Gleophyllum odorous

Amorphophallus (Amorphophallus). Care rules and life cycle.

Amorphophallus (Amorphophallus) is a very unusual and interesting exotic plant that grows in its natural environment in the tropical and subtropical zone, from West Africa to the Pacific Islands, Cambodia, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Sri Lanka. It grows in nature in various places and is not particularly picky in the choice of soil and place of growth. The genus belongs to the Aroid family (Araceae, Arum) and is quite wide and diverse and includes more than 100 plant species, which are, like small ones, and giant ones. Amorphophallus are tuberous herbs that have a dormant period, but evergreens also exist in its genus. The size of the tuber varies and can weigh up to 5 kilograms.

The name of this exotic genus comes from two Greek words μορφος, "formless," and φαλλός, "phallus, escape, offspring." In various countries in everyday life Amorphophallus is called "Voodoo Lily", "Snake Palm", "Corpse Flower", "Devil's Flower". This is not to say that these names have nothing under them, because when Amorphophallus blooms, it exudes a very unpleasant smell, but the main thing is to hold out for the first 3 days, then the smell weakens and soon disappears completely. In nature, this smell serves as a bait for insects that serve as a pollination tool.

In nature, female flowers open earlier than male flowers, and for pollination it is necessary that two plants bloom almost simultaneously with a difference of 2-3 days. If pollination has occurred, then in place of the flower, an infertility of fleshy berries with seeds is formed, and the mother plant dies. Under indoor conditions, none of the cultivated species of seeds forms.

Shrub leucophyllum

Shrub leucophyllum (Latin Leucophyllum frutescens) is an evergreen compact shrub from the genus Leucophyllum (Latin Leucophyllum), belonging to the Scrophulariaceae family. It is the most common species of the genus Leucophyllum, native to the arid lands of southwestern North America. The shrubs are distinguished by dense pubescence, which turns the plant into a very spectacular silvery-velvety creation of nature. All year round, single flowers with a pink or purple-purple corolla are born in the leaf axils.

What's in your name

The plant owes its generic difficult-to-pronounce name "Leucophyllum" to the French botanist Aimé Bonplan (08/22/1773 - 05/04/1858), who was conquered by the luxurious and powerful nature of the tropical regions of the New World. It seemed to him that the inexhaustible wonders of this soft, cheerful and light nature would drive him crazy with their diversity and beauty.

For five years of traveling across the American continent, Aimé Bonplan collected a herbarium of 6 thousand plants. He described more than 3.5 thousand plants, among which were species and genera, at that time not familiar to European scientists. Therefore, we had to give them names.

Thus, the name for the picturesque plant genus "Leucophyllum" was born. In it, with the help of two Greek words meaning "white" and "leaf", the silvery-white color of the leaves of the spectacular plants was reflected.

The specific epithet “frutescens” (“shrub”) gives an idea of ​​the external form of the aboveground part of the plant.

Description

As a rule, Leucophyllum shrub is a compact shrub with a height of 0.6 to 1.5 meters, sometimes reaching a height of 2.5 meters.

Its evergreen leaves, soft to the touch, are densely covered with silvery hairs radiating out in the form of a star. The shape of simple leaves is obovate or elliptical, with a smooth edge. The length of the leaves does not exceed 2.5 centimeters. The hairy cover of the leaves makes them silvery-gray with a greenish tint.

Shrub leucophyllum is a monoecious plant with unisexual flowers. Single flowers that appear in the axils of the leaves, almost all 12 months of the year with small temporary interruptions, have an almost bell-shaped shape and are painted in white, pink, pink-lilac or violet-purple colors.The dimensions of the flower in length and width are equal and reach 2.5 centimeters on the ruler.

It is interesting that the new appearance of flowers in some plant varieties is associated with rains, and therefore they choose spring and autumn for their birth. This plant's reaction to rain was expressed in one of the popular names - "Texas barometer bush" ("Texas bush barometer").

The fruit is a small capsule.

Growing

Shrub leucophyllum is a drought-resistant and heat-resistant plant. The shrub also tolerates low temperatures equally well, but prolonged cold winters can lead to the loss of some of the evergreen leaves.

For Leucophyllum shrubby, a very important condition for a successful life is good soil drainage. It tolerates dry soil better than excess moisture in it. If the soil remains moist for a long time, without good drainage, then the roots of the shrub begin to rot, bringing the plant to death.

However, in the first year of life, the plant requires deep watering for the development of the root system. In the future, it does not need watering.

With good drainage, the shrub grows successfully on medium loam, sand-based limestone soils and even clay soils.

The place for the plant is preferably sunny, or with a light shade.

Usage

The flowers of Leucophyllum shrub are rich in nectar, and therefore attract beneficial insects.

This is a very effective compact shrub that looks great both in single planting and can serve as a natural silvery green fence. Easy to trim to form a compact bush.

Intake gleophyllum (Gloeophyllum sepiarium)

• Agaricus sepiarius
• Merulius sepiarius
• Daedalea sepiaria
• Lenzitina sepiaria
• Lenzites sepiarius

Description

Fruit bodies are usually annual, solitary or accrete (laterally or located on a common base) up to 12 cm in diameter and 8 cm in width; semicircular, kidney-shaped or not very regular, from broadly convex to flattened; velvety to coarse-haired surface, with concentric textured and color zones; at first from yellow to orange, with age it gradually becomes yellow-brown, then dark brown and finally black, which is expressed in the color transition to a darker color in the direction from the periphery to the center (while the actively growing edge retains bright yellow orange tones). Last year's dried fruit bodies are deeply hairy, dull brown in color, often with lighter and darker concentric zones.

Plates up to 1 cm wide, rather frequent, even or slightly sinuous, sometimes fused, often pinched with elongated pores; creamy to brownish planes, darkening with age; the edges are yellow-brown, darkening with age.

The spore print is white.

Cork fabric, dark rusty brown or dark yellow brown.

Chemical reactions: The fabric turns black under the influence of KOH.

Microscopic characteristics: Spores 9-13 x 3-5 microns, smooth, cylindrical, non-amyloid, hyaline in KOH. Basidia are usually elongated, cystids are cylindrical, up to 100 x 10 microns in size. The hyphalous system is trimic.

Ecology and distribution

Intake gleophyllum is a saprophyte, inhabits stumps, dry and valezha predominantly conifers, occasionally deciduous (in North America it is sometimes seen on aspen poplar, Populus tremuloides in mixed forests with a predominance of conifers). A widespread mushroom in the Northern Hemisphere. Grows singly or in groups. The economic activity of a person does not bother him at all, he can be found both in timber yards and on a wide variety of wooden buildings and structures. Causes brown rot. The period of active growth is from summer to autumn, in a mild climate, practically all year round. Fruiting bodies are more often annual, but at least biennials are also noted.

Similar species

Inhabiting rotten spruce stumps and valezha odorous gleophyllum (Gloeophyllum odoratum) is distinguished by large, not quite regular, rounded, angular or slightly elongated pores and a pronounced anise aroma. In addition, its fruiting bodies are thicker, cushion-shaped or triangular in cross-section. Log gleophyllum (Gloephyllum trabeum) is confined to deciduous species. His hymenophore consists of more or less rounded and elongated pores, it can take on the appearance of a lamellar. The color range is dull, brownish brown. Similar in color and also growing predominantly on conifers, the oblong gleophyllum (Gloephyllum protractum) is distinguished by its undisturbed caps and slightly elongated thick-walled pores. In the owner of the lamellar hymenophore of the fir gleophyllum (Gloeophyllum abietinum), the fruit bodies are velvety-tomentose or bare, rough (but not fleecy), of dull brown shades, and the plates themselves are more rare, often serrated, irpexoid.

Growing at home and in the country

The methods of cultivating crowded rows are similar to the methods of growing mushrooms, but this process will still require certain skills. Features of the cultivation of lyophyllum:

1. The room temperature should be 15 ° C.
2. The most optimal time for breeding rows is May, but autumn is also quite suitable.
3. In the summer cottage, the mushroom is grown in the beds, which should be covered with a film from the scorching sun and precipitation.

To grow rows in the country, you need to do the following:

1. Mix the substrate with mycelium in a 1: 2 ratio, cover with foil to ensure high humidity.
2. After 2-3 weeks, cover the culture with a 5 cm layer of moist soil.
3. In a month, the first fruiting bodies will appear on the surface of the soil.
4. After each harvest, it is necessary to make an additional layer of soil of half a centimeter.
5. As soon as the temperature drops below 5 ° C, cover the ground with mycelium with a cloth, and lay a layer of leaves or straw at least 10 cm on top.

How to breed rows indoors:

1. Maintain the room at a constant temperature of 10-15 ° C, optimal humidity, good ventilation and lighting.
2. If all conditions are met, the first fruiting bodies will appear on the surface of the soil in 3-4 weeks.
3. You need to carefully harvest and sprinkle the soil with a new layer.

Interesting Facts

• The family of ordinary mushrooms includes almost 2500 species of mushrooms. They are called "rows" because they grow very crowded, most often in rows.
• Before any cooking method, these mushrooms must be boiled for 20 minutes.
• Do not eat raw lyophillums, as this can cause stomach upset.
• It is best to salt the rows in the fall, during these periods the fruit bodies are the most elastic, dense. For salting, you need to choose young specimens, since the old ones can be tough.

The crowded row is a tasty, fragrant representative of the family of the same name. If you correctly identify and then process this mushroom, then you can not only treat your family and friends with a unique dish, but also make delicious preparations for the winter.

Crowded lyophillum (Lyophyllum decastes)

Current title

Systematic position

Etymology of the species epithet

Decastes, standing at ten. From δέκα ten + στάσις, εως ο standing.

Synonyms

• Agaricus decastes Fr., Observ. mycol. (Havniae) 2: 105 (1818)
• Clitocybe decastes (Fr.) P. Kumm., Führ. Pilzk. (Zerbst): 124 (1871)
• Lyophyllum aggregatum (Schaeff.) Kühner, Bull. mens. Soc. linn. Soc. Bot. Lyon 7: 211 (1938)

Other names: Group ryadovka.

Habit

Fruit body: Cap and stem (agaricoid)

Hymenophore: Lamellar (including folded or with rudimentary plates)

Fruiting bodies, as a rule, are collected in large aggregates, sometimes they occur singly.

Hat

The cap is 60 - 100 (150) mm in diameter, initially convex with a smooth, bent edge, when ripe it is flat-convex or prostrate, usually with a tubercle in the center. Over time, in overgrown fruit bodies, the cap takes on an uneven, curved shape, the edge becomes wavy, in places it turns up. The surface is smooth or with radially arranged fibers, in wet weather with a greasy sheen, gray-brown, brown, lighter towards the edge, often colored unevenly, with spots.When wet, the peel from the cap can be torn off from the edge and almost to the center. Caps of different sizes and shapes can be found in one joint.

The plates are adherent, light, whitish, sometimes bifurcated at the stem; the edge is even.

Leg

The stem is 45 - 100 mm long, 8 - 20 mm in diameter, cylindrical, widening or tapering downward, curved, hard, in fruiting bodies growing along the edges of the joint, it is eccentric. The surface is smooth, whitish, cream, longitudinally fibrous, with a thin white coating in the upper part.

Pulp

The pulp is white, firm. Odor and taste are not expressed.

Microscopy

Spores 5.6 - 6.9 × 5.1 - 6.6 μm, Q = 1.0 - 1.1, spherical or nearly spherical, smooth, hyaline.

Basidia 32 - 47 × 8 - 10 μm, clavate, with siderophilic contents, 4-spore, with a buckle at the base.

Pileipellis consists of intertwined hyphae with brown pigment, 4 - 12 µm in diameter. Buckled dividers.

Ecology and distribution

Substrate: Soil, litter

Grows on soil in deciduous and mixed forests; often found in parks and gardens, along paths and paths.

Fruiting

The divisions correspond to the decades of the month.

Nutritional properties

A wonderful little-known edible mushroom with a strong, firm, but not tough pulp and a pleasant rich taste. In English, it is deservedly called fried chicken mushroom.

Similar species

• Smoky-gray lyophillum (Lyophyllum fumosum) - outwardly difficult to distinguish; according to our observations, the stem of L. fumosum is thinner, and the caps are smoother and, on average, more gray in color; confined to pure pine forests.
• Lyophillum shimeji (Lyophyllum shimeji) - with aggregates from a smaller number of larger fruiting bodies; like L. fumosum, it lives in clean pine forests. A valuable gourmet mushroom in Japanese cuisine.
• The growing row (Leucocybe connata) is a species with light fruiting bodies, almost white in color, just like L. decastes grow in deciduous forests, but collected in less abundant intergrowths.

Notes

Many authors note that the species L. decastes almost certainly hides a complex of species that are difficult to distinguish from each other, in which both macro- and micro-traits intersect.

Related materials

1. Breitenbach J, Kränzlin F. Fungi of Switzerland. A contribution to the knowledge of the fungal flora of Switzerland. Vol 3. Boletes and agarics. 1st part. Strobilomycetaceae and Boletaceae, Paxillaceae, Gomphidiaceae, Hygrophoraceae, Tricholomataceae, Polyporaceae (lamellate). - Lucerne: Verlag Mykologia, 1991 .-- 360 p. - P. 220.
2. Kalamees K. Palearctic Lyophyllaceae (Tricholomatales) in Northern and Eastern Europe and Asia. / Scripta Mycologica, V. 18. - Tartu: Estonian Agricultural University Institute of Zoology and Botany, 2004 .-- 135 p. - P. 48.
3. Moncalvo J. M., Rehner S. A., Vilgalys R. Systematics of Lyophyllum Section Difformia Based on Evidence from Culture Studies and Ribosomal DNA Sequences. // Mycologia. - 1993. - V. 85 (5). - P. 788–794.

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Types of amorphophallus grown at home:

• Amorphophallus bulbifer has only one leaf on the petiole, the color of which is dark olive with light spots. The petiole is about 1 meter long and the leaf is divided into segments. The peduncle is usually about 30 cm long, and the color is dirty green with pinkish spots.
• Amorphophallus Cognac (Amorphophallus konjacrivieri) has numerous leaves of juicy green color, leaf petioles of dark olive color with dark and light spots. If the plant does not have enough light, the color of the leaf changes its color - it becomes more contrasting, dark green with red edges. It blooms in burgundy or purple-red. In China, Amorphophallus Cognac has been cultivated for 1500 years because of the tubers, which are used as a dietary product that lowers cholesterol and blood sugar, and in Japan, the tubers of this plant are used to make soups, flour, and tofu. In their opinion, they help to reduce weight and cleanse the gastrointestinal tract from toxins. In medicine, products for diabetics are made from the tubers of Amorphophallus Cognac. It is rarely grown at home, since it is large enough. The leaf petiole reaches 80 cm and has a pattern of white and brown spots, and the leaf plate can reach 1 meter in diameter, pinnately dissected. During flowering, the peduncle grows up to 1 meter high, the flower cover is 30 cm long, and the ear is twice as long as the cover.
• Amorphophallus Titanic (titanum) is considered the largest flower in the world, which not only has a huge flowering, but also a tuber, which can reach up to half a meter in size and weighing 23 kg. This giant of the herbaceous world was discovered by a botanist from Italy, Odorado Bekkeri, who found it in the tropical forest of Sumatra.Subsequently, many botanical gardens of the world began to grow this miracle flower, luring more and more visitors who want to gaze at the inflorescence as tall as a person, or even more than 2 meters. The ear of this huge flower rises almost 1.5 meters above the bedspread, and during flowering it heats up to 40 ° C, spreading the stench of rotten meat.

Description of the edible mushroom

The crowded row is a representative of the row family. The species is also called group ryadovka and crowded lyophyllum. Latin name: Lyophyllum decastes. The mushroom belongs to the 3rd category of edibility.

The cap of the crowded lyophyllum has a cushion or hemispherical shape; as the fruiting body grows, it becomes prostrate. The edges become wavy, then rise up and crack. The diameter of this part is 2-10 cm.

The color of the cap is often light brown, sometimes brownish, sometimes clay-brown with a light edge. The color in the center is much brighter, but gradually brightens significantly. In a damp forest or after rain, the smooth skin becomes slippery and sticky, it can become covered with small darkening scales. Due to the peculiarities of the surface, adhered leaves and needles can often be found on the cap.

The hymenophore (the lower part of the cap) is represented by frequent, yellowish plates, which become darker when pressed. They are frequent, often lagging behind the leg. Spore white powder.

The cut flesh is fibrous and firm, often light brown, with a mealy odor.

The leg is solid and dense, it is characterized by a cylindrical shape. The height of this part is 5-10 cm, diameter is 0.5-2.5 cm. Often there are rows of crowded with a deformed or twisted shape or fused with legs - this is due to the density of the fruit bodies in the group.

A bit of history

This forest mushroom was described in the scientific literature in 1818 by the Swedish mycologist Elias Magnus Fries, who gave it the binomial name Agaricus decastes. In 1949, Rolf Singer, an American mycologist of German origin, transferred this species to the genus Lyophyllum, thus establishing its real scientific name as Lyophyllum decastes.

Time and place of fruiting

The crowded row grows in deciduous and mixed forests, prefers the soil with leaf litter, grassy edges. Often grows in gardens and parks, on roadsides.

Fruiting time: autumn, from late August to early November.

Types of fungus lyophyllum elm

Buna shimeji (Hypsizygus tessulatus)

An edible mushroom native to East Asia. It is also grown in the temperate climate of Europe, North America, Australia. There are two types of mushroom: white and brown fruiting bodies... The pulp of the mushroom is bitter, but when cooked, the bitterness goes away. The finished shimeji has a crunchy texture and a nutty flavor.

Matsutake (Tricholoma matsutake)

An edible mushroom that looks like elm lyophyllum. His hat is brown; in mature mushrooms, it cracks. The shape of the cap is round, the surface is dry. The pulp is white. The leg is long, clavate.

From Japanese the word "matsutake" is translated as "pine mushroom". This type of mushroom grows in groups in Asia, Japan, China, as well as in northern Europe and North America. Mycorrhiza forms with fir, oak and pine. Fruiting from September to October.

Growing lyophillum elm at home

At home, elm lyophillum is grown from mycelium. For planting it, logs of birch, elm, elm, aspen are prepared at least 4-4.5 years old, about 30 cm in diameter, about 0.5 m long. The logs should be without branches, rot and other flaws.

Favorable period for sowing the mushroom: from April to October. Indoors, if it is possible to maintain the air temperature within 10-15 ° C, disembarkation is carried out all year round.

The logs are soaked in water for 2-3 days until the desired moisture level is obtained.After removing the logs from the water, the excess liquid is removed from them by keeping them for several days in a well-ventilated area.

In the logs prepared in this way, small holes are drilled with a drill (1 cm in diameter and 5-10 cm deep). They are staggered at a distance of 20 cm from each other.

Then, with cleanly washed hands or with gloves, special sticks with mycelium are placed into these holes. Further, the logs are packed in plastic bags, which prevents their infection and accelerates the development and growth of mycelium.

Logs with mycelium are placed in a shaded place with good ventilation and an ambient temperature of 20-25 ° C. The entire period of development of mycelium monitors the moisture content of the logs.

After 2-4 months, the mycelium completely fills the substrate. And six months later, the first harvest appears. The fruiting time depends on the hardness of the wood of the logs. For example, on soft woods, poplar, willow or birch, mushrooms are harvested for about four years. Hard varieties such as maple, mountain ash, beech bear fruit within 6-7 years. During the year, an average of 3-6 kg of mushrooms is harvested from each log.

Elm lyophyllum is an unpretentious mushroom. Even in dry summers, when other types of mushrooms practically do not grow, single lyophillums or clusters of mushrooms are found.

Gleophyllum oblong

Gleophyllum oblong (Gloeophyllum protractum)

Gleophyllum oblong belongs to tinder fungi.

It grows everywhere: Europe, North America, Asia, but is rare. On the territory of the Russian Federation - sporadically, most of all such mushrooms were found in the territory of Karelia.

It usually grows on stumps, dead wood (that is, it prefers dead wood, loves fast-growing trunks) of conifers (spruce, pine), but specimens of these mushrooms are also found on deciduous trees (especially on aspen, poplar, oak).

He loves well-lit places, often settles in burnt-out areas, fires, in clearings, and also occurs near human dwellings.

Gleophyllum oblongata causes extensive brown rot, and can also harm treated wood.

Season: grows all year round.

The mushroom is an annual, but it can winter. Fruit bodies are solitary, caps are narrow and flat, often triangular in shape, elongated over the substrate. Sizes: up to 10-12 centimeters long, up to about 1.5-3 centimeters thick.

The structure is leathery, while the caps bend well. The surface with small tubercles, shiny, there are concentric zones. The color varies from yellow, dirty ocher to brown, dark gray, dirty gray. Sometimes a metallic sheen is present. There may be cracks on the surface of the caps (especially in mature mushrooms). Pubescence is absent.

The edges of the cap are lobed, wavy, in color - either completely similar to the color of the cap or slightly darker.

The hymenophore is tubular, red or light brown. In small fungi at an early age, when pressed on the tubules, dark spots form.

The pores are very large, rounded or slightly elongated, with thick walls.

Spores are cylindrical, flat, smooth.

It is an inedible mushroom.

Since the populations of Gleophyllum oblongata are quite rare, then the species is included in the Red Lists many European countries. In the Russian Federation, it is listed in the Red Book of Karelia.

A similar species is log gleophyllum (Gloeophyllum trabeum). But it, in contrast to the oblong gleophyllum, has a mixed hymenophore (there are both plates and pores), while the pores are very small. Also, in the oblong gleophyllum, the surface of the cap is soft.

Taxonomy

Gleophyllum was first described by Franz Xaver von Wulfen in a combined genus of lamellar mushrooms in 1786. Since 1802, it was most often described as part of a narrower combined genus of mushrooms with a labyrinthine hymenophore. In 1882, the Finnish mycologist Peter Adolf Karsten singled it out into a separate genus Gleophyllum.

Synonyms

• Agaricus boletiformis Sowerby, 1809
• Agaricus sepiarius Wulfen, 1786basionym
• Agaricus undulatus Hoffm., 1797, nom. illeg.
• Daedalea sepiaria (Wulfen) G. Gaertn., B. Mey. & Scherb., 1802
• Daedalea sepiaria var. undulata Hoffm. ex Pers., 1828
• Daedalea ungulata Lloyd, 1915
• Gloeophyllum ungulatum (Lloyd) Imazeki, 1943
• Lenzites argentinus Speg., 1898
• Lenzites sepiarius (Wulfen) Fr., 1838
• Lenzites undulatus (Hoffm. Ex Pers.) Sacc. & Traverso, 1912
• Merulius sepiarius (Wulfen) Schrank, 1789