Fungus mushroom and its subspecies

White rogue

1. Such a fruiting body has a leg up to 12 cm high. At the same time, its thickness cannot exceed 2 cm. Inside it is not hollow, there are fibers and pulp. The color is completely white. The leg has a dense structure.
2. The cap of such specimens grows up to 13 cm in diameter. At the same time, it is slightly fleshy and brittle in structure. In young fruiting bodies, the cap has the shape of a hemisphere. With age, it gradually opens up.
3. The structure of the cap is fibrous and silky to the touch. The color is white, there are small scales on the surface. Young mushrooms have infrequent white plates. As for the pulp, it is soft and whitish. If the fruit is cut open, the color will not change. The aroma is practically absent.

Fruit bodies are edible, but do not forget that such mushrooms are not famous for their high taste. When collecting these specimens, be careful not to confuse them with similar species and siblings.

Description

The cap is 3-6 (8) cm in diameter, from bell-shaped to flat-convex, with a small wide tubercle and a jagged, striped translucent edge. The surface near the edge is bare, towards the center velvety, finely scaly, its color is described as egg-yellow or golden-yellow to honey, brownish-yellow, darker in the center.

loose, wide, frequent, at first whitish-yellowish, then pink, with a whitish edge. There are plates.

Leg 4-7 × 0.3-1 cm, central or eccentric, cylindrical, thickened at the base, dense. The surface is smooth, whitish, yellowish to the base, golden fibrous.

The pulp is white, does not change on the cut, lemon-yellow under the skin of the cap, the taste and smell are not expressed.

There are no remains of bedspreads.

Spore powder pink. Spores 6-7 × 5-6 µm, smooth, from almost spherical to ovoid.

Basidia are tetrasporous, clavate, thin-walled, colorless, 20-30 × 8-10 µm in size.

Cheilocystids bottle-shaped, thin-walled, sometimes with an apical appendage, colorless, 60-100 (110) × 20-30 µm. Pleurocystids of various shapes: fusiform, clavate or bottle-shaped, with an apical appendage and 1–3 hook-shaped processes or without them, colorless, thin-walled, 30–70 × 10–25 µm.

The hyphae are thin-walled, without buckles, in the skin the caps are 8-22 µm wide, fusiform, contain yellow pigment, in the integument the legs are colorless, 5-7 µm wide.

Description of the white spit.

Young hats fruiting bodies have kind of bells or convex-outstretched shape. Their diameters are 4-8 centimeters. In the central part, a pronounced dry tubercle is most often noticeable. The surface of the cap at a young age is off-white, and in the process of maturity it becomes beige or brown. The flesh in the cap is extremely thin, in fact, it is present only in the center, in the region of the tubercle. The pulp does not have a special taste, but there is a characteristic rare smell.

On the underside of the cap there are quite wide, free plates. Young fruit bodies have white plates, and when the mushrooms ripen, spores appear, which stain the plates pinkish. The color of the spore powder is pink.

The stem is almost even, cylindrical in shape, at its base there is a distinct tuberous thickening. Its height reaches 10 centimeters, and the girth does not exceed 1 centimeter. Sometimes, depending on the place where the fungus grows, the leg can be curved. The surface of the leg is grayish, there are gray scales against the main background, but they are less dense than that of deer spit. It is solid inside. The pulp in the leg is brittle, fibrous, white in color.

Places of growth of white spit.

White spines bear fruit throughout the summer until the end of September. This type of fungus settles on the remains of deciduous trees. They often grow in beech forests, and are found in linden forests.

Evaluation of the edibility of white spit.

White cod is eaten, like all other representatives of this genus. It is an edible mushroom. The fruit bodies of white spitters are completely tasteless, so they are excellent raw materials for culinary experiments. This species has no particular nutritional value.

The similarity of white spit with other species.

It can be noted that the Plyutei genus is quite numerous and mysterious. It should be studied only in dry years, when there are no other fungi besides the spit. It is possible to distinguish white cakes from other varieties by their small size and light color.

Reindeer plyutey and white plyutey are combined in some sources, or rather white is considered a kind of deer. But the size of the deer spit is larger. The reindeer whip has a convex hat at first, and then a flat hat. Its surface is smooth, brownish or gray-brown in color. The leg is also smooth, the same color as the cap. The pulp has a smell reminiscent of a radish, its color is white.

Reindeer spits bear fruit from May to October. These are edible mushrooms. They grow on soil, dead wood and stumps.

The willow spit also has an external resemblance to the white spit. His hat is thick-fleshed, its shape is bell-shaped at first, and later becomes flat-spread. Its surface is fibrous-wrinkled, shiny, ash-gray, with a brownish-pink tint. The leg is cylindrical, it can be swollen at the base. The color of the leg is blue-white. The pulp has a pleasant aniseed smell and sour taste. The color of the pulp is gray-white, and it turns green when cut.

Willow roach can settle on the remains of willow, poplar, alder, beech, oak. They grow in forests and parks. Fruiting from June to October.

Noble rogue

1. Such fruiting bodies belong to the group of inedible mushrooms. As for the fruiting period, specimens are found in forests from mid-summer to mid-autumn. The noble spit has a white cap.
2. In rare cases, it is colored gray or slightly yellowish. The edges are lowered and at the same time they are even. The leg is light in color. Among other things, in some fruiting bodies, it may have a brownish coating.
3. Such a mushroom can be found in the forests of the Russian Federation. As mentioned earlier, the hat of these specimens is brown or grayish. In addition, in more mature mushrooms, its edges begin to bulge up.
4. The legs of the specimens are polished and light-colored. As for the plates, they are not located close to each other. They are gray in color. The fungus has a twin called a scaly spit. However, the latter has a smaller size. The scales are much more pronounced.

Types of mushroom plyutei

Deer roach (Pluteus cervinus)

Also known as deer mushroom. Medium to large size, with a cap diameter of 4-10 cm, sometimes up to 20 cm.The surface is smooth, silky, fibrous, cracks in mature mushrooms, becomes dry or slightly mucous, gray or grayish brown, sometimes the color changes from fawn to dark brown and black. The length of the leg reaches 15 cm, the shape is cylindrical, curved, swollen at the base, the structure is dense, solid, the color is white or whitish-gray.

Deer roach is a cosmopolitan mushroom that is found all over the world, growing on the wood of deciduous and coniferous trees.

Edible mushroom.

White corkscrew (Pluteus pellitus)

The cap is 3-5 cm in diameter, finely fleshy, with a tubercle in the center, the edge is torn, lobed. The surface is smooth, whitish in color, gradually acquires a grayish, grayish-brown or bluish color in the center, covered with pink or brown fibers. The length of the leg is up to 6 cm, its surface is shiny, fibrous.

Distributed in Eurasia from Western Europe to Western Siberia, and in northern Africa, a rare species. Grows on beech wood.

Little known edible mushroom.

Pluteus lion-yellow (Pluteus leoninus)

The cap is up to 8 cm in diameter, the shape is bell-shaped or flat-convex, there is a tubercle in the center, the edge is serrated. The surface is bare along the edge, velvety in the center, finely scaly, bright yellow, dark in the center.The leg is up to 7 cm long, about 1 cm in diameter, smooth, white with a yellow base.

The species is widespread in Eurasia, in northern Africa, where it grows in oak and beech forests, and is rare.

Edible mushroom.

Umber roast (Pluteus umbrosus)

The mushroom is medium in size, with a cap diameter of up to 10 cm. The cap is tomentose, wrinkled, whitish or dark brown, the edge is serrated, fibrous. Leg up to 10 cm in length, whitish or brownish, longitudinally fibrous, scaly.

The species grows in Eurasia and North America, on the wood of deciduous trees, a rare species.

Conditionally edible mushroom, as its pulp is bitter, but during boiling the bitterness disappears.

Poisonous and inedible species of mushroom plyuch

Plutey noble (Pluteus petasatus)

The cap reaches 15 cm in diameter. Its color is light, from whitish to ocher, the surface is silky, shiny, dry, rarely slimy, in the center it is covered with small brownish scales.

The species is found in Eurasia from Western Europe to the Far East, as well as in North America, but it is a rare species and is included in the Red Data Books of the Yaroslavl and Arkhangelsk regions of Russia. Grows in deciduous and mixed forests on beech, oak, poplar wood.

Inedible mushroom.

Scaly corkscrew (Pluteus ephebeus)

The mushroom is medium in size, the diameter of the cap is about 9 cm, the leg is 10 cm long. The surface of the cap is fibrous, grayish-brown, covered with scales in the center, cracking. The stem is whitish, shiny, smooth, with grooves.

Rare view. Grows on the wood of deciduous trees, distributed in Eurasia and North Africa.

Inedible mushroom.

Dwarf clown (Pluteus nanus)

The hat does not exceed 5 cm in diameter, the surface is velvety, wrinkled, brownish or chestnut-brown in color with a green tint, covered with a coating. Leg up to 5 cm long, light, with a yellowish or brown tint, smooth, shiny, fibrous.

The species is common in deciduous forests of Eurasia and North America.

Inedible mushroom.

Willow roach (Pluteus salicinus)

The diameter of the cap is up to 7 cm, the structure is thick-fleshed, the shape is from bell-shaped to flat-spread, with a tubercle. The edge is finely fleshy. The surface is shiny, wrinkled, covered with scales in the center, grayish or ash-gray with a bluish or pinkish-brown tint, darker in the center. Leg up to 12 cm long, shiny, bluish or grayish-olive.

Grows on wood of willow, alder, poplar, oak, beech. Found in Eurasia, North Africa and North America, a rare species.

Hallucinogenic mushroom.

In addition, there are genera of mushrooms with fruiting bodies similar to spits. One of them is entoloma, for which poisonous species are known. These mushrooms are distinguished by the fact that their plates are either narrowly adherent or creeping down, but they are never free, like that of a spit.

In the Rhodocybe fungi of the entolomaceae family, the plates are adherent and descending, the cap is with a depression in the center, and their spores are ornamented.

The clitopils have a depression on the cap, the plates are descending, the spores are striped.

Edible mushrooms, berries, herbs

Deer roach (Pluteus cervinus)

The reindeer roach also has such names as brown roach, dark fibrous roach, and deer mushroom. From May to October, it can be found in deciduous forests (especially where there is a birch or oak) growing on felled decaying wood, dead wood or stumps. It is found quite often in small groups.

The hat is 5 to 12-15 cm in diameter. It is bell-shaped at first, then convex-outstretched. In this case, it can be both lumpy and without a tubercle. The edges are weakly tubular. The surface is radially fibrous, smooth; the heart may have scales and is always darker. The color varies from gray-brown, chestnut-brown to dark brown-brown. In dry weather, the surface becomes light, discolored, the edges are cracked.

The plates are frequent, wide, free-lying. Young ones are white, later with a pinkish tinge.

The leg is cylindrical in shape, 6-9 cm long and 0.9-1.5 cm in diameter. The base of the leg is slightly widened.The surface is longitudinal fibrous, solid, dense, whitish-grayish in color with longitudinal brown fibers.

The pulp is soft, thin, white, tasteless, has a subtle unpleasant woody odor (some do not have it at all). When cut, the color of the pulp does not change.

Only hats are used for food. Pre-boiling is required for 10-15 minutes. Can be pickled and salted. Due to its low taste and a specific smell (which does not disappear even after cooking), it is rarely used in the preparation of mushroom dishes.

It looks like an edible wide-lamellar udemansiella, from which it differs in pinkish plates and a smell.

Practical value

The genus contains edible species; mushroom pickers are best known for deer roaches (Pluteus cervinus(Pluteus umbrosus), dark-edge rogue (Pluteus atromarginatus). Inedible species include such species as velvety-footed sticks (Pluteus plautus), noble rogue (Pluteus plautus). Some common species in the special literature are characterized as "little-known edible mushrooms", but some authors classify them as inedible - dwarf cod (Pluteus nanus), venous crimson (Pluteus phlebophorus). In many species, nutritional or toxic properties have not been studied and are considered inedible.

For several species, the possibility of medicinal use is being studied. In experiments on mice, it was found that the extract of polysaccharides from deer spit suppresses the growth of malignant tumors, anti-cancer and immunostimulating effects were found in dwarf spit, lion-yellow (Pluteus leoninus), orange-wrinkled (Pluteus aurantiorugosus).

A small number of poisonous (hallucinogenic) representatives are known to contain psilocybin. In Central Africa, a mushroom little known to science with a pungent odor and bitter taste is used by the Banza and Eala peoples, the local names of the mushroom, respectively, abanda and Losulu... It has been described as a species of stag spit called Pluteus cervinus var. ealaensis Beeli 1928, detailed information about it in the literature was absent for a long time. In 2010, a modern description was published and the species was named Pluteus losulu... In the 1980s and 1990s, psilocybin was found in willow spit (Pluteus salicinus), blue (Pluteus cyanopus), P. nigroviridis and P. glaucus.

Description

1. The apex in its diameter ranges within 6 cm maximum. Initially, its format resembles a bell, but then it becomes flat with a smooth convexity. The hat is thin enough and hanging down at the edges. It is matte with some velvety. But it can be smooth and glossy, in the end it all depends on the climatic conditions, the region of growth, as well as the weather conditions at a particular moment.
2. The hat is pigmented in yellow with some brownish patches, although not always. You can often find bright honey representatives with a predominant yellow color. In the central part there is a bump, which has a mesh-type pattern. Ribbed edges, beaded. The plates are quite extensive, are located close to each other, hang freely. They are colored yellow-white, turn pink with old age.
3. The base is thin and long, stretching up to 9 cm in height with a thickness of about 5 mm. Format like a cylinder. Expansion is noted in the lower section, closer to the soil. The leg itself is curved, but it can be flat or twisted. There are fibers on the base, the color is yellow or so. Brown tints or darkening may be seen. The soft part is compacted and whitish, it smells good, the taste is weak. Spores of pinkish pigment.
4. It makes sense to touch upon the edibility of the presented specimens. Despite the fact that this fruit body is considered edible, the taste is not distinct, the mushroom itself is of low quality.Before consumption and further cooking, a 15-minute digestion is carried out, then you can make twists, first / second courses, etc. The mushroom is suitable for drying and salting.

White clue: photo and description

See what the rogue looks like in the photo:

In the photo, White Plyutey

More recently, research by biologists has shown that some subspecies have a small dose of the glucinogenic component. Therefore, the use of such mushrooms for cooking is highly questionable.

There are several subspecies:

• deer;
• White;
• scaly;
• noble;
• willow.

The mushroom can be used for food. Another name is lashes of kuchkovaty. You can meet him in Europe, Japan, China, Primorye and Siberia. Some specimens have been found in the states of the northern part of the African continent.

Main external characteristics:

1. The lower part is up to 12 cm long, its thickness is within 1-2 cm. It is filled with pulp with fibers, white. The leg is smooth and firm. Volvo and ring are undetectable.
2. The upper part is up to 12 cm in diameter, fragile, finely fleshy. On a young mushroom, the cap resembles a half of a sphere, then it opens up, a low blunt tubercle forms. It is fibrous, silky, white, sometimes with scales closer to the center.
3. The plates are high, loose, white or slightly pinkish. But this shade appears in old mushrooms. The young have white plates.
4. The pulp is white, soft. On the cut, it does not change color, without a pronounced odor. Near the cap, its color becomes close to yellow.

The mushroom itself does not have a distinct smell or taste.

Grows in gardens, forest plantations and vegetable gardens. Appears from May to November. On wood residues, on the lawn in places where there was mulching with sawdust, it often grows in mulched beds.

There are no poisonous mushrooms similar to rods without a ring and without a Volvo. But some mushroom pickers talk about similarities with a subspecies from the same Pluteyev family - orange-powerful.

It requires boiling for 15 minutes, which makes the mushroom suitable for further use. White stick can be used in second courses and for pickling.

It is not used in medical practice.

Notes (edit)

1. Malysheva V.F., Malysheva E.F. Higher basidiomycetes of forest and meadow ecosystems of the Zhiguli. - M.-SPb .: KMK, 2008. - 242 p. - ISBN 978-5-87317-562-8.
2. ↑ Vasilyeva L.N. Agaric cap mushrooms (por. Agaricales) of Primorsky Territory. - L.: Nauka, 1973 .-- P. 165.
3. ↑ R. Singer. The Agaricales in modern taxonomy. - Koenigstein: Koeltz Sci. Books, 1986.
4. ↑ .
5. ↑
6. ↑, p. eight.
7. ↑, p. 42.
8. , with. 7.
9. ↑ Belyakova G.A., Dyakov Yu.T., Tarasov K.L. Botany: in 4 volumes. - M.: Academy, 2006. - T. 1. Algae and mushrooms. - S. 293 .-- ISBN 5-7659-2731-5.
10. , p. 15.
11. , with. nine.
12. , with. 40.
13. Leontyev D.V., Akulov O. Yu. Zagalnaya mіkologіya: Pidruchnik for vishnyh navchalnye pawns. - Kharkiv: Osnova, 2007 .-- S. 208 .-- ISBN 978-966-495-040-1. (Ukrainian) (General mycology: Textbook for higher educational institutions).
14. Andreas Vesper. (German) (12.09.2003). Retrieved March 17, 2011.
15. ↑, p. eleven.
16. , with. 74.
17. ↑, p. 44.
18. , with. 59, 81.
19. Serzhanina G.I. Hat mushrooms of Belarus. Determinant and synopsis of flora. - Mn.: Science and technology, 1984. - S. 290-291.
20. , with. 5.
21. (01.23.2008). Date of treatment April 1, 2011.
22. , with. 4.
23. ↑ Ott J. Pharmacotheon. Entheogenic drugs, their plant sources and history. - Kennewick, Wa, 1996. - P. 310. - ISBN 0-9614234-9-8.
24. ↑, p. 9-10.
25. , p. 1.
26. ↑, p. 2.
27. ↑, p. 42-44.
28. , with. 46-48.
29. , with. 45-46.
30. , with. 53-55.
31. , with. 52-53.
32. , p. eighteen.
33. , with. 65-67.
34. , with. 67-69.
35. , with. 62-63.
36. , with. 84-85.

Places of growth of heap spit.

This type of spit can be found in forests mixed with birch, in deciduous forests and in conifers. Lion-yellow spit settles on rotting stumps, dead wood and wood buried in the soil.

Fruiting of lion spits is observed from mid-June to mid-September. These mushrooms bear fruit annually, but are rare. They grow only one at a time.

Evaluation of the edibility of the lion's spit.

The heapy roach is a little-known mushroom, but you can eat it. The taste of the lion-yellow spit is low. These mushrooms need to be boiled for about 15 minutes, and then they can be salted. Heap spits are also suitable for drying.

The twins of the lion-yellow spit.

There are quite a few medium-sized sputies with yellow caps in the family, which can be confused with lion-yellow spits.The most similar is the golden-colored rods and the orange-wrinkled rods.

The golden spit is larger in comparison with the lion's spit. His cap is lighter in color, without a noticeable tubercle, and the leg is whitish in color. The hat is thin-fleshy, conical or convex-outstretched, with a smooth surface. The smell and taste of the pulp are not expressed. The color of the pulp is yellow-gray.

Fruiting with a golden-colored roach from June to October. It settles most often on rotten elm, less often on beech, poplar, ash and oak. This type of mushroom is rare.

The orange-wrinkled rogue, in comparison with the lion's spit, has a thicker curved yellow leg. And his hat is red-pinkish or red-orange. The shape of the cap is semi-circular or broad-conical. There is a wrinkled tubercle on the surface. The pulp is bitter, without a pronounced odor. In the hat, the color of the pulp is white, and in the leg, its color is bright yellow.

Orange-wrinkled spines grow on the remains of wood and stumps, choosing poplar, elm, ash and maple. Rarely settles on live rotten tree trunks. This type of spit is rare. Fruiting is observed from July to October.

Definitioner

Basidia (Basidia)

Lat. Basidia. A specialized structure of sexual reproduction in fungi, inherent only in Basidiomycetes. Basidia are terminal (end) elements of hyphae of various shapes and sizes, on which spores develop exogenously (outside).

Basidia are diverse in structure and method of attachment to hyphae.

According to the position relative to the axis of the hypha, to which they are attached, three types of basidia are distinguished:

Apical basidia are formed from the terminal cell of the hypha and are located parallel to its axis.

Pleurobasidia are formed from lateral processes and are located perpendicular to the axis of the hypha, which continues to grow and can form new processes with basidia.

Subasidia are formed from a lateral process, turned perpendicular to the axis of the hypha, which, after the formation of one basidium, stops its growth.

Based on morphology:

Holobasidia - unicellular basidia, not divided by septa (see Fig. A, D.).

Phragmobasidia are divided by transverse or vertical septa, usually into four cells (see Fig. B, C).

By type of development:

Heterobasidia consists of two parts - hypobasidia and epibasidia developing from it, with or without partitions (see Fig. C, B) (see Fig. D).

Homobasidia is not divided into hypo- and epibasidia and in all cases is considered holobasidia (Fig. A).

Basidia is the place of karyogamy, meiosis and the formation of basidiospores. Homobasidia, as a rule, is not functionally divided, and meiosis follows karyogamy in it. However, basidia can be divided into probasidia - the site of karyogamy and metabasidia - the site of meiosis. Probasidium is often a dormant spore, for example in rust fungi. In such cases, probazidia grows with metabasidia, in which meiosis occurs and on which basidiospores are formed (see Fig. E).

See Karyogamy, Meiosis, Gifa.

Pileipellis

Lat. Pileipellis, skin - differentiated surface layer of the cap of agaricoid basidiomycetes. The structure of the skin in most cases differs from the inner flesh of the cap and may have a different structure. The structural features of pileipellis are often used as diagnostic features in descriptions of fungi species.

According to their structure, they are divided into four main types: cutis, trichoderma, hymeniderma and epithelium.

See Agaricoid fungi, Basidiomycete, Cutis, Trichoderma, Gimeniderm, Epithelium.

Hymeniderm

The type of cap skin, consists of non-septic elements located more or less perpendicular to the surface and laid on the same level, resembling the hymenial layer.

Lat. Hymeniderm.

It is subdivided into trichogymenidermis, eugymenidermis, epithelioid hymenidermis.

There is also a transitional structure of the skin from the hymenidermis to the epithelium.(A mixture of rounded cells, characteristic of the epithelium, but located in one layer, and pear-shaped cells, characteristic of hymenidermis, lying at the same level.)

See Gymnial layer, Trichogymenidermis, Eugymenidermis, Epithelioid hymenidermis, Epithelium, Septa.

Description of the mushroom

The Latin name of the species is Pluteus cervinus. In Russian it is called "deer mushroom". He is a representative of the Plutey genus of the Plutey family.

Hat

The mushroom has a bell-shaped head with a small convex lens in the center. The color is usually brown to gray or nearly black. On the caps of old specimens, narrow light and dark veins may appear (a consequence of a partial rupture of the upper colored layer of the skin). The color blends smoothly from the white edges to the dark center. Sizes range from 5 to 25 centimeters.

The hat is smooth, dry and silky. However, it is sticky when wet, and becomes rough in bright sunlight and can fade badly.

Hymenophore

It is called the lower part of the cap, it is a fragile thick plate, spaced from the leg at a short distance. Their color depends on the age. In very young mushrooms, they are white, in old ones - almost brown. The change in the color of the hymenophore in the deer's spit occurs due to the gradual maturation of the spores in the plates.

Cut pulp

The flesh of the mushroom is creamy, white or grayish in color. In the area of ​​the cap, it is quite fragile and, on the contrary, strong and fibrous in the stem. When cut, the color of the flesh does not change. It has almost no taste, however, some note sweetish milky notes.

Leg

It can reach 15–17 cm in length and about two centimeters in diameter. The outer layer of the peduncle is light, sometimes gray with brown or brownish veins, darkening towards the base. The pattern of longitudinal lines is sometimes superimposed on each other, forming a complex mesh with diamond-shaped cells.

The leg has a cylindrical shape, often widens downward, and then narrows again, forming a kind of mace. It can be deformed and rather strongly bent if the fungus encounters an obstacle in the process of growth. Also, the leg is quite easily separated, which makes it easier for forest dwellers to eat the fruit. In particular, reindeer are very fond of the rookies, for which, according to one version, it got its name.

A bit of history

This mushroom has been little studied, moreover, it is extremely difficult to determine who first discovered it. It is only known that the reindeer whip belongs to an extremely widespread species and is found on all continents, except for the territories beyond the Arctic Circle.

The first information about the Pluteyevs was published in South America in 1958 by Rolf Singer. In Russia, however, research has hardly been carried out. Only in the 70s of the last century, the Soviet mycologist Vasilyeva wrote an essay about twenty-one species of this family. Further, in the 2000s, more than fifty different representatives of the Pluteevs were found within the Russian Federation. The total number of species and subspecies, according to various estimates, ranges from 140 to 300.