Magnolialeaf peperomia: description, diseases and care

Description of the plant

Peperomia is a herbaceous plant or shrub with fleshy lodging stems. It often leads the life of an epiphyte or a lithophyte. Every year, the shoots add up to 13 cm in length. Having an ampelous shape, the plants are only 20-50 cm in height.

The leaves grow on the stems alternately and are attached with petioles. Depending on the species, the structure of the leaves is very diverse. There are thin or fleshy (succulent) foliage, colored light green, emerald or dark green. Some species have variegated leaves with golden, brown or silvery streaks.

Although the main attraction of the plant is precisely the leaves, peperomia can bloom. The flowering period is in the spring-summer. At this time, dense inflorescences-ears, like in plantain, rise above the shoots from the axils of the upper leaves. They are colored cream or pinkish. Pollination and fruit setting occurs only in nature, with the help of certain types of insects. The fruit is a dry rounded berry with many small seeds. The berries are separated from the shoot at the slightest touch.

Home care

Care after purchase

After buying in a store, it is recommended to transplant the plant, since the transport soil most often contains substances harmful to the plant.

Watering

Moderate watering plays an important role in maintenance; before each watering, it is necessary to check the degree of soil drying.

Important! In no case is it recommended to dry the flower to such a state that the leaves will begin to fade.

In winter, the amount of water should be reduced to a minimum; it is best to use settled heated water for this, since hypothermia is a great danger for the plant.

Note! The addition of phyto-linking will help get rid of limescale on the soil.

Reproduction

Some growers prefer to breed one plant to form a mini-garden.

It may seem really unusual when the whole room is filled with one flower.

The popularity of the plant is due to its ease of care. There are other types of peperomias that are also easy to care for: magnolia-leaved peperomia, wrinkled peperomia, blunt-leaved peperomia.

There are three main ways of plant propagation: seeds, cuttings, from the leaf.

1. Growing from seeds at home

   The most difficult is the method of propagation by seeds, since the peperomia of lilians does not give seeds, they have to be bought in the store.

   The seed must be spread in soft soil and covered with glass on top, the seedlings need a greenhouse climate - the temperature should be within 24 degrees, the plant also needs an optimal moisture level. It is recommended to water the peperomia through a fine sieve; a strong jet of water can lead to a suspension of development.

   The dive is carried out after 2 sheets have germinated, the distance between the seedlings is two centimeters, after which the boxes are placed on the windowsills, it is recommended to install the container in a shaded place. Seating in a separate dish is carried out after they have been strengthened.

2. Cutting The stem or top of a plant with 1-3 nodes should be placed in moist soil of earth, sand and peat and set in a warm place before rooting. The formation of the root system can take 3-4 weeks, after which the pereromia must be planted in separate containers.
3. From the leaf Strong leaves with short cuttings must be placed in a peat-sandy substrate for rooting, to create a greenhouse flower must be covered with glass on top.It takes less time for root formation than when propagating by cuttings, the first signs of the root system appear already on the 12th day, full rooting occurs on the 25th day.

Landing

To plant a lily pereromia, a large capacity is not required; it is imperative to lay a layer of 6 cm of drainage on the bottom.

The flower grows rather slowly. If its development slows down too much, you need to look at the bottom of the pot to see if the roots are visible from the drain.

The soil must be loose enough for proper growth.

The most optimal is a mixture of sand, peat and leafy earth in equal proportions.

Too high a density can provoke root rot, it can be neutral or slightly acidic.

Transfer

The transplant is carried out approximately once every 2 years, the requirements for the soil are the same, the transplant is carried out by the transshipment method.

Temperature

In spring and summer, the temperature should vary between 20-22 degrees, in the autumn-winter period, the run-up is 18-22. The thermometer should not drop below 16 degrees.

Illumination

Pereperomia lillian is distinguished by its increased sensitivity to light, although it feels good in partial shade. If there is a lack of light in the room, the flower can be illuminated with artificial light.

Important! When choosing a place, it must be borne in mind that exposure to direct sunlight threatens the plant with death.

The most optimal place for normal growth and development of lillian peperomia is considered to be the east and west sides.

Home care rules

There are few requirements for keeping this plant at home, even with a little care, it will feel great and develop normally.

Attention! After purchasing, assess the condition of the plant. If the roots did not fill the space of the pot and did not appear from the drainage hole, you should not transplant it right away .. Magnolialeaf peperomia does not like changing conditions of detention, so transplanting immediately after arriving from the store to your home will be additional stress

Magnolialeaf peperomia does not like changing conditions of detention, so a transplant immediately after arriving from the store to your home will be additional stress.

Conditions of detention

It is not recommended to keep this type of peperomia on a too light windowsill, from this its leaves will brighten. A lot of light is needed to grow it, but not direct, falling on the leaves, but scattered.

It grows well when illuminated with various phytolamps or under ordinary room lighting, so it can be grown at some distance from the window.

This flower prefers temperature in the range of 20-25 degrees.

He really does not like sharp drafts, with a sharp change in temperature, it will start to hurt. Moreover, the warmth of peperomia should be all year round, since this plant species does not have a pronounced dormant period.

Important! It is not recommended to grow peperomia on the northern windows, since it will lack light and its shoots will stretch out and lose their decorative effect.

How to water?

Magnolialeaf peperomia easily tolerates short-term dryness of the soil, but does not like waterlogging. This is due to the fact that fleshy stems and leaves accumulate a large amount of moisture and consume it in adverse conditions.

Important! Too moist soil in combination with low temperatures is especially dangerous. Under such conditions, the roots will begin to rot, and the plant will die .. Watering of peperomia is necessary in a moderate summer, and in winter it is rare.

For irrigation, you need settled, warm water

Watering of peperomia is necessary in moderate summer, and rare in winter. For irrigation, you need settled, warm water.

Humidity requirement

During heating operation, peperomia must be sprayed daily - this is a way to protect it from overdrying. The rest of the time, it is not very demanding on air humidity. In winter, when the radiators are working, place the pot in a pallet filled with a layer of expanded clay.It must be regularly moistened, but do not allow the bottom of the pot to come into contact with the water, so as not to overmoisten the roots.

How to fertilize?

A plant transplanted on time into fresh nutrient soil does not need frequent feeding.

It is enough to feed peperomia every 2-3 weeks, but use only half of the dose recommended on the fertilizer package.

Top dressing is carried out during the growing season, and stops in winter.

Plant formation

In order for the peperomia bush to be lush, with numerous lateral shoots, the stems need to be pinched regularly.

It is also necessary to shorten the tops of the shoots if the plant has dropped the lower leaves.

Transplant rules and soil requirements

It is recommended to plant the plant in a shallow dish with a large drainage layer, since it has weak, short roots.

It is recommended to transplant young peperomia annually, choosing a pot 3-4 centimeters larger than the previous one. When the plant is three years old, the transplant is reduced, it is carried out in a year. An old plant should only be replanted if the roots have emerged from the drainage hole.

The composition of the soil should be loose, with a sufficient amount of nutrients. Planting mix: leaf soil, sand, peat and humus (2: 1: 0.5: 1).

ATTENTION. Insufficiently loose, heavy soil will provoke root rot.

Reproduction methods

1. Division Is carried out when transplanting a plant. The bush is divided into two parts, carefully untangling the roots. Each part is treated with charcoal powder for disinfection and planted in a separate container. After planting, the bush is not watered for a week.
2. Cuttings For this type of propagation, blanks with 2-3 nodules cut from the apical shoots are chosen. Rooting is carried out in a mixture of sand and turf. The substrate must be regularly moistened. The cutting planted to a depth of 3-4 cm is covered to create greenhouse conditions. Rooting should be carried out in a warm (24-25 degrees), in the cold the cutting will rot.
3. For sowing, select flat dishes filled with a mixture of sand and earth.

   Shallowly planted seeds are moistened and covered with glass. Germination is carried out in a warm place.

   The container must be lit, but not in direct sunlight, otherwise the seeds will cook.

   When two or three true leaves appear on the sprouts, they are seated in small (7-8 cm) pots.

Reproduction

Reproduction of peperomia is a simple procedure that even a novice florist can handle. There is no shortage of planting material.

Using a sheet

It is recommended to use a leaf on which only germinated or pronounced aerial roots are present. Do not place material in water. The formation of the root system in this case will be extremely slow, in contrast to the processes of decay.

The best option is to treat the cut with crushed activated carbon and leave it in this state for at least eight hours. After that, the leaf should be placed in a loose soil mixture, the composition of which meets the requirements, and then slightly moistened. The container with the future plant must be placed in a well-lit place. With a similar breeding method, the main stem will appear only after six months.

Generative method - it is possible and not difficult

Peperomia seeds can be obtained independently at home

Peperomia seeds are easy to obtain. Even at home, the plant blooms willingly. Ripe seeds are put in paper bags and stored in a dark, dry, cool place until March-April.

Sowing order:

1. Shallow flat containers are filled with a mixture of coarse river sand and universal soil for decorative leafy indoor plants.
2. The soil is watered moderately.
3. Seeds are laid out on the surface of the soil and sprinkled on top with a layer of soil 1.5–2 mm thick.
4. The plantings are sprayed from a spray bottle and covered with glass, plastic wrap, creating a greenhouse.
5. The seeds are provided with bright light and a constant temperature of 24–27 ºС. Bottom heating is desirable. The greenhouse is ventilated daily for 5–7 minutes, preventing condensation and the development of rot.
6. As it dries, the soil is sprayed.
7. Seedlings with 1-2 adult leaves are planted in small individual containers in a mixture of peat chips, universal soil, fertile turf and sand (2: 2: 1: 1).
8. When 5–6 leaves appear (after about six months), peperomias are transplanted into pots with a diameter of 7–8 cm, and are looked after as if they were adult plants.

Rooting cuttings

The peperomia stalk is the top of the shoot or the middle part of the stem cleared of leaves. Be sure to have at least one (preferably 2-3) "nodes" - growth points. Rooting occurs on average in 8 cases out of 10.

Planting material must be absolutely healthy

Operating procedure:

1. Cuttings are cut in late spring or early summer with a sharp, disinfected knife.
2. The planting material is cut downwards into a container with a solution of any root formation stimulator or potassium permanganate for 2-3 hours.
3. The slices are sprinkled with crushed chalk or activated carbon, the cuttings are dried for about a day.
4. Peperomias are rooted in water, sand, vermiculite, peat chips, moss. The apical cuttings are stuck into the substrate with the cut down, the stem cuttings are laid horizontally.
5. The plantings are covered with glass jars or cut plastic bottles, bottom heating and a temperature of 25–27 ºС are provided.
6. The substrate is kept slightly moist at all times.
7. Under optimal conditions, the roots will appear in 20-25 days. Wait another week, transplant the cuttings into normal soil and care as usual.

Rooting cuttings is a reliable way to preserve varietal characteristics

Dividing a bush when transplanting into a new pot

The division of a large peperomia bush into several small ones occurs simultaneously with the spring transplant. The procedure does not change, only one step is added - the separation of the roots with a sharp, clean knife. Slices for the prevention of rot are sprinkled with crushed activated carbon.

Brief description of cultivation

1. Bloom. Peperomia is cultivated as an ornamental leafy plant.
2. Illumination. Needs a lot of bright ambient light. Variegated forms are more demanding on illumination than green-leaved ones.
3. Temperature conditions. In the spring-summer period - up to 22 degrees, and in the winter - about 17-18 degrees.
4. Watering. During the growing season, watering should be abundant. In cold weather, watering is scarce and rare, but it is impossible to allow the clod of earth in the pot to dry out.
5. Air humidity. The flower grows well when the air humidity is typical for residential premises. However, on hot summer days, the bush must be moistened with a spray bottle in the morning or evening.
6. Fertilizer. Top dressing is carried out in the spring-summer period twice a month, for this they use a mineral complex fertilizer for decorative deciduous plants.
7. Rest period. Not pronounced.
8. Transfer. Until the plant is 3 years old, it needs to be replanted regularly every year. More mature bushes are subjected to this procedure once every 2 years.
9. Soil mixture. It should include sand, peat, humus and leafy soil.
10. Harmful insects. Spider mites, thrips, scale insects, mealybugs and nematodes.
11. Diseases. With improper care or in unsuitable conditions, the plant can rot the stem, fall off the foliage, or it loses its decorative effect.

PEPEROMIA | Home Care | Solid benefit

Useful properties and harm

• Peperomia dull-leaved is known primarily for its beneficial properties:
• aesthetic - this is an ornamental plant of a small size, with bright foliage of a unique color;
• disinfectants - cleans the air in the room from fungi and microorganisms due to the release of phytoncides;
• medicinal - improves the functionality of the stomach and intestines, urinary system and mammary glands.

The flower has no harmful properties and does not pose a danger to humans, since it does not contain any poisons or toxins.

However, blunt-leaved peperomia is also accompanied by some superstitions and folk signs. Some of them are probably related to the healing properties of the plant.

1. If there is peperomia in the house, love and prosperity will reign in the family.
2. By growing this flower, you will protect yourself from quarrels and will have enough money.
3. It cannot be accepted as a gift, as it will bring grief to the family. But if you buy a flower with a coin, misfortune can be avoided.
4. If you grow peperomia at home, family members will rarely get sick.
5. In the house where this flower grows, fidelity will be maintained, all family members will be close to each other.
6. Being in the same room with a plant, a sick person recovers faster.
7. By putting peperomia in the bedroom, you can get a good, healthy sleep.

Diseases and pests of peperomia

Peperomias are susceptible to various putrefactive diseases, which are most often caused by excessive watering. The same problems in a plant can arise from improperly selected soil.

Lowering the temperature in the room is also bad for the appearance of peperomia. For example, the edges of the leaves may turn black or dark spots may appear on them.

Protect pereromy from diseases and pests

The main pests are thrips, spider mites and scale insects. In case of damage, the plant must be treated with appropriate chemicals.

Advice. The best preventive measure for pests is a warm shower. This procedure must be carried out at monthly intervals.

Experienced growers do not recommend keeping peperomia near electrical appliances - it can wither and shed all the leaves.

Representatives of peperomia are very interesting plants. Caring for them is absolutely not complicated, which makes it possible for any florist to grow a miniature tropical garden out of them in his home.

Reproduction methods

At home, peperomia is propagated by seeds and vegetatively. Seed reproduction, although it gives a lot of plants at once, requires a lot of effort. For planting, prepare shallow containers with a mixture of leafy earth with sand. Small seeds are spread on the surface and pressed lightly into the soil. The pot is covered with glass and placed in a room with bright diffused light and a temperature of + 24 ... + 25 ° C. The substrate is regularly moistened. When shoots appear, the glass can be removed, but the plants must be regularly sprayed. Grown seedlings with 2 true leaves dive into another box with a distance of 2 cm. During this period, good diffused lighting is needed even more. The hardened plants are transplanted into separate pots with a diameter of 5-7 cm.

Vegetative propagation is much easier. The following methods are used:

Rooting of stem cuttings. Shoots, especially in ampelous species, quickly elongate. They can be cut into pieces and rooted. Each stalk should have 2-3 knots. First, the shoots are placed in a container with warm boiled water. When the first roots appear, the cuttings are planted in pots with sandy-peat soil. The cuttings are covered with a transparent material and kept in well lit together at a temperature of about + 25 ° C. In just a week, young plants are finally adapted and can be grown as adults.
Division of the bush. A strong, strongly overgrown bush in the spring during transplantation is divided into 2-3 parts

To do this, you must carefully free the rhizome from the earthen clod and cut with a sharp knife. Each division must have its own roots and several shoots.

Reproduction in a separate sheet. Even if you managed to get only one leaf with a petiole, it will not be difficult to grow an adult plant.The petiole is slightly shortened and the leaf is planted in wet sandy-peat soil or sphagnum moss. It is better to create greenhouse conditions with high humidity and temperatures of + 23 ... + 25 ° C. Rooting takes place within 3-4 weeks. When a young sprout appears, transplant into a small-diameter pot.

Similar flowers

The following plants are similar to magnolia peperomia:

• Ficus. It has a well-branched root system, dense leaves of bright green color.
• Boxwood. This is a shrub, the height of which is 2-12 m. Leaves are similar with peperomia, which have a dark green color and a glossy surface.
• Jade tree. It features interesting twisted branches and fleshy leaves.
• Anthurium. It is a glossy flower that resembles an artificial plastic plant in its color and appearance.
• Pisonia is umbrella. The leaves are large, opposite, dark green in color. Their length is 25 cm, width is 10 cm.

Magnolia-leaf peperomia is an interesting plant that is appreciated by flower growers due to its foliage. It has a glossy surface, and spots, stripes of light or dark green color can be scattered over its surface. The ease of caring for the crop allows even a beginner to grow it.

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Peperomia species most common in indoor floriculture

1. Shriveled peperomia. Low plant up to 10 cm tall with spike-shaped white inflorescences. The leaf blade is wrinkled. Flowering usually occurs during the summer months.
2. Clusielist. A very bright look. Large, green leaves are bordered by a wide white rim with a pink tint.
3. Silvery peperomia. The height of this plant is up to 20 cm, the stem is short. Leaves with silvery stripes, slightly twisted. The underside is light green.
4. Peperomia is multi-spotted. Shoots in this species are green with brown spots. The shiny ovoid leaves have white streaks. Long inflorescences of brown color.
5. Peperomia is velvety. The stem of the plant is dark red with pubescence. Leaves are rounded with light green stripes.

Possible diseases and pests of peperomia

Cases of manifestation of diseases and pests in peperomia due to improper care are not excluded.

Of all the diseases of the peperomia flower, the most common root rot, which is accompanied by suppuration of the root collar. Rot of stems and leaves spreads at too low temperatures and excess moisture. For treatment, it is necessary to treat the plant with a fungicide ("Topaz", etc.), transplant it into fresh dry soil, removing all rotten parts of the roots with sharp scissors, and reduce watering to a minimum.

To eliminate this problem, it is necessary to rinse the plant with soapy water and rinse it under a warm shower, and then humidify the air in the room.

In the presence of a scabbard pest, you can see the appearance of brown growths or, as they are also called, plaques. Under the formed crust, the insect lays eggs, in which, as they develop, young parasites grow. They spread throughout the plant, sticking to the succulent stems, and kill the flower.

general description

Peperomia kusielistnaya is a plant that reaches half a meter in height with characteristic large fleshy stems tending upward.

The arrangement of the leaves is alternate - short roots are also characteristic, most often no more than a centimeter.

The leaves themselves are inversely ovoid with a notch at the top and a wedge-like base - juicy and fleshy, painted in dark tones of greenery with reddish reflections and a narrow curly border of a royal purple shade passing along the edge.

On the smooth outer surface of the leaves, there is no sheen, and the lower part is cast in red.

The bloom is spike-shaped (occasionally the tip is bent), dense inflorescences are collected from the smallest milky flowers with a slight golden tint.

Species diversity

In total, 1161 species have been recorded in the genus of peperomia. Individual plants can be very different from each other. In room culture, no more than 1-2 dozen plants are most often found.

Peperomia is blunt-leaved. A semi-shrub with erect, branched shoots, covered with a reddish skin, grows a large number of fleshy, rounded leaves up to 12 cm long. Monochromatic leaves are colored dark green. They have short petioles. A popular decorative variety is Variegated Peperomia. Its leaves with a dark green center are edged with light green or creamy irregular stripes. In the center, along the veins, thin strokes are noticeable.

Peperomia blunt-leaved

Peperomia magnolia-leaved. Strongly branched, erect shoots have a bare reddish surface and are covered with many smooth fleshy leaves. An obovate leaf blade with a short petiole grows 12-15 cm long. Green leaves are sometimes covered with yellow or silvery spots.

Peperomia magnolia-leaved

Peperomia Lillian. The compact shrub with beautiful heart-shaped leaves is highly decorative. The surface of the leaf plate between the veins is swollen and may have a contrasting color. The shiny, fleshy leaves grow close together to form a dense bush. In early summer, dense inflorescences appear with a thickening at the end. They rise above the green mass on long peduncles. Greenish-white or creamy inflorescences vaguely resemble lily buds, for which the species got its name.

Peperomia Lillian

Peperomia is clusiform. A large shrub is distinguished by erect, fleshy shoots. On them are large short-petiolate leaves of an obovate shape. Thick leaves are up to 15 cm long. They are dark green and have reddish-brown streaks closer to the edge.

Peperomia clusiform

Peperomia Rosso. A semi-shrub up to 25 cm high is covered with fleshy leaves. On succulent stems, foliage grows in bunches, close to each other. The plant is famous for its high decorative effect due to the spectacular color of the leaves. Their surface is painted in a solid dark green shade. The reverse side has a bright red-burgundy color. In indoor conditions, the variety almost does not bloom.

Peperomia Rosso

Peperomia whorled. Herbaceous perennial is suitable for ampel cultivation. Its long lying stems are covered with medium-sized fleshy foliage of an oval or rhombic shape. Green leaves, practically without petioles, grow at the nodes in whorls. Bloom begins in June.

Peperomia whorled

Peperomia pereskielistnaya. The large variety has highly branched shoots. At the beginning of growth, the stems grow straight, but gradually sink under their own weight. The foliage is grouped into whorls of 3-5 pieces. Oval leaves with a blunt edge grow 3-5 cm in length and 2-3 cm in width. Arcuate veins are visible on the leaf surface. The dark green foliage is covered with pinkish or silvery streaks.

Peperomia pereskyely

Peperomia is heady. The ampelous species grows long, but thin, creeping shoots. On them are broad-oval bright green leaves of small size.

Peperomia headache

Benefit

The compact bush of magnolialeaf peperomia was named "friendly family". It is desirable to have such a plant in your home for those in whose character contradictions and rebelliousness are manifested. The plant is able to smooth out the intransigence of such people. Peperomia brings an atmosphere of benevolence and peace to the house.

Plants with a striped color help to overcome difficult life stripes, as if bringing bright days closer. From a physiological point of view, this plant affects the digestive system and gallbladder, normalizing their work.

Peperomia is especially beneficial for air purification, it is able to kill pathogenic microbes.

How to care for peperomia at home

In order for a plant to delight you with its excellent appearance, you need to create a favorable microclimatic environment for it. Peperomia is unpretentious, so even novice flower growers can take proper care at home. So, we propose to consider the recommendations of specialists who will help you grow a healthy plant.

Lighting

Peperomia is photophilous, but does not tolerate prolonged exposure to direct sunlight. Excessive light causes colorful leaves and stems to fade and lose their decorative properties. If you are growing a flower in a south-facing room, place the pot at the back of the room or cover it with a paper canopy. When choosing lighting, you should also take into account the type of peperomia. For example, varieties with dark green foliage will feel comfortable in shade and partial shade, but species with unusual variegated colors must be provided with plenty of bright light.

Peperomia prefers to grow in shade or partial shade

Temperature

It is very important to maintain an average air temperature throughout the year. During the spring-summer period, when the plant is preparing to release young shoots, the optimal temperature will be 20-25 ° C

In winter, it can be slightly reduced, but keep in mind that at temperatures below 16 ° C, the risk of disease increases. Peperomia is not recommended to be taken outside, therefore, for transportation, it must be well wrapped and placed in a tight bag or box. Also, the plant does not tolerate drafts, and improper placement can cause leaves to fall off.

Optimum temperatures for growing peperomia in winter and summer

Humidity

As we noted earlier, this representative of the flora will not give you much trouble, because it does not need careful care. Air humidity is not a vital factor for peperomia. She responds well to spraying (especially in summer), but their absence will not have a negative effect on her. As a rule, spraying is carried out to clean the leaves of accumulated dust and slightly refresh the plant.

Watering

During the growing season, peperomia needs frequent and abundant watering. It should be watered with soft, settled warm water, the temperature of which is a couple of degrees higher than room temperature. From the beginning of autumn to the end of winter, it is better to reduce the frequency of watering. Interestingly, the flower tolerates a lack of moisture better than an excess of it. By the way, excessive watering can lead to root rot, fungal infections and wilting of stems. If the leaves fall off, then this indicates that you do not often moisten the soil enough.

Peperomia does not tolerate excessive watering

Top dressing

The peperomia plant can do without feeding for a long time only when it is planted in nutrient soil. Otherwise, it must be constantly fed with complex mineral mixtures. We recommend giving preference to fertilizers that are specially designed for representatives of the pepper family. They can be purchased at all specialized flower shops. From the beginning of spring to the end of autumn, feeding is carried out twice a month, and in the winter period it is reduced to once.

Bloom

As a rule, peperomia blooms in summer. During this period, oblong spike-shaped inflorescences are formed on the bush, which rise above the green foliage. Blooming peperomia needs abundant watering and frequent spraying. Note that the flowers of this plant are not famous for their decorative properties, therefore, experienced flower growers recommend getting rid of peduncles at the stage of their formation. The fact is that flowering takes away a lot of strength from the bush, which can cause it to become less dense. Often there are cases when, after flowering, peperomia sheds part of the stems, and its leaves fall off.

Peperomia blooms with spicate processes