiber also looks like a patuillard fiber, but its size is smaller, the base of the leg is swollen, and the flesh does not have a reddish tone. Novices may confuse the patouillard fiber with some mushrooms.

The toxicity of the fibrous patuillard

The fiber of the patuillard is deadly poisonous. It provokes the most dangerous muscarinic poisoning, ending in a lethal outcome.muscarine in patuyard fiber is 25 times higher than that in red fly agaric.After 30 minutes - 2 hours, symptoms of poisoning appear:

• Diarrhea;
• Vomit;
• A sharp drop in blood pressure;
• Tachycardia;
• Difficulty breathing
• Redder than the skin;
• Constriction of the pupils;
• Severe chills.

The victim is given salted water, atropine and glucose. Seeking medical attention is compulsory.

Related species

Bulb fiber is a poisonous mushroom with an umber-brown conical cap, which then becomes flat-spread. Its diameter is 30-60 millimeters.

The surface of the cap is bare, but later radial cracks appear on it. The leg is cylindrical, slightly narrowed at the top, up to 80 millimeters high and up to 8 millimeters thick. One-color leg with a cap.

The pulp has an unpleasant taste and smell.

Fruiting onion from August to October. These mushrooms grow in deciduous forests. They meet in small groups or singly. They are found under birches, in damp places.

The fiber is similar - a poisonous mushroom. His hat is small - 1-4 centimeters in diameter. Its shape changes from conical to broadly convex. The texture of the cap is fibrous.

Its surface is covered with brown or brown-black scales. The flesh is whitish or yellowish in color with an unpleasant odor. The height of the leg reaches 6 centimeters, and the thickness is up to 0.6 centimeters.

There is a mealy bloom in the upper part of the leg.

Similar fiber is often found in Europe, North America and Asia. These mushrooms grow singly or in small groups. They settle in mixed and coniferous forests.

Effects of poison, signs of poisoning and first aid

Typical signs of muscarine poisoning:

• profuse salivation and sweating;
• increased secretion of gastric juice and bile;
• tremor of the limbs;
• nausea and vomiting;
• diarrhea;
• cutting pain in the abdomen;
• a sharp blue discoloration of the skin against the background of shortness of breath;
• cardiac arrhythmia;
• visual disturbances;
• a sharp drop, up to a state of collapse, in blood pressure.

If you do not take emergency measures, acute fiber poisoning can lead to death due to diastolic cardiac arrest or respiratory failure. If the described symptoms appear and you suspect fiber poisoning, a medical team should be called immediately. Before their arrival, independently carry out detoxification activities:

• a large amount of water, if possible with the addition of potassium permanganate, rinse the stomach;
• take activated carbon or any other sorbent;
• make an enema.

You should not take painkillers, anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic drugs before providing professional medical care, so as not to distort the clinical picture.

The best way to avoid severe fiber poisoning is to remember how they look and not pick mushrooms that fall under their description or are in doubt.

Poisoning and first aid

• In the fruiting bodies (mushrooms) there is a high concentration of the substance muscarin, which belongs to toxins. Its content in Fiber patuillard is 25 times higher than in classic red fly agarics.
• The action of the poison affects the functioning of the autonomic nervous system. When ingested in high doses, muscarine causes death due to the arrest of the heart muscle and the cessation of respiratory function. On average, depending on the weight of a person, a lethal dose will be from 10 to 80 g of fresh fiber pulp.
• The first signs of poisoning appear in the period from 30 minutes to 2 hours after the product is consumed. The victim develops lacrimation, there is a sharp drop in pressure and pulse. Further breathing is disturbed, profuse diarrhea and vomiting begin. The patient's condition deteriorates sharply as the symptoms increase.If you suspect poisoning, you need to urgently call an ambulance, and before that, provide first aid.
• Before the arrival of the doctors, if possible, they wash the victim's stomach. He also needs to drink crushed activated carbon, dissolved in water, or another fast-acting sorbent, which, even in small doses, is not absorbed by the body. Inducing vomiting is necessary only if it is known that a poisonous mushroom has been eaten, but the symptoms of poisoning have not yet appeared. Without medical assistance, the risk of death of the victim is very high.
• Poisonous mushrooms are often similar to edible ones. A careful study of its features will allow you to avoid poisoning with the Fiber Catouillard. A novice mushroom picker should not put dubious specimens in the basket, but rather go on a quiet hunt accompanied by a knowledgeable companion.

Taxonomy

Synonyms

• Agaricus aurivenius Batsch, 1786
• Agaricus curreyi Berk., 1860
• Agaricus fastigiatus Schaeff., 1774
• Agaricus injunctus Britzelm., 1883
• Agaricus perlatus Cooke, 1886
• Agaricus rimosus Bull., 1789: Fr., 1821basionym
• Agaricus schistus Cooke & W.G.Sm., 1886
• Agaricus servatus Britzelm., 1885
• Gymnopus rimosus (Bull.) Gray, 1821
• Inocybe aurivenia (Batsch) Bres., 1930
• Inocybe brunnea Quél., 1880
• Inocybe conica P. Larsen, 1931
• Inocybe curreyi (Berk.) Sacc., 1887
• Inocybe fastigiata (Schaeff.) Quél., 1872
• Inocybe fastigiata f. umbrinella (Bres.) Nespiak, 1990
• Inocybe fastigiata subsp. umbrinella (Bres.) Dermek & J. Veselský, 1977
• Inocybe fastigiata var. umbrinella (Bres.) R. Heim, 1931
• Inocybe holoxantha Grund & D.E. Stuntz, 1981
• Inocybe infracta Velen., 1920
• Inocybe laeta Alessio, 1979
• Inocybe nana F.H. Møller, 1945
• Inocybe obsoleta Romagn., 1958
• Inocybe orbata Malençon, 1970
• Inocybe perlata (Cooke) Sacc., 1887
• Inocybe pseudocookei Métrod ex Bon, 1996
• Inocybe pseudofastigiata Rea, 1927
• Inocybe pusilla F.H. Møller, 1945
• Inocybe umbrinella Bres., 1905

The poisonousness of the earthen fiber

Earthen fiber is a deadly poisonous fungus, it is especially dangerous. These mushrooms contain muscarine. The concentration of muscarine in the fiber is an order of magnitude higher than in the deadly poisonous white toadstools.

In addition, there is a strong alkaloid in the earthen fibers - psilobicin, which is characteristic of some species of poisonous fly agaric. And in terms of the concentration of muscarine, the fiber is also ahead of the fly agaric.

Characteristic signs of poisoning with earthen fiber

Signs of poisoning appear within the first hour after eating fiber. A person has severe abdominal pains, incessant vomiting, diarrhea, fever opens. If you immediately hospitalize and provide immediate medical assistance, then on the second day the victim's condition improves.

Similar species

A subspecies of earthy white fiber can be confused with pure mycene. Earthen fiber has no similarity with edible or conditionally edible species. Due to the smell, color of the cap, straight stem without thickening, it can be determined that this is a poisonous mushroom, in addition, very dangerous, which poses a threat not only to health, but also to human life.

Taxonomy [| code]

Synonyms | code

• Agaricus aurivenius Batsch, 1786
• Agaricus curreyi Berk., 1860
• Agaricus fastigiatus Schaeff., 1774
• Agaricus injunctus Britzelm., 1883
• Agaricus perlatus Cooke, 1886
• Agaricus rimosus Bull., 1789: Fr., 1821basionym
• Agaricus schistus Cooke & W.G.Sm., 1886
• Agaricus servatus Britzelm., 1885
• Gymnopus rimosus (Bull.) Gray, 1821
• Inocybe aurivenia (Batsch) Bres., 1930
• Inocybe brunnea Quél., 1880
• Inocybe conica P. Larsen, 1931
• Inocybe curreyi (Berk.) Sacc., 1887
• Inocybe fastigiata (Schaeff.) Quél., 1872
• Inocybe fastigiata f. umbrinella (Bres.) Nespiak, 1990
• Inocybe fastigiata subsp. umbrinella (Bres.) Dermek & J. Veselský, 1977
• Inocybe fastigiata var. umbrinella (Bres.) R. Heim, 1931
• Inocybe holoxantha Grund & D.E. Stuntz, 1981
• Inocybe infracta Velen., 1920
• Inocybe laeta Alessio, 1979
• Inocybe nana F.H. Møller, 1945
• Inocybe obsoleta Romagn., 1958
• Inocybe orbata Malençon, 1970
• Inocybe perlata (Cooke) Sacc., 1887
• Inocybe pseudocookei Métrod ex Bon, 1996
• Inocybe pseudofastigiata Rea, 1927
• Inocybe pusilla F.H. Møller, 1945
• Inocybe umbrinella Bres., 1905

Types of fiberglass

Consider the varieties of fiberglass.

Fiber Patuillard

This is the most dangerous type of fiber. Patuillara's hat is 3-9 centimeters in diameter, off-white or greyish, becoming reddish or off-orange over time. At first, its shape is conical, over time it becomes flat, however, a tubercle is expressed in the center. The surface of the hat is glossy, uniform, with a glossy sheen.

The pulp does not have a characteristic mushroom aroma, it tastes like black pepper, white. When pressed, it changes its shade to brick. The leg is 6-10 centimeters, the diameter is up to 1.5 centimeters. The color is the same as the hat. Has a cylinder-like shape.

Torn fiber

This variety stands out for its miniature size - the hat resembles a bell shape, with a diameter of 2 to 5 centimeters. At the top, it is strewn with small scales, covering the entire palette of brown in color. The edging has a non-uniform structure. At the bottom of the cap are discs, whitish at the edges, the rest of the area is brown.

The small cylindrical stem is straight, the texture is scaly, brick-colored. Its flesh has a reddish tint, and the hat is white. The aroma of the pulp is practically not felt, according to the taste characteristics, the torn fiber is at first sweetish, then bitter. Eating is strictly prohibited, as it leads to disastrous consequences. Usually grows in damp forest areas.

Earthen fiber

This type of mushroom is very small - the hat is up to 3 centimeters in diameter. It has a conical shape with a tubercle in the middle. The surface is homogeneous, shiny, fibrous texture. At first, the hat is white, then it acquires a pinkish or lilac hue, sometimes yellow, the edges are cracked.

The leg of the mushroom is 2-5 centimeters long, with a diameter of up to 0.5 centimeters. In young plants, it is dense, becoming hollow over time. The shape of the stem is straight, without changes at the base. The color of the mushroom is white at first, then becomes yellowish or brownish. The pulp of earthen fiber has a slight earthy smell, the texture is fragile, and the taste is unpleasant

This species grows in the European part of the Russian Federation, in the Caucasus, the Far East. Sometimes also found in East Asia, North African and American forests.

Fiber fiber

This type of mushroom is medium in size - a diametrically shaped cap of 5-8 centimeters, a conical shape with an uneven but symmetrical edging, a dirty orange or brownish hue, the surface is strewn with cracks. In the lower part there are serrated plates of brownish or white color. The leg is brownish, straight, thickened at the base, forming a tuber, about 10 centimeters in height, covered with pronounced fibers.

The pulp of fibrous fibrous elastic. At the cap, it has a yellowish tint, at the leg it is brown. In addition to muscarine, this type of mushroom contains another poisonous psychotropic substance - psilocybin. It grows mainly in deciduous and coniferous forest zones.

Fiber bluish green

This is a miniature variety - mushroom caps are no more than 5 centimeters in diameter. The surface is perfectly smooth and glossy. Initially, the shape is conical, in the process of growth it becomes flattened with a pronounced tubercle in the middle. On mature specimens, the edging is cracked. In the lower part there are plates of a brownish shade.

Leg bluish green fiber straight, slightly thickened towards the base, covered with a flour-like bloom, the structure is slightly fibrous.

The flesh of the mushroom in a white hat, has a bluish tint in the stem, which is why the look got its name. The smell of the pulp is soapy. It contains a significant amount of psychotropic components, mainly psilocybin.

Definitioner

Basidia (Basidia)

Lat. Basidia. A specialized structure of sexual reproduction in fungi, inherent only in Basidiomycetes. Basidia are terminal (end) elements of hyphae of various shapes and sizes, on which spores develop exogenously (outside).

Basidia are diverse in structure and method of attachment to hyphae.

According to the position relative to the axis of the hypha, to which they are attached, three types of basidia are distinguished:

Apical basidia are formed from the terminal cell of the hypha and are located parallel to its axis.

Pleurobasidia are formed from lateral processes and are located perpendicular to the axis of the hypha, which continues to grow and can form new processes with basidia.

Subasidia are formed from a lateral process, turned perpendicular to the axis of the hypha, which, after the formation of one basidium, stops its growth.

Based on morphology:

Holobasidia are unicellular basidia, not divided by septa (see Fig.A, G.).

Phragmobasidia are divided by transverse or vertical septa, usually into four cells (see Fig. B, C).

By type of development:

Heterobasidia consists of two parts - hypobasidia and epibasidia developing from it, with or without partitions (see Fig. C, B) (see Fig. D).

Homobasidia is not divided into hypo- and epibasidia and in all cases is considered holobasidia (Fig. A).

Basidia is the place of karyogamy, meiosis and the formation of basidiospores. Homobasidia, as a rule, is not functionally divided, and meiosis follows karyogamy in it. However, basidia can be divided into probasidia - the site of karyogamy and metabasidia - the site of meiosis. Probasidium is often a dormant spore, for example in rust fungi. In such cases, probazidia grows with metabasidia, in which meiosis occurs and on which basidiospores are formed (see Fig. E).

See Karyogamy, Meiosis, Gifa.

Pileipellis

Lat. Pileipellis, skin - differentiated surface layer of the cap of agaricoid basidiomycetes. The structure of the skin in most cases differs from the inner flesh of the cap and may have a different structure. The structural features of pileipellis are often used as diagnostic features in descriptions of fungi species.

According to their structure, they are divided into four main types: cutis, trichoderma, hymeniderma and epithelium.

See Agaricoid fungi, Basidiomycete, Cutis, Trichoderma, Gimeniderm, Epithelium.

Cutis

The type of cap skin, consists of creeping non-gelatinized hyphae located parallel to the surface. The surface of the cap looks smooth.

Lat. Cutis.

See Gifa.

Taxonomy

Synonyms edit code

• Agaricus aurivenius Batsch, 1786
• Agaricus curreyi Berk., 1860
• Agaricus fastigiatus Schaeff., 1774
• Agaricus injunctus Britzelm., 1883
• Agaricus perlatus Cooke, 1886
• Agaricus rimosus Bull., 1789: Fr., 1821basionym
• Agaricus schistus Cooke & W.G.Sm., 1886
• Agaricus servatus Britzelm., 1885
• Gymnopus rimosus (Bull.) Gray, 1821
• Inocybe aurivenia (Batsch) Bres., 1930
• Inocybe brunnea Quél., 1880
• Inocybe conica P. Larsen, 1931
• Inocybe curreyi (Berk.) Sacc., 1887
• Inocybe fastigiata (Schaeff.) Quél., 1872
• Inocybe fastigiata f. umbrinella (Bres.) Nespiak, 1990
• Inocybe fastigiata subsp. umbrinella (Bres.) Dermek & J. Veselský, 1977
• Inocybe fastigiata var. umbrinella (Bres.) R. Heim, 1931
• Inocybe holoxantha Grund & D.E. Stuntz, 1981
• Inocybe infracta Velen., 1920
• Inocybe laeta Alessio, 1979
• Inocybe nana F.H. Møller, 1945
• Inocybe obsoleta Romagn., 1958
• Inocybe orbata Malençon, 1970
• Inocybe perlata (Cooke) Sacc., 1887
• Inocybe pseudocookei Métrod ex Bon, 1996
• Inocybe pseudofastigiata Rea, 1927
• Inocybe pusilla F.H. Møller, 1945
• Inocybe umbrinella Bres., 1905

Torn fiber: edibility, description and photo

Torn fiber (Inocybe lacera) is a poisonous representative that mushroom pickers should not be put in their basket. It grows in the mushroom season, when there are a lot of honey mushrooms, russula, champignons

It is important to distinguish fiber from other lamellar mushrooms that are conditionally edible, otherwise urgent medical attention will be required

What does a torn fiber box look like?

The torn fiber is small in size. Her hat is like a bell with a tubercle in the middle. It is colored in light brown, sometimes with a yellow tint, has a diameter of 1 to 5 cm. With age, the surface of the mushroom darkens, acquiring a brown color, the cap cracks along the edges. A thin cover in the form of a cobweb sometimes hangs from the fiber.

The stem of the mushroom can be either straight or curved, light brown with reddish scales. Its length does not usually exceed 8 cm, and its thickness is 1 cm. Wide brownish plates are spliced ​​with the stem. Spores are orange-brown. The flesh inside is yellowish-white at the cap and reddish at the stem.

Where the torn fiber grows

Broken fiber grows in damp coniferous and deciduous forests, willow and alder thickets. It can be found on the side of forest paths and ditches. She prefers sandy soils and shady secluded spots where good edible mushrooms grow.

Fibers are found both in numerous groups and singly. The fruiting season lasts from July to September.

Is it possible to eat a torn fiber

The mushroom has a mild odor and bitter taste, which at first feels sweet, but not worth eating.The torn fiber is poisonous, its use leads to death, if you do not provide assistance to the victim in time. The mushroom pulp contains a dangerous poison - muscarine in a concentration that is ten times higher than that of a red fly agaric.

The toxicity of the mushroom is not reduced as a result of heat treatment. Toxins are retained after cooking, drying, freezing. One torn fiber, caught in the mushroom harvest, can ruin all preservation or dishes for the everyday table.

Poisoning symptoms

Inexperienced mushroom pickers can confuse fiberglass with honey agarics; cases of poisoning with these mushrooms have been described. It gets very bad after about 20 minutes. after eating the fiber torn for food. A severe headache begins, the pressure rises, the limbs tremble, the skin turns red.

Muscarine, which is found in mushrooms, causes saliva and sweat, severe cramps in the stomach, intestines and other organs. There is a sharp pain in the abdominal cavity, vomiting and diarrhea. The heart rate slows down, the pupils are greatly narrowed, and visual impairment occurs. With a large amount of poison, cardiac arrest occurs.

First aid for poisoning

At the first symptoms of poisoning, you must call an ambulance. Before the arrival of doctors, they try to provoke vomiting in the victim and give an enema to remove the contents of the stomach and intestines. Fortunately, there is an antidote for muscarine - atropine, but doctors will inject it. Before the ambulance arrives, you can use any sorbent - activated carbon, Filtrum or Smecta.

In the hospital, where the victim will be taken, his stomach will be washed with a tube. If symptoms consistent with muscarine poisoning develop, atropine will be administered subcutaneously as an antidote. They will make a dropper to improve the general condition.

If the dose of toxins is small and first aid for poisoning was provided on time, the prognosis of treatment is favorable. The use of inedible mushrooms by children is especially dangerous. They need a much lower dose of muscarine to stop their heart than adults, and help may not come in time.

Conclusion

Torn fiber is a dangerous representative that should not be confused with honey agarics, champignons and other lamellar mushrooms. It contains the deadly poison muscarine, which causes vomiting and diarrhea, severe stomach pain, and cardiac arrest. The victim needs immediate help, since the poison begins to act within 20-25 minutes after eating the torn fiber.

Types of fiberglass

Fiber mushrooms have more than 150 varieties that grow in forests. About 100 species grow on the territory of Russia. Let's consider the main ones:

Earthen fiber

The fungus has spread throughout the European range of Russia and the Caucasus. It is also found in East Asia, North America, and Western Europe.

The toxicity of this representative is due to the high content of muscarine. The mushroom itself is represented in the form of a cap and a leg. The hat grows no more than 3 centimeters in diameter. In young mushrooms, the shape of the cap is conical, which then straightens out. There is a dark tubercle in the center of the cap. The texture of the cap is fibrous and silky to the touch. The color of the skin of the cap in young mushrooms is white, which acquires a purple or yellow tint with the age of the mushroom. The leg size varies from 2 to 5 centimeters with a thickness of no more than half a centimeter. The structure is dense, but becomes hollow with age. The shape of the stem is straight without any thickening. The leg is covered with a characteristic bloom. The color changes from white to brown. The pulp has an earthy odor and an unpleasant taste.

Fiber is sharp

You can meet this representative of Fibers in Eastern Siberia and Europe. Prefers to grow in marshlands or peatlands. An extremely poisonous mushroom.

The cap of the filamentous spine reaches no more than 3.5 centimeters in diameter.It is endowed with a bell-shaped shape, which takes on a flat appearance with the age of the fungus. There is a characteristic tubercle in the center of the cap. The skin color is predominantly brown. The leg varies from 2 to 4 centimeters in height with a width of no more than 0.5 centimeters. The shape is cylindrical. The leg is colored brown with a characteristic mealy bloom. The pulp is white, the shade does not change on the cut.

Fiber Patuillard

A deadly type of fiber. Most common in the Caucasus, as well as in some regions of Europe and Asia. It is found in parks and gardens, as well as in deciduous and mixed forests. It grows, as a rule, on calcareous and clay soils. Can form mycorrhiza with linden and beech.

The appearance of the Patuillard fiber is represented by a cap and a leg. The color of the cap is white, but there are also gray species. Ripe mushrooms change color to red or brown. The diameter of the cap ranges from 3 to 9 centimeters. The shape of young mushrooms is canonical, while mature ones are flat. There is a small tubercle in the center. The texture of the hat is silky. The stem of the mushroom varies from 4 to 10 centimeters in height with a width of no more than 1.5 centimeters. The color is similar to the hat, it differs only in lighter shades. The shape of the leg is cylindrical with a thickening towards the base. The pulp does not have a special smell, but it has a peppery taste. The color of the pulp is white, but on the cut, the color becomes red.

Fiber reddening

This species has spread in many coniferous and deciduous forests. 10 grams of this mushroom is enough to get an extremely dangerous poisoning.

The diameter of the cap varies from 6 to 9 centimeters. The shape is bell-shaped, which then evens out with increasing age of the fungus. There is a characteristic hill in the center. The skin of the cap is colored white, which then takes on a red or yellow tint. The leg reaches a height of up to 7 centimeters with a thickness of 0.5 centimeters. The texture is dense. The color is similar to the hat.

Whitening fiber

Quite a rare species of Fibers, which is found in the pine or coniferous forests of Kazakhstan. It grows, as a rule, in large groups. Poisonous.

The appearance is represented by a head and a leg. A hat with a diameter ranging from 1.5 to 6 centimeters. Conical or convex shape. There is a whitish bump in the center. The leg can reach a height of 3 to 10 centimeters with a thickness of no more than 0.7 centimeters. The shape is cylindrical. The color is white with a pink tint. Covered with a characteristic mealy bloom. The flesh of the mushroom is white with a fragile texture. The taste and smell are pleasant.

Description of the green fiber

The diameter of the green fiber cap is 2.5-9 centimeters. At first, the shape of the cap is rounded-bell-shaped, while its edges are wrapped inward, after which it becomes convex-outstretched with a central tubercle of an acute or obtuse shape.

The surface of the cap is felt-fibrous, scaly, cracking. The color of the cap is gray-green, olive green or dark brown, and the edges are nutty brown, usually with darker scales.

The color of the plates is at first gray-cream or whitish, but over time they become reddish-brown, sometimes their edges are white. When damaged, the plates turn slightly red. In the tubercle of the cap, the flesh is whitish, and at the base it is bluish-green. When cut, the flesh may turn pink. The pulp has a pleasant fruity aroma.

The leg is 2.5-10 centimeters long and 0.5-1 centimeters wide. The leg is cylindrical or thickened towards the base. The leg is fibrous, at first it is whitish, then in the lower part it becomes grayish-buffy with greenish spots, and in the upper part of the leg there is a flocculent hairy bloom.

Spores are ellipsoidal, unequal, light brown in color. Spore powder of brown or yellowish-brown color.

Places of growth of green fiber

These mushrooms form mycorrhiza with beech, oak and spruce. They grow in deciduous, mixed and coniferous forests.In our country, they are distributed throughout the temperate forest zone, giving preference to the south. They are often found along the edges of the roads.

Fruiting occurs in July-October. They grow on the ground singly or in groups.

Fiber fiber: description and photo

Fiber is a fairly large family of lamellar mushrooms, representatives of which are found in many regions of the world. For example, fibrous fiber grows in almost all regions of Russia. This mushroom is highly poisonous, so every lover of a quiet hunt needs to know it and be able to distinguish it from similar edible species.

What does fibrous fiber look like?

The fibrous fiber rarely grows to a significant size. The diameter of the mushroom cap is usually about 3-5 cm, sometimes it can increase to 7-8 cm. The shape is bell-shaped, with drooping edges and a convex central part, with numerous longitudinal-radial cracks, often the edges are torn. The color of the cap is straw yellow, the central part is dark, brown, lighter along the edges. On the reverse side there are numerous mushroom plates. In young specimens, they are white, with age they become greenish-yellow or olive, and later brown.

Fibrous fiber poses a serious danger to humans

The leg is cylindrical, solid, even, up to 10 cm long and up to 1 cm thick, has a longitudinal fibrous structure. At a young age, it is white, later it becomes the same color as the hat. In the upper part, there is a mealy bloom; closer to the base, small flakes-scales appear on its surface. The flesh of the mushroom is white, does not change color at the break.

Where does fibrous fiber grow

In addition to Russia, fibrous fiber is found in North America, in some regions of South America, and also in North Africa. On the territory of Eurasia, it can be found everywhere. It grows from mid-summer to late autumn and is found in all types of forests.

Is it possible to eat fibrous fiber

You cannot eat fibrous fiber in food. The pulp of this mushroom contains muscarine, the same poisonous substance found in the red fly agaric. At the same time, its concentration in the tissues of the fibrous fiber is about 20 times higher. When it enters the body, the poison acts on the digestive organs and the nervous system, causing their toxic damage, which in some cases can be fatal.

Poisoning symptoms

The first signs of fiber poisoning may appear within half an hour after the fungus enters the human body. Here are the main symptoms that indicate muscarine may have entered the body:

1. Upset stomach, diarrhea, vomiting, often bloody.
2. Profuse salivation.
3. Sweating.
4. Convulsions, trembling limbs.
5. Constriction of the pupils.
6. Heart rhythm disorders.
7. Incoherent speech, wandering eyes.

In severe cases, pulmonary edema and respiratory paralysis can occur, which can be fatal.

Eating fibrous fiber is deadly

First aid for poisoning

At the first suspicion of fiber poisoning, it is necessary to immediately deliver the victim to the nearest hospital or call an ambulance. Before the arrival of doctors, it is necessary to take measures to reduce the toxic effects of fungi on the victim's body. To get rid of food debris in the stomach, you will have to flush it, letting the victim drink a large amount of slightly salted water, and then induce vomiting.And you should also limit his physical activity, put him to bed and warm him up.

If you suspect poisoning, you must urgently call an ambulance

To reduce the absorption of toxic substances in the stomach, it is necessary to give the poisoned person any enterosorbent, for example, activated carbon. Its amount is taken at the rate of 1 tablet per 10 kg of human weight. You can use other drugs, for example, Polysorb-MP, Enterosgel or similar.

Conclusion

Fibrous fiber is a dangerous poisonous mushroom. At a young age, it is sometimes confused with ryadovki and champignons, however, upon closer examination, you can always notice certain differences between them. When picking mushrooms, you should never rush and take everything, even if the harvest is better, it will be less, but guaranteed safe.