Classification
The family of cereals consists of 900 genera and 11,500 species included in them. Systematization and classification of one of the largest and most diverse families of higher plants is complicated by the fact that representatives are prone to hybridization and gene mutation (polyploidy).
An international system has now been adopted that divides the cereal family into the following subfamilies:
- Bluegrass (Pooideae);
- Feather grass (Stipoiideae);
- Millet (Panicoideae);
- Bamboo (Bambusoideae);
- Reed (Arundinoideae);
- Chloride (Cloridoideae);
- Centotecovye (Centothecoideae).
There is also a classification in which the family of cereals is divided into two subfamilies: true cereals and bamboo-like. A system is used in which cereals are divided into tribes - classification categories below the family, but above the genus. Tribes are divided into subtribes, genera, sections, species. Some scientists distinguish rice and field cereals into separate subfamilies, and oat plants are considered a separate tribe, and not part of the bluegrass tribe.
Representatives of the bluegrass subfamily are well-known food crops: wheat, barley, rye. As well as fodder and weeds: oats, wheatgrass, bluegrass, pearl barley, rump. Millet grains include plants such as corn, millet, sugarcane, and miscanthus. Chloride - pig and bison grass.
Despite the wide variety of species, cereals have common features: fibrous roots, knotty stems, caryopses. The leaves of cereals form a sheath and a membranous tongue at the base of the leaf. Most stems have a hollow structure between the nodes. Such a stem is called a straw. Inflorescences of cereals consist of spikelets that form a panicle, ear, ear, or sultan. Spikelets have two scales covering the flowers (from one to several). The flower has two scales, one pistil and three stamens. The fruit is a caryopsis, in which the seed coat has grown together with the pericarp.
Cereals are of great importance, including all types of wheat, including spelled, kamut and emmer, as well as barley, rye, oats, millet, corn and rice.
There is a wide variety of types of oats, there are more than 70 of them. Of the cultivated oats, two types are widespread: Byzantine oats and sowing oats, from wild oats - southern oats and common oats. Many types of oats are very picturesque and are increasingly used as ornamental grains for the garden.
Explanation of some names
Meadow flowers, in addition to the official Latin name, have a name that was given by people. For example, coltsfoot got its name from the contrast of the upper (warm, fleecy) and lower (cold, smooth) parts of the leaf.
Elecampane relieves fatigue, gives "nine forces". Cornflower is a symbol of purity and holiness, named after Saint Basil, who loved flowers with great love. Ivan da Marya is named according to the legend of unhappy love, which was not destined to come true.
According to a Russian legend, multicolored pansies are the color of hope, surprise and sadness of a girl whose heart could not stand the vain expectation of her beloved. The carnation was named for its resemblance to an ancient forging nail. The roots and leaves of gentian are so bitter that this taste is the name of the flower.
Photos with the names of wildflowers are shown below.
Yellow grass natural landscapes
A huge number of fragrant, tart or delicately smelling herbs have yellow inflorescences: goose onions, elecampane, delphinium, sweet clover, colza, lumbago, dyeing pupavka, lupine, tansy, buttercup, dandelion and many other useful and beautiful plants.Some yellow meadow flowers, their photos and names are presented in this section.
Goose bow
A low-growing plant no higher than 15 cm has long leaves growing at the roots, small bright yellow flowers, expressively smelling of honey. Used as a cosmetic and medicine.
Elecampane
It grows in bushes up to 1 m high. The leaves are narrow, light green, the inflorescences are orange or yellow. Flowers are single or in bunches. It is used for face and body care, as well as in traditional medicine.
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Donnik
Melilot also belongs to the yellow wildflowers. This is one of the tallest flowers that grow taller than human growth (up to 2 m). The stems are evenly covered with three-toed leaves. Small flowers (yellow or white) arranged in brushes.
Delphinium
This shrub plant is even higher - up to 1.5 m. The area at the roots is provided with narrow lancet leaves. The flowers are small, they come in different colors, including yellow, and are arranged pyramidal on a long stem. Delphinium is added as a useful component in the production of soap.
Field plants with yellow buds may continue the above list. These include: zopnik (or feverish root), St. John's wort, tansy, spring adonis, buttercup, thistle, goldenrod, rapeseed, mullein, goldenseed, celandine, swimsuit and many others.
Description
The carnation has a herbaceous or semi-lignified stem, smooth, with pronounced nodes. On the stem, narrow, long leaves of green, bluish or even blue tones are located oppositely. At the ends of the stems there are single flowers or flowers collected in an inflorescence-shield. The flower cups are tubular, fused, five flat petals with denticles or fringes along the edge.
The color of the petals can be very different: red, pink, lilac, burgundy, white, up to yellow and green. There are carnations with variegated petals, painted in several colors at the same time, with strokes, spots, a border around the edge.
Each flower has 10 stamens and a pistil with two columns. After flowering, cylindrical single-celled seed bolls are formed, crowned with 4 cloves, along which a ripe boll opens, and black small, flat, slightly lumpy round or oval seeds pour out of it.
Flowers-honey plants
At the height of summer, when honey flowers in the field secrete nectar for cross-pollination, the bee workers collect this healing sweet liquid for further honey production.
The most melliferous plants are:
- mint;
- pine cone;
- ammi dental;
- motherwort;
- coriander.
Flowers-melliferous plants also include: anise, peppermint, spike-shaped lavender, cumin, cornflower, autumn culbaba, lungwort, dandelion, coltsfoot. Depending on the name of the flower, honey productivity from 1 hectare ranges from 30 to 1300 kg. Below are photos and names of some wildflowers-melliferous plants.
Nature has generously endowed a person with an untold wealth of flora, which heals from ailments, delights with its special beauty, purifies the soul and improves mood.
Cloves - useful properties
Carnation is not only a beautiful ornamental plant, but is also widely used in medicine for the treatment of various diseases. The chemical composition of cloves is a real pantry of vitamins and microelements necessary for human life: potassium and sodium, iron and copper, zinc and magnesium, ascorbic acid, beta-carotene, proteins, carbohydrates, as well as essential oils and tannins.
Preparations made from cloves can have a sedative, pain relieving, hemostatic, and diaphoretic effect. When taken internally, they are used to stop uterine bleeding, treat diseases of the genitourinary system, and relieve headaches.External use of decoctions and tinctures from cloves allows you to get rid of dermatitis and inflammation of the mucous membranes, and clove essential oils help in the treatment of respiratory diseases.
Diseases and pests of carnation, methods of dealing with them and photos
Unfortunately, like all plants, cloves are susceptible to disease and pest attacks. The most common diseases of garden cloves:
Caterpillars of scoops attack carnation bushes during the budding period, feeding on leaves and flowers that have not yet blossomed. Mass populations gnaw the plant in just one night. Since the caterpillars go hunting at dusk, at this time they can be destroyed mechanically, but it is better to immediately treat the clove bush with drugs such as "Actellik", "Fitoverm" or Bi-58.
Thrips are a pest that feeds on carnation juices, as a result, all parts of the flower are deformed, covered with a white bloom and lose their decorative effect. If the clove bush is very badly damaged, then you should get rid of it. Less infected specimens must be treated with insecticides, for example, "Arrivo" or "Zolon". Spraying cloves is carried out at intervals of 3-4 times every 5 days.
Gall nematode is a carnation pest that affects the root system of the plant and forms swelling-galls on the roots. As a result, the carnation does not develop well, then the leaves begin to turn yellow and the flowers fall off. Sick bushes must be removed and burned. Since the pest can live in the soil for years, the soil is carefully spilled with boiling water, and then 3-4 times it is treated with Aktara or Rogora solutions.
Rhizoctonia is a disease that causes rotting of the carnation bush at the root collar. As a result, the plant does not receive nutrients and moisture, it turns yellow and dries up. In wet weather, rhizoctonia disease can be determined by finding a brownish felt plaque in the lower part of the stem of a carnation. It is unlikely that an infected plant can be saved, but for prevention, the plants are watered and sprayed with Bordeaux liquid.
Clove phialophorosis is a disease in which the stems of the carnation gradually fade and begin to turn yellow quickly. Individual leaves and shoots may turn reddish. When cut on the stem, streaks and brown rings are clearly visible. Diseased carnation bushes should be removed, the soil should be treated with a solution of potassium permanganate, healthy plants should be sprayed with Topsin for prophylaxis.
Fusarium wilting. Signs of clove disease are yellowing, and in the future, browning and wilting of the leaves of the plant. On the aerial parts of the carnation bush, pinkish convex specks appear - these are fungal spores. The affected cloves must be removed, the remaining plants must be watered with a fungicide such as Fundazol or Topsin-M.
With the onset of cold weather, mice love to feast on the roots of a garden carnation, therefore, if you grow a plant as a perennial, cover it with spruce branches for the winter to avoid damage to the bushes by rodents.
Common types of wild orchids
Among such a numerous and varied family of Orchids, there are several of the most striking representatives, the decorative features of which deserve special attention.
Royal
The exotic flower received its name - Royal - for its high decorative characteristics. A distinctive feature of the exotic is the large-sized flowers. So, the diameter of a fully opened bud can reach 13 cm. At the same time, the stem of the plant is fragile and thin.
In its natural environment, the Royal Orchid grows on trees and stones in the rainforests of Australia and Indonesia. The local population called such a beautiful and fragrant flower “the queen of the tropics”.
The diameter of the bud of the Royal Orchid reaches 13 cm
Lyubka is two-leaved
A thin spikelet with numerous small flowers - this is what the Lyubka double-leaved orchid looks like. The plant attracts with a pleasant refined aroma. A characteristic feature of the variety is the fleshy leaf plates that form almost at the very base.It propagates only by seed. Unfortunately, Lyubka double-leaved belongs to an endangered species of exotic flowers.
Lyubka two-leaved - a thin spikelet with numerous small flowers
Lady's slipper
The habitat of the Venus slipper orchid variety is considered to be the northern forests of Europe, as well as North America, Japan, China, Russia and the Tibetan mountains. To survive in the wild, you need to protect yourself from birds and herbivorous animals. The lady's slipper has its own "weapon" - it is acrid and tasteless juice.
Another unique feature of the exotic flower is its late bloom. The first flowering falls on the 18th year of the orchid's life. The lady's slipper got its name from the special structure of the petals. The bottom leaf of the opened bud resembles a woman's shoe. The color of the petals is yellow and purple.
Botanical portrait of the Venus slipper variety
Orchis spotted
The Orchis spotted became a resident of the marshy and bushy areas of Russia. The plant loves high humidity and sunlight. Against the background of shrubs and thickets, it stands out with white and purple buds collected in spikelets. The flower is called spotted, since light gray spots of various sizes are formed on the green leaf plates.
Roots have a special value. Micronutrient-rich root shoots are often used in alternative medicine to strengthen the immune system and restore the body's performance.
Spotted orchis loves high humidity and sunlight
Goodayera creeping
The pine forests are inhabited by the Gudayera creeping orchid. A rare exotic flower similar to the plantain. The leaf plates are supplemented with a mesh pattern, the inflorescences are painted in snow-white color. It blooms once a year in June.
Goodayera creeping blooms with small snow-white inflorescences
The nest is real
A distinctive feature of the Gnezdovka variety orchid is a gray-brown inflorescence on a long peduncle. The flower has no chlorophyll. Leaf plates are absent, and the stem itself is colored light brown.
Real nesting belongs to medicinal crops. The plant is used to eliminate toothache and treat inflammatory and purulent processes on the skin.
Real nest has no chlorophyll
The Orchid family is considered one of the most numerous. You can meet exotic flowers almost anywhere in the world. But do not take the flower from its familiar environment, since most wild-growing orchids are not suitable for home cultivation.
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Ornamental steppe plants
Below you will see photos and names of steppe plants, which are the most decorative.
Kachim, gypsophila (GYPSOPHILA). The carnation family.
These are mainly perennials from the steppes and semi-deserts of Eurasia. They have a deep taproot, small lanceolate leaves on knobby, strongly branching stems. Inflorescences-panicles of this ornamental plant of the steppe zone, consisting of small flowers, are numerous and provide an openwork, "flying" appearance of the bush (height 60-90 cm). An exception is because creeping (height 10-15 cm).
Types and varieties:
Swing panicled (G. panicuiata) - a large (up to 100 cm) tumbleweed bush, varieties:
"Compacta PLena"
"FLamingo" - with pink flowers.
Kachim creeping (G. repens) - low, creeping, variety "Rosea" - with pink flowers.
Kachim Pacific (G. pacifica) is an openwork bush, 50 cm high, with pink flowers.
Swing holly (G. acutifoiia) - a tall bush (up to 170 cm), falling apart.
Growing conditions. Sunny places with loose neutral dry soils.
Reproduction. Seeds (sowing in spring), seedlings bloom in the 2-3rd year, but they need to be transplanted two years old. Possible (but difficult) reproduction by buds of renewal with a "heel" in the spring. Planting density - single bushes.
Meadowsweet (FILIPENDULA). Family of Rosaceae.
A diverse group of plants, 15 species grow in the temperate zone of Eurasia and North America. Among them there are low dry-loving plants of the steppes - l. ordinary and high moisture-loving - l. Kamchatka, but it is always very decorative, with a delicate aroma, easily cultivated plants with a dense inflorescence of small fragrant flowers.
Types and varieties:
Drought-resistant, relatively low (height 30-50 cm) common meadowsweet (F. vulgaris) has a rosette of openwork feathery wintering leaves, blooms in May, often grows a double form - "Plena".
Vase-leaved meadowsweet (F. ulmaria) - 100-150 cm high with a dense inflorescence of small white flowers, a common plant of wet meadows and edges of central Russia.
Red meadowsweet (F. rubra) - 150-200 cm high with large feathery leaves and inflorescence of pink flowers (variety "Venusta" with dark pink flowers), grows along the banks of rivers in North America.
Purple meadowsweet (F. purpurea) - 50-100 cm high with palm leaves and a panicle of purple flowers.
Kamchatka meadowsweet (F. kamtschatica) - 150-300 cm high, forms a magnificent bush with large finger-like leaves and a panicle of white flowers (grows well in partial shade on moist clay soils).
Common meadowsweet - decoration of solar rockeries, can be planted in curbs. Others - create spots in flower beds of the "natural garden" type and in mixborders.
Growing conditions. Dry sunny places with neutral soil for l. ordinary, other species can grow in the sun and in partial shade, but always well
moist soils.
Reproduction. By dividing the bush (in spring and late summer) and seeds (sowing before winter). Seedlings bloom in the 2-3rd year. Planting density - from single to 12 pcs. per 1 m2.
It is widely used in mixborders (in the foreground), rockeries, borders, in beds with fragrant herbs. Flowers are dried and used for flavoring
premises. Kamchatka meadowsweet is suitable for single plantings among the lawn or against the background of ground cover plants.
Hyacinth (HYACINTHUS). The family of hyacinths (liliaceae).
The genus has about 30 species growing in the Mediterranean. In culture, varieties of the eastern city are mainly grown.
Oriental hyacinth (H. Orientalis) - bulbous perennial, bulb spherical, compact bush, belt-shaped leaves, bell-shaped fragrant flowers, in a loose racemose inflorescence located on a fleshy leafless peduncle.
In nature, it grows in the steppes of Asia Minor. More than 200 varieties of this plant are known.
They are grouped into two groups:
1) varieties with simple flowers;
2) varieties with double flowers.
All of them bloom in early May for 10-14 days, have different peduncle heights (15-35 cm), differ in color.
Growing conditions. Sunny areas with well-drained, light sandy loam soil, enriched with humus, does not tolerate stagnant moisture. It is possible, but not necessary, to dig it up in June, dry it, and at the beginning of October plant it in the ground and cover it with spruce branches. More details ...
Reproduction. Bulbs, baby bulbs. Planting density - 25 pcs... per 1 m2.
