Belonavoznik birnbaum: where it grows, what it looks like, is it possible to eat

Description

1. Earlier, we have already mentioned that Birnbaum's whiteheads are ranked among the mushroom family due to their partial external similarity, although not everyone agrees with this statement. Also, these fruiting bodies are included in the genus Belonavoznikov.
2. The apex in its diameter does not exceed 5 cm, and this is a rarity. It is not too dense, in young animals it is egg-shaped, round or oval. Then it takes on a canonical form, at the end it becomes prostrate or bell-shaped. There is a small tubercle in the middle section.
3. The skin of the apex is dry and smoothed, but some yellowish coating may be present. The edges fold over, but soon straighten out. They are grooved, so the specified variety can be distinguished by this characteristic.
4. The base is located directly in the center of the hat. Often it bends, in the lower part there is an expansion and the so-called tuber. The leg is empty inside, but in young animals it can be wadded. Covered with rings and flakes of yellow pigmentation.
5. The ring is located in the upper part, it is narrow in its format, and is also colored in yellow. The plates are gray, often located in relation to each other, thin and free. The spores are pinkish, oval, and smoothed in structure. The soft part is yellowish, does not change color when cut, there is no smell or taste.
6. Not consumed as food. As for the growing area, these fruit bodies are grown in park areas, greenhouse areas and greenhouses. They need soil with fertilizers, namely manure. Hence the name of the mushroom. Instances belong to the decorative type, they are admired all year round. We repeat again, they are not eaten.
7. It is difficult enough to confuse this family with self-similar ones, because it is quite recognizable. However, people, for unknown reasons, compare the variety with Pilate's white-bellied mushroom and the ruddy white mushroom. On the territory of Ukraine, this species does not occur in nature, is listed in the protection book and has the appropriate status.

Description of Belonavoznik Birnbaum

Birnbaum's hat in diameter is about 1-5 centimeters. The structure of the cap is thin-fleshy. Its shape at a young age is oval or ovoid, soon it becomes conical, even later - bell-shaped, with a small tubercle in the center. The edges of the cap are at first tucked up, and over time they become straight, furrowed. The surface of the cap is dry. The color of the cap is picrine yellow, and the tubercle is yellow. There is a flocculent yellowish bloom on the surface.

The height of the mushroom leg ranges from 4 to 8 centimeters, while the thickness is small - 0.2-0.4 centimeters. The leg is often curved; towards the base it becomes wider, with a small nodule. The leg is hollow inside. The color of the leg, as well as the cap, is picrine yellow. Its surface is bare. A narrow, filmy, yellowish apical ring is located on the pedicle. Below the ring on the leg there is a flocculent coating. Often the ring disappears over time.

The pulp of the mushroom is yellowish; at the break, its color does not change. The pulp does not have a special smell and taste. The plates are thin, loose, often spread out. The color of the plates is sulfur-yellow. Spores are oval-ellipsoidal. The surface of the spores is smooth, colorless.

Places of growth of Birnbaum white-worms

These mushrooms grow in greenhouses, greenhouses, hotbeds. They settle on manured soil. These are very bright and beautiful decorative mushrooms. They bear fruit in greenhouse conditions throughout the year.

Other Belonavozniki

Pilate's whitehead is an inedible mushroom. It is also called Pilate's white champignon.His cap is at first spherical, but with age it transforms into a convex-outstretched one, while a round small tubercle remains in the center. The diameter of the cap reaches 9 centimeters. Its color is brownish-red, and in the center it is darker. Radial fibers stand out well against the light background of the cap. The leg is located in the center of the cap, in its lower part there is a small tuber. The leg height can reach 12 centimeters, and the thickness does not exceed 1.8 centimeters. The leg has a central ring. The ring is white at the top and reddish-brown at the bottom. The pulp gives off a faint cedar scent.

Pilate's whiteheads are rare mushrooms. They meet in small groups. They grow in parks, gardens and oak groves. There is no information about the edibility of Pilate's white beetle, so they are not recommended for collection.

Belonavoznik (lat.Leucocóprinus) is a genus of mushrooms of the Champignon family (Agaricaceae).

What does Birnbaum's Belonavoznik look like?

A young specimen has an oval or ovoid cap, gradually it opens, turns into a conical, bell-shaped, prostrate, in mature mushrooms it becomes almost flat. There is a tubercle in the center. The surface is bright yellow, dry, covered with a flaky yellowish bloom. The edge is first tucked in, then straight with a radial groove. Its size reaches 1 to 5 cm in diameter.

Bright yellow mushroom is a real decoration of the garden

The pulp is yellow, does not change color in the cut. Free from smell and taste.

The height of the leg reaches 8 cm, the thickness is 4 mm in diameter. The color is the same as the hat. It is, as a rule, curved, hollow, widened at the bottom. In the upper part, you can see a ring, which is the remnant of a protective blanket - velum. It is yellowish, filmy, narrow, disappearing. Above the ring, the surface is smooth, below it is covered with a bloom in the form of yellowish flakes.

The hymenophore of Birnbaum's whitehead has the form of thin plates of sulfur-yellow color, often located, free relative to the leg.

Spores are ovoid or oval-ellipsoidal, smooth, colorless, of medium size (7-11X4-7.5 microns). The powder is pinkish.

Pilate's Belonavoznik. An insufficiently studied species, which is rarely found in single specimens. It belongs to saprophytes, it can grow in any places with a suitable substrate, it is found in parks, on lawns, garden plots, near oak trees. Its edibility has not been established, so harvesting is not recommended. The main difference from Birnbaum's white-worm is its large size, darker color, and the smell of pine nuts in the pulp. The size of the cap is from 3.5 to 9 cm. At first it is spherical, then convex, and finally, outstretched. The surface is reddish-brownish, in the center there is a tubercle of intense red-brown color, the edges are thin, in young specimens they are turned downward, with whitish remnants of the bedspread. The height of the leg is up to 12 cm, the position is central, there is a tuber at the base. In young specimens, it is intact, in old specimens it is hollow inside. In the upper part there is a ring, above it it is whitish, below it is reddish-brown. The plates are thin, loose, light cream, when pressed, they become reddish-brown. Spore powder is pinkish. The flesh is whitish, pinkish-brown in section, has no taste.

Pilate's Belonavoznik is distinguished by reddish-brown caps

Belochampignon ruddy. Quite common. In size, it is larger than Birnbaum's white worm, belongs to the edible species with good taste characteristics, it has a different color. In the wild, it is found only in the southern hemisphere, and in the northern it is grown artificially. Grows in small groups in mixed forests, on pastures, fields, forest edges, orchards, sometimes there are single specimens. Outwardly, it looks like an ordinary champignon. The cap grows up to 5-10 cm. It is convex, in the center with a small tubercle, as it grows, it straightens, remnants of a protective blanket are visible on the edge. It can have either thin or thick flesh, white or pale creamy.The surface is matte, smooth to the touch, cracks in the old specimen with the formation of grayish-beige scales in the center. The stem is cylindrical or curved, whitish or grayish, the surface is smooth, there is a white or brown ring. The pulp is fibrous. It grows up to 5-10 cm in length and up to 1-2 cm in thickness. The plates are free, even, frequent, in young ones they are whitish, in mature ones they first turn pink, then darken. Spores are white or pinkish, ovoid, smooth. Cream powder. White champignon pulp is whitish, dense, firm, with a pleasant mushroom aroma.

Belochampignon ruddy - edible mushroom of white or light cream color

Poisons in henbane

We have already said that henbane is a poisonous plant containing a large amount of alkaloids belonging to the atropine group. In different parts of the plant, the content of alkaloids is different. For example, the largest amount of toxic substances is found in the roots (up to 0.18%). In stems, this indicator is much less (less than 0.02%). Seeds and leaves contain approximately the same amount of alkaloids (less than 0.1%).

You need to know that in different parts of the plant, the content of alkaloids varies depending on the place of growth. This is influenced by seasonality, humidity, ultraviolet radiation. The henbane leaves contain:

• atropine;
• scopolamine;
• flavonoids;
• hyoscyamine;
• hyoscipicrin;
• hyoscerin;
• glycosides;
• hyoscyrosin.

Henbane seeds contain:

• resin;
• fixed oils;
• glycosides;
• protein substances;
• mineral salts;
• gum;
• sugar.

When a poisonous plant of henbane is consumed in large quantities, very quickly (after a maximum of twenty minutes), serious consequences arise, which are often fatal.

Description of the mushroom

Valuya's botanical name is Russula foetens. It belongs to the russula family, but many mushroom pickers do not want to take it into their basket. In numerous photos, you can see the specific external characteristics of the fruiting body, and a description of the taste of the mushroom and the place of its growth are listed below.

What does it look like

Valuy can be called differently - a sullion, a cowshed, a pig, a goby, a cam, a weeping mushroom. All of them arose due to the external specific characteristics inherent in this type of lamellar fungus.

Botanical description of Valui:

1. The stem of the fruiting body is cylindrical. Its height is 5–15 cm, and its diameter is about 3.5 cm.
2. The thickness of the massive cap is about 5 cm. In young specimens, it has the shape of a hemisphere, and with age it gradually flattens out and becomes like a saucer up to 14 cm in diameter. The edges of the cap of the mushroom adhere tightly to its stem.
3. The lower part of the culb is colored light yellow. The hat is slippery, has a small notch in the center and has a light brown tint.
4. On the lower surface of the apex of the mushroom, there are long cream or yellowish plates. They all the time emit a light liquid, leaving dark spots on the stem.
5. The flesh is dense and brittle, white or creamy. From contact with air, the cut site quickly darkens.

Where it grows

Valui can be found in mixed and coniferous forest. In Russia, it is collected in the Caucasus, in the western part of Siberia, as well as in the Far East. Kulbiks are also common throughout North America and Eurasia. These mushrooms can grow in large groups on moist soils in a shaded area, especially at the foot of oaks, birches and pines.

Can i eat

Valui belongs to the category of conditionally edible mushrooms and is edible only after careful culinary processing. The flesh of a raw kulb has a bitter, pungent taste that can cause nausea. The fruiting body exudes a pungent, unpleasant odor that resembles rancid oil. Before heat treatment, Valui is soaked for a long time to remove the negative taste of the mushroom.

RED-PLATE BELOCHAMPIGNON

Leucoagaricus leucothites (Vittad.) Wasser

Hat 4-10 cm in diameter, thick-fleshed in the center, at a young age hemispherical, rounded-bell-shaped, later convex-prostrate, with a low wide tubercle in the center or slightly depressed, white, whitish, grayish, sometimes with a nutty tint, smooth, silky, sometimes fine-scaled-granular.

Gymenoplamellar. The plates are loose, with a small colarium, thin, wide, frequent, white, then creamy, later pinkish.

Leg 5-10 x 1-1.5 (2) cm, cylindrical, sometimes slightly curved, expands at the base, with a loose core, with age with a cavity, white, smooth, fibrous, with a simple, narrow, white, often disappearing ring, located at the top of the leg.

The pulp is dense, white, does not change on the cut, with a pleasant smell and taste.

Spores 8-10 x 5.5-7 microns, ellipsoidal, colorless, smooth. Spore powder is pinkish.

Distribution: Grows on soil, most often in forest clearings and edges of the mountainous and foothill part of the Crimea, in forest shelter belts in the steppe part, in parks, gardens, vegetable gardens, in flower beds, streets, sometimes found in forests, not uncommon. Forms fruiting bodies from May to October.

Usage: Good edible mushroom. Suitable for fresh consumption and drying.

Similar species: This species is similar to the field mushroom (Agaricus arvensis), adult fruiting bodies of which are distinguished, first of all, by dark brown plates. Can also be confused with the deadly poisonous fly agaric white (Amanita verna), which, however, always has a volva at the base of the leg.

BELONAVOZNIK BIRNBAUM

Leucocoprinus birnbaumii (Corda) Sing,

The hat is thin-fleshy, ovoid in young mushrooms, then narrowly bell-shaped and, finally, campanulate-prostrate with a tubercle, dry, sulfur-or lemon-yellow, greenish-yellow, covered with a bright yellow flocculent bloom, thicker on the tubercle. The height of the cap in young mushrooms is 1.5-4.0 cm, the diameter is 0.8-3.5 cm, the diameter of the fully opened cap is 5-9 cm. With age, the color fades to straw yellow or cream.

Gymenoplamellar. The plates are loose, with a collarium, not frequent, up to 7 mm wide, thin, with a serrated edge, greenish-yellow, sulfur-yellow, later grayish-greenish.

Leg 7-12 x 0.5-0.9 cm, central, straight or curved, widening downward into a small tuber (up to 1-2 cm), one-color with a cap, with a narrow, flaky, pubescent ring along the edge. Above the ring, the leg is naked, below it with a yellow flocculent bloom, which remains in adult fungi only on the surface of the tuber.

The pulp is yellowish-greenish, does not change on the cut, with a pleasant, later somewhat unpleasant sweetish odor. Spores 7-11 x 4.5-7.5 microns, broadly or oval-ellipsoid, colorless, smooth. Spore powder is pinkish.

Distribution: For a number of years, it grows as single specimens and in groups on the soil in the cactus greenhouse of the Nikitsky Botanical Garden. Forms fruiting bodies in May-September.

Use: Inedible.

Similar species: This species has a well-recognizable "appearance", moreover, we grow only in greenhouses, so it is difficult to confuse it with other species.

Note: Species of the genus Leucocoprinus in vivo grow mainly in the southern hemisphere. In the Northern Hemisphere, a number of species of the genus are found spontaneously in greenhouses, hotbeds, greenhouses, and often in plantings of tropical plants. For Ukraine, Birnbaum's whiteback is an adventive (introduced) species and does not occur in natural conditions.

Leucocoprinus birnbaumii - Leucocoprinus birnbaumii

• Agaricus birnbaumiiSogya (1839)
• Agaricus SheizBolton (1789) [ No. illegit., Not A. yellowHudson (1778)]
• Lepiota yellow(Bolton) Godfrin (1897)
• Leucocoprinus Sheiz(Bolton) Locq. (1945)
• Agaricus flammulaAlb. & Schwein. (1805)
• Lepiota flammula(Alb. & Schwein.) Gillet (1874)
• Agaricus Flos-sulphurisSchnizl. (1851)
• Lepiota Flos-sulphuris(Schnizl.) Mattir. (1918)
• Leucocoprinus Flos-sulphuris(Schnizl.) Cejp (1948)
• Lepiota aigeaMassee (1912) [ No. illegit., Not L. aigea (Matt.) Gray (1821)]
• Lepiota pseudolicmophoraRea (1922)
• Lepiota coprinoidesBeeli (1936)

Leucocoprinus birnbaumii is a species of grilled mushroom in the Agaricaceae family. It is often found in the tropics and subtropics, but in temperate regions it is often found in greenhouses and flowerpots, hence its common names flowerpot umbrella and plantpot dapperling ... The fruiting body is moderately toxic if consumed in large quantities.

taxonomy

The species was first published as Agaricus Sheiza by the English mycologist James Bolton, who described and illustrated her from a greenhouse near Halifax in 1785 Unfortunately, the name A. Sheiz has already been published for various fungi, making Bolton A. Sheiz illegitimate. However, many popular North American books continued to use the name Lepiota lutea until the 1980s. In 1839 the Czech mycologist August Corda described the same species from Prague where he was found growing in a greenhouse by the inspector of the Birnbaum garden, hence the epithet birnbaumii .

English names

In Great Britain, Leucocoprinus birnbaumii the recommended common name from "plantpot dapperling" has been given. In North America, it is also called "yellow parasol", "flowerpot parasol", "yellow houseplant mushroom", "lemon yellow Lepiota", or "yellow pleated parasol".

Fruit bodies Leucocoprinus birnbaumii are agaricoid (mushroom) and occur singly or in small clumps. All parts are light, pale yellow in color, gray, but fade with age. When young, the lid tends to be taller than wide, then bulges and about 20-60 mm (1-2.5 in) in diameter. The surface of the lid is smooth but dotted with small, easily detached scales, and small, radial grooves often develop near the edge. These gills are loose (not attached to the stem) and covered with a partial veil when young, which tears to leave a fragile, fleeting ring on the trunk. Microscopically, the species is distinguished by its thick-walled, ellipsoidal spores, which are dextrinoid, have embryonic pores, and measure around 8-12 by 5-9 µm.

Similar species

Leucocoprinus straminellus the same, slightly paler (sometimes completely whitish) species that can also occasionally appear in greenhouses and plantpots in temperate regions. It is best distinguished microscopically by its smaller spores, which do not have a pore sprout. Leucocoprinus yellowish described from North America is also spored and has a yellowish cap with a brownish center. Leucocoprinus sulphurellus is a yellow species that occurs in the Caribbean, but has gills that bruise a bright blue-green color.

Ruddy white champignon

1. In such fruiting bodies, the cap can grow up to 10 cm in diameter. In addition, it is quite thick and fleshy in structure in the center. If the specimen is young, then you can see that the cap has a hemispherical shape. It is round, as if bell-shaped.
2. Over time, it takes on a slightly convex and outstretched shape. At the same time, the tubercle remains low and wide. It is located strictly in the center. The hat can be colored white, grayish, whitish, and hazel. Moreover, it is silky and smooth.
3. The mushroom has loose plates with a small gap. They are frequent, wide and thin. Painted in white or cream color. Over time, they turn pink. The leg can be up to 10 cm in height, and up to a maximum of 2 cm in diameter. It has a cylindrical shape, and sometimes it is curved.

A side note is that fruiting bodies of this genus can grow in their natural environment only in the Southern Hemisphere. As for the North, they are found exclusively in places specially created for growing ornamental mushrooms.

Poisoning symptoms

Few know that grass poison is so dangerous that a cow that has eaten at least one leaf of the plant will not give fully safe milk. The henbane is especially dangerous due to the content of two substances in its composition - atropine and skolamine, which is one of the main ingredients in the production of "serum of truth".

When combined, these substances block nerve endings. As a result, the work of all organs and systems is disrupted. In case of poisoning, the symptoms appear very quickly and are presented in most cases by the following picture:

• due to severe dryness of the larynx, the swallowing reflex is disturbed;
• speech becomes difficult, it becomes slurred, and the voice is rough and hoarse;
• photophobia is observed, vision is impaired;
• the skin turns red in different places;
• disorientation is observed (a person cannot understand where he is);
• severe headache, accompanied by increased pulsation in the frontal part of the head and temples.

In more severe poisoning, which can be caused by a large amount of poison taken, the symptoms are as follows:

• overexcitation;
• a sharp increase in blood pressure;
• seizures that are accompanied by pain;
• the color of the mucous membranes changes (cyanosis);
• the pulse is so weak that it can hardly be heard;
• the appearance of auditory and visual hallucinations.

Often, poisoning with a bleached black plant (you can see a photo of the plant in our review) causes a failure of the respiratory organs. In this case, death occurs. If symptoms related to the second group appear, you should immediately call an ambulance.

Medical use

Belene was known to many ancient peoples - Hindus and Egyptians, Arabs and Persians. Helen-based preparations were used in ancient Rome, Greece. In the Middle Ages, henbane replaced chloroform during operations. The plant has been used in medicine since the second half of the 19th century. Henbane oil, or rather, an extract made from vegetable oil, treats rheumatism and gout. It should be said that despite the fact that henbane is a poisonous plant, it is used in folk medicine to relieve asthmatic attacks.

To do this, mix the dried leaves of henbane, datura and sage, pour into a frying pan as hot as possible. Then you should inhale the vapors from the burnt leaves. This method quickly stops the attack. By the way, the Russian drug "Astmatol", recommended for asthmatics, is made from dry henbane leaves.

For back pain, especially of a rheumatic nature, an oil solution is prepared. It consists of the sap of the leaves of black henbane and oil. The juice is mixed with vegetable oil in equal proportions, slightly warmed up and applied to the inflamed area.

Growing

Valuy is often found in forests, but if desired, each gardener can independently grow it in his country house. To do this, you just need to buy the mycelium of this mushroom in a specialized store and plant it at the foot of any trees.

The step-by-step algorithm for planting a barn is as follows:

1. Dig up the ground around the tree next to which the mushrooms will be planted. Loosen its surface, removing large clods of earth.
2. Dig a small hole with a depth and diameter of about 5-15 cm.
3. Spread the mycelium evenly over the surface of the cavity.
4. Mix the garden soil with humus in equal proportions. Sprinkle the sown mycelium with the resulting nutrient mixture.
5. Water the planting site with warm water, consuming about 10 liters of liquid per 1 m².
6. Fill the groove to the top with the remaining garden soil. Slightly level the ground with your hands.

After planting the mycelium, further care is not required - Valui is unpretentious to growing conditions, therefore it grows successfully without watering.

Mushrooms can be harvested in spring and autumn, and the mycelium will bear fruit as long as the tree near which it is located exists.

Help with poisoning

Before the arrival of doctors, it is necessary to provide first aid to a person who has been poisoned by a poisonous bleached plant:

1. It is urgent to rinse the victim's stomach using activated charcoal or a weak solution of potassium permanganate (potassium permanganate) in a volume of up to one and a half liters.
2. After that, the patient is given a laxative and enterosorbents.
3. At high temperatures, antipyretic drugs are given.
4. After that, before the arrival of an ambulance, the patient must be provided with physical and emotional rest.

In case of severe poisoning, such measures will only help for a while. Do not forget that self-medication can lead to unforeseen consequences. At the hospital, the patient will receive all the necessary medical care to save the patient's life and resume the work of the affected organs.

Leucocoprinus birnbaumii medicinal properties

Leucocoprinus birnbaumii won’t hurt your plant. There is no getting rid of it, short of replacing all the soil in your planter (and even then it might reappear).Since it makes such a beautiful addition to your household flora, I recommend learning to love it — and teaching your children to love it, too. Perhaps your child would like to become an awesome and famous mycologist some day!

Lepiota lutea is a previous name. There are several similar species, including Leucocoprinus tricolor (with a brown cap center, pale yellow colors, and a chrome yellow stem base), Leucocoprinus flavescens (with a brownish cap center and smaller spores) and Lepiota fragilissimus, with an extremely thin cap and pale gills.

Thanks to Roxanne Palmrose, Gary Cook, Ellen Cobb, Katherine Josey, Mical Moser, and Greg Allikas for collecting, documenting, and preserving Leucocoprinus birnbaumii for study; their collections are deposited in The Herbarium of Michael Kuo.

Ecology: Saprobic; growing alone, gregariously, or clustered in flower pots, greenhouses, and so on — or, in warm conditions, outside in gardens, lawns, and other cultivated areas (often around stumps); also growing in hardwood and conifer forests, especially in disturbed ground areas (pathsides, etc.); outdoors in summer, indoors year-round; widely distributed in North America. The illustrated and described collections are from Florida, Texas, Indiana, New York, North Carolina, and Oregon.

Cap: 2.5–5 cm across; oval to egg-shaped when young, becoming broadly conical, broadly convex, or bell-shaped; dry; powdery to finely scaly; the margin lined or grooved nearly to the center by maturity; bright to pale yellow, often with a darker (but not brown) center.

Gills: Free from the stem; crowded; short-gills frequent; pale yellow to yellow.

Stem: 3-10 cm long; 2–5 mm thick; more or less equal above a slightly swollen base; dry; bald or powdery; with a fragile, bracelet-like, yellow ring that sometimes disappears; basal mycelium pale yellow.

Flesh: Whitish to yellowish; very thin.

Microscopic Features: Spores 8-12 x 5-7 µm (occasionally shorter, 7-9 x 5-6 µm); ellipsoid to slightly amygdaliform, with a 1–2 µm pore at one end; smooth; thick-walled; hyaline in KOH; dextrinoid. Basidioles inflated, brachybasidiole-like. Cheilocystidia to about 50 x 15 µm; ventricose; rostrate; thin-walled; smooth; hyaline in KOH. Pleurocystidia absent. Pileipellis a cutis of elements 5–10 µm wide; terminal cells cylindric with rounded apices. Floccose material on cap surface composed of inflated, subglobose to pyriform elements 15–25 µm across.

REFERENCES: (Corda, 1839) Singer, 1962. (Bolton, 1788; Saccardo, 1912; HV Smith, 1954; Smith, Smith & Weber, 1979; HV Smith, 1981; HV Smith & Weber, 1982; Weber & Smith, 1985 ; Arora, 1986; Phillips, 1991/2005; Lincoff, 1992; Metzler & Metzler, 1992; Horn, Kay & Abel, 1993; Barron, 1999; Vellinga, 2001e; McNeil, 2006; Kuo & Methven, 2010.) Herb. Kuo 12071501, 04171601, 07101601, 07261601, 08231601, 08301601.

This site contains no information about the edibility or toxicity of mushrooms.

Cooking applications

Valui should not be eaten raw - its pulp has a bitter taste and a pungent odor. But these mushrooms can be salted and stewed with the addition of various spices, as well as boiled according to a recipe and used as an ingredient for first courses, salads, meat and vegetable stews, and baked goods.

Features of the use of pig mushroom in cooking are listed below:

• before cooking, the fruit body is cleaned of debris, the bitter skin on the cap is removed;
• to neutralize bitterness, mushrooms are soaked in cold water for 2-3 days, changing the liquid 2 times a day;
• it is recommended to take only value hats, since the legs have a more porous structure and are often affected by parasites;
• young specimens are best suited for cooking - their pulp is denser and less bitter in taste;
• boil the value for 40-50 minutes, dipping them in slightly salted boiling water;
• to marinate the pigs for the winter, they are boiled for 20 minutes, transferred to a container with a hot marinade of water, vinegar and spices, and then boiled for another 20 minutes and placed in sterilized jars;
• for the preparation of mushroom caviar, the valuei are cooked until tender, grind with a meat grinder or blender along with onions and spices, and then stew under a lid for about 15 minutes.