Warty puffin (scleroderma verrucosum)

Synonyms [edit]

According to the classification of E. Larsson and M. Yeppson, based on molecular phylogenetic studies in 2008, field vascellum is included in the subgenus Vascellum as part of the genus Lycoperdon... According to the 10th edition of the Dictionary of Mushrooms, genus Vascellum included in synonymy Lycoperdon.

• Bovista queletii (Schulzer) De Toni, 1888
• Calvatia depressa (Bonord.) Z. Moravec, 1954
• Globaria queletii Schulzer, 1885
• Lycoperdon caelatum Fr., 1829
• Lycoperdon depressum Bonord., 1857
• Lycoperdon gemmatum var. pratense (Pers.) J. Schröt., 1889
• Lycoperdon hyemale Bull., 1781
• Lycoperdon kalchbrenneri De Toni, 1888
• Lycoperdon natalense Cooke & Massee, 1887
• Lycoperdon vitellinum Fr., 1817
• Utraria pratensis (Pers.) Quél., 1873
• Vascellum depressum (Bonord.) F.Šmarda, 1958
• Vascellum pratense (Pers.) Kreisel, 1962

Edibility, description and photo of Artomyces porciniiform

Mycologists call box clavicoron also Clavicorona prynociform or Artomyces pryniform (in Latin Clavicorona pyxidata or Artomyces pyxidatus), and it is popularly known as "deer horns".

A cute, coral-like mushroom, Artomyces porciformis is very common in our country and in the world. It looks like a colony of individual fungi growing vertically, although in fact it is a single fruiting body. It's just very ramified. Each branch up to 1 cm thick, up to 3 cm long, re-branched, forming 4-6 processes, each of which ends in four teeth forming a crown (hence the second Latin name for the mushroom). The size of the fruit bodies of arthomyces is very different, from very small, 4x2 cm, to large, 20x15 cm.

The color of the fruit bodies ranges from whitish-yellowish to pinkish and brownish. "Crowns" the same color as the body, or slightly darker. The leg is missing or very short.

It seems that arthomyces is a very fragile mushroom. But this is not the case. The pulp of the mushroom is white, it is not fragile at all. On the contrary, elastic and tough. The smell is very subtle, earthy. The pulp tastes soft at first, and then gives a sharp, scalding taste, according to many, reminiscent of black pepper.

Admire the Clavicorona Cryotus in the places where it grows:

The existence of this species, at least for now, is not threatened. Perhaps this is due to the fact that scientists and culinary specialists cannot decide in any way whether it is edible. In different reference books, it is classified into different categories, from inedible (solely due to the hardness of the pulp) to edible. This type of mushroom does not relate to poisonous, although there is information about digestive disorders in people who have eaten this beautiful mushroom. Most researchers are inclined to the conditional edibility of this mushroom - it can be eaten if it is processed in a predetermined way. By the way, in the literature there is information that boiling enhances the sharpness of the taste of Artomyces pryniformis. But, since there is no dispute about tastes, some people like the taste of clavicorona so much that they come up with salads with it.

Characteristics of individual species

All raincoats have peculiar fruiting bodies, not similar to the appearance of other mushrooms. Their bodies are, as it were, closed in an oval, pear-shaped, spherical, capitate shape with a cylindrical leg. I have an association with an egg in a shell or "a pig in a poke" (just kidding!).

Depending on the type, it has different weights and dimensions.

Pearl raincoat Lycoperdon perlatum, real or prickly, warty.

The nicest and cutest. Often found in coniferous and less often deciduous forests, on soil, rotten wood. He loves moisture, so he is found near swamps, but closer to the forest edge. The cap of the mushroom without separation by anything smoothly turns into a thick cylindrical stem. The height of the pearl is up to 15 cm, but this is rare. The diameter and height of the head are up to 4 cm. Basically, the dimensions are more modest, two to three times. Near our swamp, I found just large raincoats, only two, very dense and resilient. They often grow in small groups. Growth time from early July to late September.

The whole body of the pearl slicker is covered with a shell, outside of which there are spines or warts.When touched with a hand, they easily crumble.

The shell and flesh (gleb) of the young mushroom are pure white, like the thorns. (see photo):

With age, the color changes to olive, the fruiting body dries out, and the spore powder ripens in the head. The shell of the raincoat grows decrepit, and a hole forms at the top of the cap; through it, a huge number of disputes are released. The effect of this release is similar to brown smoke, hence the "tobacco" names for the mushroom.

Pear-shaped raincoat.

It grows especially in old clearings, at the bases of stumps and trunks of dead trees in any forests, in large groups, especially after heavy rains.

The fruiting body is pear-shaped, ovoid, there is a barely noticeable false stem below. Height up to 5 cm, maximum diameter - 5 cm. The shell is white or grayish, easy to clean, like the shell of a boiled egg. Like a pearl, but smaller, covered with thorns. When the mushroom matures, its surface becomes smooth and reticulate, as if it could crack like dry.

The process of spore formation is similar to that described above.

Giant raincoat or bighead (round, oblong)

The size of the gleba (pulp) is up to half a meter in diameter, often flattened. Prefers deciduous forests, but more willingly settles on abandoned pastures and fields. Therefore, probably, I have never met them in our conifers.

The shell is very thin, smooth; at first, like the flesh, it is white, then greenish-yellow.

It is similar to pear-shaped, but has a large number of larger needles, gray-brownish. The leg is folded, almost invisible, the maximum size of the mushroom is 6 cm in diameter.

The description of a raincoat would be incomplete if we omit an important quality - it is edible exactly as long as its pulp is white and firm. It is easy to determine whether you can eat it or not: the shell becomes slightly wrinkled, and the color is dirty. This means that the process of formation of disputes has begun.

In the photo, the mushroom is grandfather's pearl tobacco:

Once we traveled along the coast of our Mountain Sea. We were running out of provisions, but we were saved by a clearing with raincoats. The top shell is easy to peel, while the white pulp looks appetizing and is nice to cut. Mushrooms are nutritious, tasty, aromatic. We then fried a whole skillet, adding russula to them.

Common pseudo-raincoat

In deciduous and coniferous forests, along roads and edges, from August to September, you can find a false raincoat. It is distinguished by a smooth or finely scaly shell of a dirty yellow-brown color. It is thick and dense, leathery. The pulp inside is dark purple with white veins. There are no legs, and the diameter does not exceed 6 cm. It has the smell of raw potatoes. In food, it is practically used only to give a dish a specific smell.

Literature

• The world of plants: in 7 volumes / Ed. Academician A. L. Takhtadzhyan. T.2. Slime molds. Mushrooms - 2nd ed., Rev. - M .: Education, 1991 .-- 475 p. (p. 328).
• Aurel Dermek. Mushrooms. - Bratislava: Slovart, 1989. - pp. 218-219.
• Z. A. Klepina and E. V. Klepina. Handbook of the mushroom picker. - Moscow: AST-PRESS, 2006. - 256 p. (p. 146)
• "Mushrooms. Directory — determinant. More than 120 species "/ Author-compiler N. E. Makarova - Moscow: AST, Minsk: Harvest, 2005—320 p. (pp. 310-311)
• "Mushrooms". Directory. / per. with ital. F. Dvin - Moscow: AST. Astrel, 2004 .-- 303 p. (p. 257)
• Lesso, Thomas. Mushrooms. Determinant. / per. from English - Moscow: AST, 2007 .-- 304 p. (p. 256)

Warty pseudo-raincoat (Latin Scleroderma verrucosum)

Name The pseudo-raincoat is warty.Latin name: Scleroderma verrucosum.Other names: Scleroderma is warty.Department: Basidiomycota.Class: Agaricomycetes.Order: Boletovye.Family: False raincoats.Genus: False raincoat.Poisonous mushroom.

Name The pseudo-raincoat is warty.Latin name: Scleroderma verrucosum.Other names: Scleroderma is warty.Department: Basidiomycota.Class: Agaricomycetes.Order: Boletovye.Family: False raincoats.Genus: False raincoat.Poisonous mushroom.

Fruiting body

20–50 (80) mm in diameter, spherical or irregularly rounded, occasionally almost sessile, but more often with a well-developed false pedicle. The false stem is uneven, cylindrical or slightly flattened, folded, with depressions, with a branched root-like outgrowth of flat wide mycelial strands, sometimes completely submerged in the soil.

Peridium

Relatively thin, 0.5–1 mm thick, dry brittle, reddish-brown, darkens with age, with small angular dark scales.

Reddish-black, with white veins, trams, later gray-brown, powdery.

Habitat

Grows singly or in groups in pine, mixed and deciduous forests, on sandy, loamy and chernozem soils.

Similarity

Scleroderma verrucosum is similar to such species as Scleroderma polyrhizum, Scleroderma cepa, Scleroderma bovista, Scleroderma bovista, and Scleroderma bovista, Scleroderma bovista, Scleroderma bovista, Scleroderma polyrhizum (Scleroderma areolatum).

The nutritional value

The mushroom is considered weakly poisonous and has no culinary value; when eaten, it causes upset of the digestive tract.

Common pseudo-raincoat

Inedible, mildly toxic in large quantities, causes gastrointestinal upset. An allergic reaction to spores in the form of conjunctivitis, rhinitis, etc. is also possible. However, at a young age, it is sometimes added to food in small quantities, since the taste and smell is somewhat reminiscent of truffles. However, the mushroom is not recommended for use.

Description

The common pseudo-raincoat is more like not a mushroom, but a potato. It has no legs and is attached directly to the ground using mycelium strands. The fruiting body of the common pseudo-raincoat consists of peridium (outer shell) and gleb (inner contents). The pseudo-raincoat itself is small in size, reaching only 6 cm in diameter, the shape of the fruiting body is rounded.

Peridium

The surface of the peridium is smooth or with small scales. The color of the peridium is yellowish or brownish. With age, the upper surface cracks with the formation of small "craters", from a distance resembling warts.

The lower part of the mushroom does not crack, it has a wrinkled surface and tapers slightly towards the ground. A mycelial cord departs from it into the ground.

Peridium in common pseudo-raincoat is relatively thick (up to 0.4 cm). In an overripe fungus, the upper part of the shell ruptures with the release of spore powder into the external environment.

Gleb

Gleb, or the inner part of the pseudo-raincoat, is white in young specimens. Ripening, it becomes almost black with a purple tint with white veins. Overripe gleba becomes greenish brown (brown). The smell of the inside of the mushroom is similar to the smell of raw potatoes.

Spore powder

The spore powder of the common pseudo-raincoat is formed from overripe and dried gleb and has a dark greenish-brown color. The spores in it are large, round, with a mesh surface and with thorns. Individual spores are dark brown in color.

Spreading

Common false raincoat is the most common and widespread of all false raincoats. It grows in Russia (the European part, the North Caucasus and the Far East).

It is a saprotroph and grows on rotten trees and humus-rich soil. The fungus prefers light forests, moorlands, roadsides and clearings. Can grow in moss and sand, singly and in groups. A parasitic flyworm often grows on it.

Similar species

A false raincoat is similar to real raincoats, but differs in that it does not have a false leg.

He also has "doubles" among other false raincoats:

Bulbous pseudo-raincoat

Poisonous (weakly poisonous) mushroom, differs from the ordinary false raincoat not by the warty, but by the nipple-like peridium.

Large-root pseudo-raincoat

It has a pronounced and rather long false stem, it grows only in the sand.

Warty and mastoid pseudo-raincoats

They are smaller, scaly peridium and long pseudopods.

All varieties of false raincoats are inedible. Of these, in Russia, the bulbous, warty and the common pseudo-raincoat itself are most often found.

Edibility

Most sources indicate that the common pseudo-raincoat, like the rest of this genus, is inedible and even slightly poisonous. There is a known method of eating young pseudo-raincoats (they taste like a truffle).

Interesting Facts

When eating this mushroom in large quantities (2 - 3 pieces of a young specimen are considered a safe amount), poisoning may occur. It is manifested by pain in the epigastric region, vomiting and nausea, weakness, visual disturbances and loss of sensitivity in the legs.

If such symptoms occur after using the pseudo-raincoat, it is necessary to drink plenty of water and provoke vomiting. You also need to immediately call for medical help. Due to the risk of poisoning, it is not recommended to collect and eat false raincoats.

Common pseudo-raincoat (Latin Scleroderma citrinum)

Classification: Division: Basidiomycota Class: Agaricomycetes Order: Boletaceous Family: Pseudo-puffer Genus: Pseudo-puffer Species: Common pseudo-puffer

Description of the mushroom

Fruit body Slightly flattened, ovoid, resembling a potato tuber. The size varies from 3 to 5 cm in diameter, less often you can find a large specimen - up to 12 cm in diameter

Shell: Dense, strong, milky white, darkens over time, cracked, giving the appearance of scaly.

At the end of ripening, a hole is formed in the shell at the top of the fruiting body to spray spores

The pulp of young fruit bodies is light, fleshy. In mature mushrooms, it is black, interspersed with a light shade.

At the end of ripening, it turns into a dark brown powder (spores)

Spreading

The false raincoat is quite widespread. It can be found in the western part of Russia, in the Caucasus, in the Far East, in Europe.

It prefers to grow in forest areas at forest edges, in parks and gardens, in meadows and pastures, on roadsides. The fungus chooses loamy or clayey soils, loves decrepit dead wood, humus, sand, forms mycorrhiza with hard trees.

Orange pseudo-raincoat is undemanding to weather conditions, it can grow even in dry season.

It is found in large groups, less often you can see a lonely mushroom.

The first harvest appears in the middle of summer, and the last fruits of the mycelium can be found in October.

"Double"

In terms of the structure of the fruiting body, this mushroom is very similar to an ordinary raincoat. But it is difficult to confuse them.

• The early form of a true raincoat has thorns or scales that peel off over time, and a false raincoat is smooth at first, and only with age does its shell crack.
• In addition, a pseudo-raincoat has a dense shell and black flesh, whereas a real raincoat has a light flesh and a soft shell.
• Another significant difference is that the flesh of a false slicker remains firm for a long time even after ripening, whereas in an edible slicker it quickly becomes soft.

Edibility

The mushroom is not considered edible, but it is not poisonous either.

The pulp of scleroderma contains toxins that cause only mild food poisoning in humans. Eating a large amount of these mushrooms can cause severe health consequences, which is unlikely.

Moreover, many gourmet mushroom pickers add several pieces of pseudo-raincoat to dishes made from other mushrooms, rightly noting that the taste and smell of this mushroom resembles truffles.

Old specimens can cause allergic reactions when dust with spores gets on the mucous membranes of the oropharynx, nose, and eyes.

Beneficial features

The calvacin contained in the mushroom has antibiotic and antifungal effects. The anticancer effect of calvacin was experimentally proven: in experiments on animals with cancerous tumors, the use of the pulp of these mushrooms reduced the size of the neoplasms. Fresh pulp of pseudo-raincoats has the ability to stop capillary bleeding, fight skin diseases, and relieve local inflammation.

Young scleroderma vaguely resemble truffles in taste and smell, so gourmets sometimes use them in cooking as a spicy seasoning.

At the same time, it is necessary to add them in a very limited amount, so as not to provoke indigestion.

Mushroom Raincoat edible or not

These unique mushrooms belong to the mushroom species. All of them have a specific closed fruiting body, round or pear-shaped.

Dozhlevik is also called hare potato, dust collector, tobacco mushroom and many more names.

Meanwhile, the edible varieties of this mushroom are very tasty and healthy, as they have a number of medicinal properties, among which the main ones are antitumor and antibacterial.

Edible and false (poisonous) raincoats are found in the temperate latitudes of our country almost everywhere and on any soil.

They love open, well-lit and humid areas, so they can be found in fields, meadows, in sunny glades of any forest.

At the same time, you should be aware that these mushrooms, as a rule, do not grow in the same places every year. The collection season for raincoats varies depending on the species.

Raincoats with sour cream

Ingredients:

• Raincoats - 400-500 grams
• Sour cream - 200 milliliters
• Potatoes - 6-8 pieces
• Salt to taste
• Ground black pepper - to taste
• Onion - 2 pieces
• Vegetable oil - 5 tbsp. spoons

Preparation

1. Peel the potatoes, rinse, cut the large one into pieces and cook in salted water. Drain the boiled potatoes. 2. Clean raincoats from thorns, earth and leaves. Rinse well several times. 3. Put the raincoats in vegetable oil in a frying pan and fry for 20-25 minutes. 4.

Peel the onion and cut into cubes. Fry the onions in a separate skillet in oil until golden brown. 5. Add sautéed onions to raincoats. Season with salt and pepper. Stir and fry for another 15-20 minutes. 5 minutes before the end of frying raincoats, add sour cream to the mushrooms and onions. Stir and simmer for a few minutes.

Serve raincoats with sour cream and potatoes.

Description

The fruiting body is 3-5 (12) cm in diameter, 3-6 cm in height, tuberous, ovate or spherical flattened, reniform at the cut. The leg is missing. The lower part of the fruiting body is slightly narrowed, with a bundle of tapered mycelial fibers.

The peridium is single-layered, rather thick (2-4 mm), dense-skinned, covered with brown scales or raised warts, sometimes fissured, from yellow-ocher to ocher-brown (in mature mushrooms) color, turns red when cut. When the mushroom ripens, the shell breaks in different directions. The yellowish color of the fungus is given by the pigment sclerocytrin.

Gleb is light, yellowish-white, darkens with age, starting from the middle of the fruiting body, to violet-black or black with white veins; for a long time it remains dense, until, when the mushroom is fully ripe, it breaks down into grayish-yellow sterile areas and an olive-brown spore powder.Young mushrooms often have a distinct spicy smell (similar to the smell of raw potatoes); taste is not pronounced.

Spore powder, olive brown, dark brown. Spores 7-15 µm in diameter, spherical, with spines on the surface and reticular ornamentation, black-brown.

Color chemical reactions: In potassium hydroxide, the surface is dark red.

Smelly raincoat: photo and description

The smelly raincoat is a common species of the Champignon family. Its characteristic feature is the dark color of the fruiting body and curved thorns on the surface. In addition, the mushroom exudes a peculiar smell, reminiscent of luminescent gas, for which it received its name. In official reference books it is listed as Lycoperdon nigrescens or Lycoperdon montanum.

Description of the smelly raincoat

It is characterized by a non-standard shape of the fruiting body, therefore, the cap and leg of the smelly raincoat are a single whole. The surface is brown and densely covered with drooping thorns that fit tightly to each other, and thus form star-shaped clusters. The shade of the outgrowths is much darker than the main tone.

The smelly raincoat has a pear-shaped reverse shape, narrowed downward. The upper part is thickened, reaches 1-3 cm in diameter. The height is 1.5-5 cm. When ripe, thorns fall off the surface, leaving a light cellular pattern on a brown background. When ripe, a small hole appears at the apex through which the spores come out.

Outwardly, a smelly raincoat resembles a fleecy bump

The flesh of young specimens is white and firm. Subsequently, it acquires an olive brown hue, which indicates the maturation of the spores. The lower part is elongated and narrowed and resembles a leg. The spores of this species are spherical brown, their size is 4-5 microns.

Where and how it grows

This mushroom can be found in coniferous and mixed forests. It grows mainly in groups near spruce trees. It can sometimes be found in deciduous plantings, which is extremely rare. Prefers soils rich in organic matter and with an increased level of acidity.

Distributed in Europe and Central Russia.

Is the mushroom edible or not

A smelly raincoat is inedible. It must not be eaten fresh or processed. Even young specimens with light flesh are unsuitable for food, unlike other relatives of this family. However, given the characteristic smell of the mushroom, it is unlikely that anyone would think of collecting it.

Doubles and their differences

This mushroom is similar to other members of its family. To be able to distinguish between them, it is necessary to study the characteristic features.

1. Pearl raincoat. The fruit body of young specimens is warty, light in color. The thorns are straight and elongated. As it matures, the surface becomes bare and becomes brown-ocher. In addition, the pulp has a pleasant smell. This species is considered edible, however, only young specimens should be collected. Its official name is Lycoperdon perlatum.

Due to its snow-white color, it is not difficult to find this species in the forest.

This twin is distinguished by elongated spines that resemble hedgehog needles.

Conclusion

A smelly raincoat is not of interest to mushroom pickers. This species deserves attention due to the unusual shape of the fruit body. It will not be difficult to distinguish it from edible relatives due to its repulsive smell.

Ecology and distribution

The most common and common of the false raincoats.It grows from July to mid-September-early October on soil or rotten wood in light deciduous or coniferous forests, in young plantings, in meadows, fields, on heathers, on roadsides and paths, in glades and forest edges, preferring dry sandy and pebbly soil. It is often found in moss or among sparse grasses. Occurs singly and in groups. Easily tolerates prolonged drought.

On fruiting bodies Scleroderma citrinum

sometimes the flywheel parasitizesXerocomus parasiticus .

In the Russian Federation, it is found in the European part of Russia, in the North Caucasus, in the Far East.

Meadow raincoat Information about

Meadow Raincoat Information Video

Meadow raincoat View topic.

Meadow raincoat what, Meadow raincoat who, Meadow raincoat explanation

There are excerpts from wikipedia on this article and video

This term has other meanings, see Raincoat.

Raincoat (Latin Lycoperdon) - genus mushrooms of the Champignon family; previously belonged to the raincoat family (Lycoperdaceae).

Description

Fruit bodies of a closed structure, round, pear-shaped, often with a well-pronounced false stem, small or medium in size.

The sterile tissue of the false pedicle is tightly fused with the upper part, which carries the gleb. Exoperidium is covered with thorn-like outgrowths, which can fall off with age. After the ripening of the spores, the fruiting body opens with a small hole on top.

Grows in the forests of central Russia mainly at the end of summer. Spore powder from olive green to various shades of brown. L. perlatum usually grows on loose soil, while L. pyriforme grows on stumps and fallen trees.

Alternative names

The raincoat has many popular names. Usually, the actual raincoat is called young dense mushrooms, which have not yet formed a powdery mass of spores ("dust"). Also called a bee sponge, hare potatoes, and a ripe mushroom - flashing, puffing, dusting, grandfather's tobacco, wolf tobacco, tobacco mushroom, damn tavlinka, and so on. Raincoats and dust covers (with the exception of the common pseudo-raincoat) are edible until they lose their whiteness.

Cooking

Many types of raincoats are edible, tasty mushrooms, preferred for making soup. It is recommended to clean the fruit bodies before cooking, as the skin of the raincoat is tough.

Literature

• Mushrooms: Handbook / Per. with ital. F. Dvin. - M .: "Astrel", AST, 2001. - S. 621-263. - 304 p. - ISBN 5-17-009961-4.
• Grunert G. Mushrooms / per. with him. - M .: "Astrel", "AST", 2001. - S. 252—255. - (Guide to nature). - ISBN 5-17-006175-7.
• Lesso T. Mushrooms, determinant / per. from English L. V. Garibova, S. N. Lekomtseva. - M .: "Astrel", "AST", 2003. - S. 260-261. - ISBN 5-17-020333-0.

Mushroom raincoat

Raincoats are bypassed at best. And then they trample, mistaking for poisonous mushrooms and not knowing what a wonderful medicine underfoot!

The raincoat mushroom can be used in the treatment of many diseases. These mushrooms can be dried without losing their medicinal properties. The main thing is to boil them slightly before drying, because they can crumble into dust. For storage, you need to choose young mushrooms and cut them into thin translucent slices.

What heals?

And with the help of this fungus, eczema, anemia, indigestion, venous congestion and many other ailments are treated. It also helps well in wound healing. According to an old recipe, a piece of a young mushroom is applied to the wound or sprinkled with dust - spores of a raincoat - and then just a bandage is applied.

Raincoat tincture

To prepare a medicinal tincture, you need to fill a liter jar with mushrooms, then fill them with vodka and leave for 2 weeks in a dark place. Drinking this remedy is recommended for 1 tbsp. l. (diluted with water) 3 times daily before meals.
This tincture is excellent for treating liver and stomach diseases.

Mushroom raincoat against eczema

For skin ailments (eczema, dermatitis, psoriasis, etc.), mix 100 ml of water and vodka. Fill a one-liter jar tightly with young mushrooms and fill with the vodka mixture. Leave in a dark place for two weeks, strain. Then add 10 drops each of tea tree oil and lavender oil. Wipe sore spots with this product twice a day. According to the same recipe, only without adding essential oils, you can prepare a tincture of a raincoat.
Take it in 1 tbsp.with water three times a day before meals for skin diseases, as well as to remove toxins from the body after suffering helminthiasis, hepatitis. The course is a week, after a week, repeat if necessary.

Infusion of mushroom pulp is effective for laryngitis

2 tbsp fill in raw materials with 1 tbsp. boiling water, strain after 30 minutes, squeeze. Gargle two to three times daily after meals until you feel better.

Raincoat contraindications

Do not take a raincoat to pregnant and lactating mothers, as well as for diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, kidney failure. And the rest is a very useful and healing mushroom!

Biological bases of parasitology. Types of relationships between organisms

All animals and plants that inhabit the earth are in communication and close dependence on their environment, to which they have adapted in the process of evolutionary development. As a result, organisms form different communities and cohabitations. Distinguish between indifferent, friendly and hostile relationships (cohabitation) of organisms.

Indifferent cohabitation.

Living organisms, often in the neighborhood, accidentally retain almost complete independence, but together they make up an indissoluble organic whole, for example, the inhabitants of the seabed (coral polyps, starfish and lilies, and immobile barnacles).

Friendly cohabitation

can be mutually beneficial or unilaterally unhelpful. Mutual symbiosis (mutualism, or mutualism) is the cohabitation of two organisms that benefit each other. As a classic example of the reciprocity of organisms, one can point to the anemones, which, with the help of stinging cells, help the hermit crab to defend itself from enemies, at the same time using the latter as a means of transportation, as a result of which better conditions are created for feeding anemones. One-sided symbiosis, or synergy, is the relationship of two organisms, from which one benefits for itself, and the other does not. Varieties of synoykia are quarters and commensalism. Housing is a form of cohabitation, in which one animal uses another as a temporary refuge (the bitter fish lays eggs in the mantle cavity of the toothless mollusk, where they are protected from enemies). Commensalism (freelogging) - cohabitation in which one animal feeds on the remains of the food of another and does not harm it. For example, a small annelid worm feeds on leftover food from a hermit crab.Hostile relationship. In such a relationship of animals or plants, one organism causes harm to another organism. Predation and parasitism are varieties. The predator and the parasite are related by their parasitic way of life. How are they different? The predator, as a rule, is stronger than its prey, which it immediately kills and completely or partially devours (lion and hare). The parasite is much weaker than its host, so the animal often does not die, but becomes seriously ill. He uses the host for multiple meals (often throughout his life).

The relationship between parasites and hosts is not only nutritional. Parasites also use the host for temporary or permanent habitation. Sometimes superparasitism occurs when one parasite settles in the body or on the body of another animal leading a parasitic lifestyle. So, for example, some sporozoans (nozems) are capable of parasitizing in the genital ducts of toxacara, and bunostomas on moniesia.

A rare case is pseudoparasitism (false parasitism). It is characterized by the accidental contact with animals of living creatures that do not lead a parasitic lifestyle in their usual conditions (earthworms in the intestines of the animal).

Parasites, unlike free-living organisms, in addition to harm to their hosts, interact with the environment through their hosts. Free-living organisms are directly exposed to the external environment (climatic and other conditions).

The origin of parasitism.

Parasites evolved from free-living organisms. In the course of long-term development, the phenomenon of symbiosis can turn into commensalism, and then into parasitism. A modification of predation into parasitism is possible if the predator attacked an animal that is too large, which could not become a victim for it, but could only be the owner. For example, the horse leech is a predator for small aquatic animals (tadpoles, etc.), and a temporary parasite for others (mammals). The piscicol leech belongs to the permanent parasites of fish.

The spread of parasitism in nature.

Parasites are very common representatives of the animal world. To date, about 1.3 million animal species have been described on our planet, of which about 6% (tens of thousands of species) have adapted to a parasitic lifestyle. The most widespread parasites in vertebrates are nematodes (about 5000 species), trematodes (3000 species), cestodes (1800 species), sporozoans (1340 species), etc. would be temporarily attacked by parasites.

Description

The fruit body is 2-8 cm in diameter, tuberous or reniform, often flattened on top, often with an elongated false stem. The false pedicle is usually 1-1.5 x 0.5-0.6 cm (although it can reach 7 cm in height), cylindrical or slightly flattened, folded, with grooves, with a branched tapered outgrowth of wide flat mycelial strands, sometimes completely submerged into the soil.

The peridium is single-layered, thin (less than 1 mm), corky-leathery, sometimes almost woody, off-white, then ocher-yellow or yellow-brown with small (occasionally large) brownish scales or warts. When ripe, the spores crack from above, forming a more or less wide hole.

Gleba in young mushrooms is dense, white, with yellowish veins; when ripe, it becomes flabby, gray-olive, then grayish-black, acquiring a powdery structure. There is no sterile base under the gleba. The smell of the pulp is unpleasant, metallic; the taste is pungent.

Spores 9-15 microns in diameter, dark brown or purple-black, spherical, dull-prickly, with warts. Spore powder, olive-black, with an unpleasant odor. Capillary filaments are rare, 3–3.5 mm thick, hyaline, without partitions.

Color chemical reactions: In KOH, the surface is brownish.

Differences between false raincoats and real ones

False raincoats are inedible mushrooms, but when eaten in large quantities, they can cause food poisoning. To prevent this from happening, any novice mushroom picker needs to know the main differences between false raincoats and real ones:

1. Scleroderma usually grow in groups, while true raincoats grow singly.
2. The outer shell of scleroderma is leathery, dense, with cracks, and in true raincoats it is thin and delicate.
3. The color of the peridermis of false raincoats is brown, orange or yellow. Real raincoats have a light shell color.
4. There are thorns on the surface of real raincoats. Such outgrowths are absent on the peridium of pseudo-raincoats.
5. The flesh of false mushrooms is dense to the touch, while in real ones it is soft, but elastic.
6. Ripe scleroderma smells unpleasant.
7. On the cut, the flesh of a mature inedible mushroom becomes dark in color, but remains firm.