Can champignons be grown in the garden?

Today, many are trying to grow champignons on peat, but in order for the work to be useful, you need to know some subtleties.

Compost for growing mushrooms can be made from cow dung.

Tools and materials

• compost;
• insulation;
• economic fan;
• mycelium;
• cement;
• sand;
• shovel;
• snail fan;
• pasteurization chamber;
• tena;
• peat structurizer;
• foam boards.

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Features of the arrangement of the premises

The cultivation of mushrooms on peat can be carried out by equipping, for example, a barn or a former cowshed.

Arrangement of a room for growing mushrooms: 1 - the roof of the dugout; 2 - ventilation pipe; 3 - racks for growing mushrooms.

In order for the grown mushrooms to be sold, expecting a good profit, it is recommended to use a room that has an area of ​​approximately 1800 sq. m. The premises must be supplied with electricity and water.

Champignons on peat will grow well if the room is airtight, for this you should insulate the gates, install windows, insulate them. Thus, you will get a kind of workshop designed for growing mushrooms.

Compost should be made by wrapping it in bags and placing it on the floor in a mushroom maker. The room must be equipped with a 30 kW fan. You can use the fan, which is used for drying grain on the farm - it will "draw" fresh air into the interior space, providing circulation.

Compost can be made from cow dung by placing heaps of manure on a concrete platform under the sky, they should be interrupted three times, which must be done at intervals of three days, "pasteurization" must also be done in the open air in heaps.

The compost obtained for growing mushrooms on peat should be packed in 15 kg bags, arranging the bags in rows in the mushroom bowl. The mycelium should be sown into bags, piercing the funnels with reinforcing pegs, 1200 kg of mycelium will be needed. Backfilling with peat should be done after a couple of weeks, then you need to water it, etc. "Cold shock".

The scheme for preparing compost for mushrooms.

Champignons on peat can be grown in the same room, which can be divided into oversized mushrooms of 100 m each. Compost can be made using liquid chicken manure available from the poultry farm. The compost should contain fresh wheat straw. Watering should be done not by drip, but by pollen.

When growing mushrooms on peat, it is important to pay attention to ventilation, humidity and temperatures. The cause of a crop failure can be “under-disinfection”. Cultivation of mushrooms is often unsuccessful due to the use of improperly prepared compost.

It is preferable to purchase it from professionals, but if you decide to cook it yourself, then you need to use a pasteurization chamber, otherwise the champignon maker itself can be prepared appropriately so that the compost can be pasteurized indoors. If a heat chamber is used, then it must meet all the requirements necessary to comply with pasteurization processes.

The cover-peat mixture is used exclusively in conjunction with compost. Covering mixture is an extremely loose substrate, for this reason it is able to retain a lot of water, creating the most optimal air regime for the mushroom. The mixture contains 30% lowland peat, 70% transitional peat, the Ph level can vary from 7.4 to 7.6. The mixture is deoxidized with fluff lime.

Champignons on peat will grow only when compost has been additionally used. You can dig a hole for its preparation by concreting it. Next, it is necessary to equip the slatted floor, which will provide ventilation and recirculation. A ventilation room must be equipped on the side, in which a snail fan must be installed. Behind the fan, from the bottom, you should install heating elements that will be responsible for heating the air. The roof should be made of foam boards.

The scheme of preparing the beds for growing champignons.

A 40-ton container, which is used in transportation, is perfect for the pasteurization chamber. After the walls of the container are insulated, it is possible to equip a slatted floor, or replace such an option by installing the container on a foundation, providing a slatted floor. A ventilation chamber should be placed on the side.

Growing mushrooms on peat will bear fruit if you compost correctly. So, it is necessary to use high-quality raw materials when preparing compost - if horse manure is used, it is important what the horses are fed with, what kind of bedding is used. When preparing synthetic compost on chicken manure, it is also important to comply with these conditions.

The cultivation of champignons on peat will be correct if peat is used as a casing mixture; for peat, it is preferable to use a structurant. If you decide that growing mushrooms will be accompanied by self-composting, then you will need to purchase a shredder for chicken manure. It is important not only what kind of fertilizer will be used, but also how well the room will be disinfected; for this, a mist sprayer should be used, which will be responsible for increasing humidity and cooling.

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Alternative options for mushrooms on peat

It is not recommended to grow mushrooms on peat in the basements of residential buildings, since ammonia will be released during the cultivation process. For amateur mushroom growing, you can use champignon mushrooms, which are of a semi-basement type. In them, the stove will perfectly cope with heating. You can use one of several types of mushrooms, including: Moscow, St. Petersburg, as well as a greenhouse designed by the entrepreneur Grachev.

The scheme for growing mushrooms in boxes.

In order to equip the St. Petersburg champignon house, you need to prepare a pit, the depth of which is about 70 cm. The walls in it should be laid out with bricks. You can make them wooden, but in this case it will be necessary to use the cheapest wood, since the wood will have to be changed annually, due to high humidity. The roof of such a room is made gable.Previously, horse manure was laid on such a roof, the layer of which could reach 30 cm, this provided insulation for the greenhouse. Today it is customary to use cattle manure or simply cover the roof with earth. For the winter, such a mushroom can be covered with straw. The room will turn out to be warm enough and will need additional heating only in severe frosts.

The middle of the mushroom box should be equipped with a passage, the width of which can be up to 1 m. The boxes that will be used for pasturing mushrooms grown on peat should be placed along the walls. Ventilation vents should be made in the roof, expecting that their number should be 1 per 6 running meters of the roof. Mushrooms, which are grown on peat, do not need lighting, which leads to the absence of windows in this mushroom.

Champignonnitsa Gracheva has another name - a seven-rack greenhouse. It differs from the above-described design only in the scheme according to which racks for growing mushrooms on peat are located in it.

Champignonnitsa Moscow got its name due to the fact that the design is extremely often used by Moscow gardeners. This champignon maker uses oven heating.

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Industrial champignon maker for growing mushrooms on peat

Modern mushrooms, which are intended for industrial cultivation, can be divided into 2 types, the first of them is ground, the second is underground, the last species, in turn, is divided into a couple of subspecies - single-zone and multi-zone. Terrestrial mushroom growing is widespread in Holland.

Champignon formation scheme.

A single-zone system for growing mushrooms on peat involves the use of one room, in which the entire growing cycle takes place - from composting to mushroom pasture. The multi-zone scheme is characterized by the use of different rooms, each of which is used separately for composting, incubation and pasturing of mushrooms.

If you decide to equip the last type of room, then you should work on the compost room, where the compost will be prepared, further pasteurized, and also cut. Here, the compost is supposed to be laid out in containers, into which the mycelium must then be introduced. Then the containers should be transferred to the room in which the mycelium grows, where the temperature should be maintained at about 22-25 ° C. After the containers should be transferred to the premises where the fruit bodies are driven out. They must maintain the optimum temperature for the growth of mushrooms - 14 ° C and a high degree of humidity.

Underground mushroom growing on peat can be used if you have at your disposal caves, mines, bomb shelters and other suitable premises or structures. The device of such mushrooms will not fundamentally differ from ground complexes. In underground mushrooms, as well as in ground ones, a single-zone or multi-zone scheme for growing mushrooms on peat can be applied.

Champignon and all saprophytic mushrooms feed on ready-made organic and mineral substances, which, with the help of the mycelium located underground, it extracts from semi-decomposed plant and animal remains. The fruiting body of the champignon, which we eat, is a reproductive organ, since the spores of the fungus are formed here - as it were, its seeds, and from them, under favorable conditions, multicellular filaments germinate - hyphae, which create mycelium in the soil. This is how a closed cycle of fungus development turns out: spore - mycelium - fruit body - spore.

However, champignon also has the ability of vegetative reproduction - from pieces of pre-expressed planting material - mycelium.This very important property is just used in mushroom growing, since in practice they usually resort to vegetative - more reliable and productive - reproduction.

The mass production of champignons is a well-established and well-established process. they can be bred not only in well-equipped industrial mushrooms, but also amateurishly - in homemade mushroom, basements of houses, or even just in the beds.

Many people naively believe that it is enough to sow a ridge of cow dung in open ground without any cover, or even just scatter mycelium in a raspberry grove and champignons will begin to bear fruit from year to year. They believe and do so. Disappointment soon sets in, and the enthusiasts of these mushrooms turn into their opponents.
Is champignon culture beneficial? From 100 kg of straw and 100 kg of poultry manure, compost can be made for growing these mushrooms on an area of ​​3 m2. Their total collection per turn will be 45 kg.

Cultivating champignons, mushroom growers get the opportunity to use the heat generated by the overheating compost with a temperature of 45-60 ° C for 25-30 days for growing flower or tomato seedlings at the end of April and in May. After harvesting, the compost can be used for fertilization.

Champignons are a high-yielding culture. even with one turnover, mushroom picking will be 3-4 times higher than picking vegetables from the same area. Besides. mushrooms do not require a "place in the sun" - they grow without light. A strip of land adjacent to the northern side of the building is allocated for these mushrooms.

Rice. Semi-basement and shelters for growing mushrooms (dimensions are in cm):
a - the internal structure of the semi-basement (1 - wooden fasteners; 2 - overlapping from a plank; 3 - a layer of insulation; 4 - a layer of soil; 5 - an exhaust pipe; 6 - a damper);
b - shelter of ridges laid on the surface (1 - frame covered with tar paper or film; 2 - ridge; 3 - frame);
c - shelter of ridges laid in a trench (1 - groove for water drain; 2 - asbestos-cement slab; 3 - timber; 4- bricks; 5 - substrate)

At different stages of their development, champignons need different growing conditions. After planting the mycelium in the ground (compost), no watering of the ridge during the entire time (about a month) of the growth of the mycelium is inadmissible. During this period, only protection of the ridge surface from drying out and high air humidity (90 - 95%) are required. Any penetration of water into the compost. even in small quantities, it will almost inevitably lead to rotting of the compost and the complete or partial death of the mycelium. The optimum temperature in the ridge for the good development of the mycelium is 25 - 27 ° С, at temperatures above 32 ° С it dies. The carbon dioxide released by the compost does not need to be removed from the mushroom - it is necessary for the growth of the mycelium.

During the fruiting period, the optimal conditions for a good harvest are different: after the mycelium, growing, begins to emerge on the surface of the compost, a layer of a mixture called casing layer is laid on the ridge and watered so that it becomes moist, but not wet. In the future, during the entire period of fruiting, this moisture content of the casing layer must be systematically maintained, otherwise fruiting will not be complete - after all, mushrooms are 90% water. At the same time, the requirement remains that an excess of water does not form, which could seep through the casing layer into the compost to the mycelium, from which the mycelium will die. “It is better to underfill than to pour,” mushroom growers say. The air humidity is maintained high, not lower than 80%. The air temperature above the bed should be reduced to 15-17 ° C.

The air above the ridge during the entire fruiting period should be clean, free of carbon dioxide impurities by natural or forced ventilation. But at the same time, not the slightest draft, rapid air movement directly above the surface of the ridge should be allowed.

There is also a requirement for mushroom culture common to all phases of development.Temperature, humidity, optimal for the growth of mycelium or fruiting, must be constant.

Requirements for the regime in the champignonnice seem paradoxical. a lot of water on the ridge - and not a drop in the compost: vigorous air refreshing without moving it directly above the ridge: high (25 - 27 ° С) growth temperature of mycelium - and its decrease to 15 - 17 ° С from the moment of fruiting. However, such requirements are dictated by experience.

Of course, it is advisable to get mushrooms in the garden as early as possible, at least at the end of May. But for this, the mycelium must ripen from mid-April, when the average daily air temperature is still not high enough. During this period, natural heat is not enough, but during the fruiting period, when the optimal temperature for the mushroom ridge should not be higher than 17 ° C, the outside air is usually too hot.

All these difficulties can be overcome. The mushroom growers' ally in this is the mushrooms themselves.

Fried, salted, baked, in salads - in any form

champignons

are always appropriate on the festive table. We are used to seeing these mushrooms on store shelves, but it is quite possible to grow them with our own hands at home.

Preparation of horse manure substrate

In the warm season, champignons can be grown in the beds, but in the fall and winter this will require a special indoor area. At home, such a room can be a warm barn, basement, greenhouse, greenhouse. It should have a temperature in the range of + 12-18 ° C and a humidity of about 65-85%.

Mushrooms grow best in fresh horse manure with straw bedding. You can also add cow dung and rye straw. If it is not possible to purchase horse manure, GreenColor recommends replacing it with chicken or pork manure, and instead of straw, use fallen, rotten leaves and rotten straw. Corn stalks are also beneficial. Do not use rotten straw and rotted manure. Light is not needed for mushroom breeding. They bear great fruit and grow in the dark.

If you are using horse manure and litter substrate, first place it in a cone-shaped pile, and pour water or diluted manure on top. Keep an eye on the humidity, it should reach 70%.

Next, add ammonium sulfate in the ratio - 3 kg per 1 ton of manure. Cover the pile with straw, burlap. This is done so that the water does not evaporate, and the manure warms up. Ammonium sulfate will help develop the activity of bacteria that decompose manure. Leave the substrate in this state for 5 days. Then shake the manure well with a pitchfork to mix, then it will evenly warm up. At the same time, you need to add gypsum in a ratio of 4 kg per 1 ton of manure. Shake the manure every 5 days. In total, manure is infused for 15 days. If you did everything correctly, then by the end of the preparation your substrate will become a dark mass, homogeneous and odorless of ammonia. Try to break the straw, it should give way easily. Now you can start bookmarking.

Preparing a substrate from chicken manure

To prepare the substrate, you will need 400 kg of chicken manure, 60 kg of gypsum and 25 kg of carbamide for 1 ton of straw.

First of all, mix 150 kg of chicken manure and 25 kg of carbamide (dissolve it in water beforehand). Leave it on for 10 days and during this time spray the entire pile with water. For the entire period, you must pour out 2000 liters of water, and the straw must absorb it. Next, fold the straw into a pile. Do it in layers - a layer of straw, a layer of chicken droppings in a ratio of 250 kg per 1 ton of dry straw.

4 days after soaking, you can start shaking up the straw with a pitchfork. And then the whole gypsum is added at once. The second time you need to shake it up on day 8 and the last time on day 11. And 2 weeks after soaking, the substrate is ready and you can start laying.

Ground laying

If you have a closed room, then mushrooms can be grown directly on the floor, on shelves or in wooden boxes. The boxes must be stacked on top of each other.

Bookmark options:

• On the earthen floor, you need to set up ridges. They need to be made in sizes 50 × 50 or 75x75 cm. Then they take the prepared manure and put it in the first layer. Thickness - 45 cm. Then they take a rammer and compact it well to 30 cm. A shovel needs to be trimmed from the sides.
• If you are using racks, then manure must be laid on them in a layer of 30 cm. And then compact to level and smooth the surface.
• Planting boxes can be used in different ways. It is most convenient to use those with a length of 100 cm, a width of 50 cm and a height of 23 cm. Now you need to lay the manure and compact it with a manual rammer.
• If you grow outdoors, start laying in the spring as soon as the soil warms up slightly and warms up. Manure must be placed directly on the ground; a shallow trench can be dug. Choose a shaded area, mushrooms do not like the sun. And over the bed, in order to prevent the soil from becoming waterlogged during the rain, you need to make sheds. They will also save the harvest from the direct rays of the sun.

Planting mycelium

After you have laid the ground, measure its temperature daily. At a depth of 5 cm, it should reach 28 ° C, at which point you can start planting.

Use sterile mycelium as planting material. It is grown in special laboratories. The best crop can be harvested from two types of champignons - two-spore brown and two-spore white.

Growing mycelium in the laboratory takes place in wheat, rye or oats, sometimes manure is also used. Mushroom manure is sold in cans, the weight of one is about 1 kg. And grain mycelium is sold in liter bottles.

Before planting, you need to break the dung mycelium, you should get pieces of a walnut, the weight of one is 20 grams. Arrange these pieces in a single layer in a basin so they don't wrinkle. Plant these pieces into the ground in a checkerboard pattern, maintaining a distance of 20 cm.

Plant champignons simply - you need to lift the top layer of soil with a sharp stake, make a small depression and put a piece of mycelium there. Pay attention that the upper edge of the mycelium lies a couple of centimeters lower than the surface of the substrate itself.

If you are using mycelium with grain, then first you need to remove the top of the soil, about 3 cm, and then carefully and evenly scatter the mycelium. And then sprinkle with compost on top and crush slightly.

But you can also use wild mycelium when planting mushrooms. And you need to look for it where mushrooms grow, it can be barnyards, dung heaps, hotbeds, landfills.

Find a place with an abundance of mushroom bodies and dig up the mycelium. Pieces of soil should be permeated with branches of the mycelium, the aroma should be mushroom, and the earth itself should be free of pests and diseases. You need to plant wild mycelium in the same way as a laboratory one.

Mushroom care

To get a rich harvest, you should properly care for the mushrooms. Pay attention to the temperature. Indoors, immediately after planting, it should be within 26 ° C. At this temperature, the mycelium grows well and quickly and gives a good harvest of mushrooms. If the temperature is higher, then the mycelium will grow in the surface layer and give a lower yield.

Watch for moisture as well. It should be around 60%. If the humidity is less, then the mycelium will begin to dry and grow worse. To prevent this, be sure to water with a garden sprayer. But do this carefully so that water does not penetrate into the manure mixture, otherwise it can damage the mycelium.

After about 10 days, the mycelium will grow well, the temperature should be reduced to 20 ° C. Cover the soil surface with earth. The soil must be used sod, it must be moist. Sift through a sieve before pouring.Do not seal it to give air to the mycelium.

Next, you just need to monitor the temperature - do not let it rise above 20 ° C, and the humidity - do not let it drop below 80%. You also need to regularly ventilate the room to get rid of carbon dioxide. The first fruits will appear 35 days after planting. Fruiting will last for three months.

Subject to all the rules, you can get a rich harvest, the sale of which will fully justify all the costs. You will also enjoy delicious dishes from champignons.

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Foreword

Gathering mushrooms in the forest is a common thing, but growing them in the country is not so easy! However, the result is worth it - imagine a garden full of white champignon caps. Growing mushrooms in the open field is available to every gardener!

The first mycelium: growing mushrooms in the backyard

If your plot has a compost heap where you put humus from greenhouses, greenhouses, and where you dump manure, then you have where to grow mushrooms. It will be enough to place the mycelium in this nutrient medium in early spring, and you will be assured of a regular harvest of mushrooms. Maintenance requirements are reduced to regular soil moisture. The productivity of such a mycelium is small, but for a family, growing mushrooms in the garden will be a significant addition to the table - not every day we eat them!

Champignons do not require light, so they can be grown in damp and cool rooms, for example, in a cellar or a foam block shed. In the open field, mushroom cultivation in the garden area is possible under the shade of trees. In this case, the growth sites must be covered with a film, which will protect the site from drying out and excess moisture.

Growing mushrooms in the open field at their summer cottage

For the convenience of harvesting, the ridges for mushrooms should be made no wider than one and a half meters. If you do not pursue the goal of collecting large yields, then it will be enough to add up to 20 kg of horse or cow manure to the soil during digging. Then plant the prepared seedlings of zucchini on the ridges, set arcs and stretch the film.

When the seedlings begin to grow, pieces of mycelium are planted between them. Together with the zucchini, the mycelium will develop, and you will collect a double crop from one garden bed - zucchini and mushrooms. The main thing is to keep the soil in the garden moist. Most willingly, champignons grow on horse manure, although cow manure can also be used by mixing it with straw (30% of the manure mass), leaves, and garden tops. To 50 kg of the substrate add 10-12 kg of lime, the same amount of gypsum, and one and a half kilograms of urea.

After mixing everything and laying it on a dense pile, cover the substrate with a film on top, where it will have to reach the desired condition for about 20 days.

The readiness of the nutrient medium becomes apparent when the ammonia odor disappears. The finished substrate is used both for growing mushrooms in a summer cottage in boxes or racks, and for creating ridges in the open field.

We use a substrate - growing mushrooms in a personal plot

A more productive way to grow mushrooms on a personal plot is to create myceliums on an artificial substrate. To do this, remove a layer of soil up to 25 cm deep, as is done when forming flower beds and flower beds. Make the width at least a meter, leaving paths between the ridges. To disinfect the beds, before laying the substrate, they are sprayed with a weak solution of carbation (0.5%), and then about 20 cm of the nutrient substrate are laid.

To increase the area for the harvest, the substrate is laid out convexly, increasing the height to the middle of the ridge. It is imperative to build a canopy that will protect the mycelium from drying out.When the temperature reaches 26 ° C at a depth of about 5 cm in the substrate, holes up to 5 cm deep are made in the ridge with a peg, where the mycelium is placed. If grain mycelium is planted, then it is scattered over the surface of the ridge and covered with a layer of substrate up to 3 cm thick, then lightly tamped.

With sufficient moisture, mushroom hyphae will spread throughout the substrate, they can be observed even on the surface in the form of a silvery coating... This will happen within two weeks of planting the mycelium. The hyphae that have protruded onto the surface are covered with well-moistened sod soil, with a layer of 3-4 cm, without compaction. Another month of waiting, and fruiting bodies will begin to appear on the surface.

Collect mushrooms every day, avoiding the formation of old mushrooms that drain the mycelium. Fruiting bodies should reach a diameter of about 2 cm, after which they can be unscrewed from the ridge, filling the holes with soil. Growing mushrooms in the open field in this way will bring up to 6 kilograms of excellent mushrooms from one square meter of mycelium.

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Champignons are on the list of the most popular types of mushrooms. They are distinguished by their special taste and relatively low cost, due to which they are in great demand among buyers. Self-cultivation of champignons is quite simple to organize, and the costs of implementing this business quickly pay off.

Business features and benefits

Growing mushrooms for commercial purposes is a simple business. Its advantages are:

• an easy, effortless way to grow mushrooms;
• the minimum amount of cash investments at the initial stage;
• high yield rate.

By equipping a plot with an area of ​​only 3 square meters, you can get about 45 kilograms of mushrooms.

There are about 200 types of champignons. Of these, only two pose a threat to human health: yellow and variegated. For home production, double-stemmed mushrooms, also known as "cultivated", are best suited.

The organization of a mushroom growing business involves the use of an industrial method. It will allow harvesting from 2 to 4 tons. But this requires a separate section.

This business has practically no drawbacks, while having a whole range of advantages. If you have a closed area, you can ensure a stable profit throughout the year. The tax rate for mushroom cultivation is quite low. There are minimum requirements for the room where the mushrooms will be grown. The resources for organizing production are available to almost anyone.

Where to begin?

Initially, it is necessary to develop a business plan for the cultivation and sale of mushrooms. It includes the following steps:

• approximate calculations of the size of the start-up capital;
• business registration;
• arrangement of a room for growing mushrooms;
• purchase of the necessary equipment and materials;
• selection of the most productive types of champignons, and study of the technology of their cultivation;
• staff recruitment;
• search for ways to sell products.

First, it is necessary to study the potential sales market and calculate the approximate volume of champignons that can be sold. You should also foresee possible risks, and develop ways to solve them.

It is not recommended to immediately give up the main source of income and move on to growing mushrooms. Champignons are susceptible to diseases and parasites, therefore, for inexperienced people at the initial stage, this type of business is accompanied by losses. For a stable income, you will need to maintain a specific volume of production, which is quite difficult to do.

Without knowing the technology for growing mushrooms, it is difficult to organize conditions suitable for the growth of mushrooms. By ignoring diseases and parasites, you can lose your entire crop. Therefore, before starting to grow mushrooms, you must carefully study the theoretical information.

Do I need permission to open a business, documents

In accordance with current legislation, permission to open a business for growing and selling mushrooms is issued if there is:

• phytosanitary certificate;
• a certificate confirming compliance with GOST;
• instructions for the placement and transportation of mushroom products;
• document on the conduct of radiological control.

Initially, it is necessary to obtain the status of an individual entrepreneur (individual entrepreneur). Then an application is submitted about the desire to open a production for growing mushrooms. A certificate confirming the payment of the state duty and a personal passport is required.

For the cultivation of mushrooms for commercial purposes, the taxation system of the Unified Agricultural Tax (Unified Agricultural Tax) should be chosen.

Premises

To get a crop in the amount of 2 to 4 tons, a plot of 100 square meters is required. A special room is required for growing mushrooms. It can be bought, rented, or equipped at home, if there is sufficient territory.

At the initial stage, a lease is better suited, since it is the cheapest, and if the enterprise turns out to be unprofitable, it will reduce monetary losses to a minimum.

The room should be divided into four sectors with different purposes:

• compost making;
• compost pasteurization;
• sowing mycelium;
• growing crops.

A complex of different systems should be installed in the room:

• climate control;
• communications;
• ventilation;
• humidifier.

To ensure the stable growth of mushrooms, a certain microclimate should be organized in the room. In the absence of the necessary equipment, the most suitable budget option for this purpose is a greenhouse. If the site already has a similar plant for seedling vegetables, it can also be used for growing mushrooms from September to February.

The greatest demand for mushrooms is observed in winter, so it is at this time that it is recommended to grow them.

Film and glass greenhouses are suitable for mushrooms. It is easiest to provide them with the temperature and humidity necessary for growing mushrooms. Also, for arranging the greenhouse, it is allowed to use polycarbonate. It is necessary to organize in the greenhouse:

• gas or electric heating system;
• ventilation to eliminate carbon dioxide from fungi;
• shelves to increase the number of mushrooms grown.

Also, mushroom cultivation can be organized in a basement, shed, garage or attic. The requirements are the same as for a greenhouse. But the floor needs to be concrete to reduce the chances of mold. Regardless of the room chosen for the mushrooms, a draft must be excluded. The champignons will have enough light, used by the owners of the basement for their own convenience.

Equipment and materials

To provide conditions for growing mushrooms indoors, you will need:

• ventilation and air conditioning with thermal control;
• refrigerator for storing products;
• water heaters (for heating the room and ensuring the required humidity indicator);
• lighting system.

If the cultivation of champignons is not carried out in a greenhouse, then an additional solution of bleach is required. This substance disinfects the space of the room, reducing the risk of disease.

To grow mushrooms, you need to make a substrate consisting of:

• straw;
• sunflower husks;
• non-coniferous sawdust.

Cultivation of champignons is carried out in boxes, bags, pallets, on shelves filled with a special substrate.

The most productive varieties of champignons

The list of the most productive and cultivated varieties of champignons includes:

1. Silvan 130 Is a selective hybrid species, bred by American studies, which is distinguished by its unpretentiousness, high yield and rapid growth.

2. Somicel 512, 608 - a hybrid species bred by French scientists, which has a stable and long-term yield (the disadvantage lies in the requirements for keeping conditions).

3. Hauser A15 - a popular variety on the American and European markets, which is characterized by a high yield rate, minimum requirements for various composts, wide caps.

If you plan to grow champignons throughout the year, it is recommended to use the imported species called Horst V1 and V3.

Growing technology

Growing mushrooms involves a simple technology. But inexperienced people will have to take into account a number of subtleties so that the mushrooms do not die. You must first prepare the room. In addition to installing the equipment, cleaning should be done using antibacterial detergents.

Buying or preparing compost

You can buy ready-made compost at the store, or prepare the substrate yourself. For this, sawdust, sunflower husks and straw are crushed, filled with hot water and cooled. This process is called pasteurization.

You can learn more about how to make your own compost for growing mushrooms by watching this video:

What climatic conditions are needed

The optimum temperature that is suitable for growing mushrooms is 25 degrees Celsius above zero. The minimum moisture content is 85%. After the casing layer is poured into the container with mycelium, the temperature gradually drops to +15 degrees Celsius. For this, ventilation is used.

Growing methods and stages

The mycelium must be purchased initially. It can be bought at special mushroom-growing enterprises, or in shops selling flowers and garden products. It is possible to collect mycelium on your own only in laboratory conditions.

The substrate is loaded into plastic bags, into which the mushroom mycelium is laid. They need to make two-centimeter holes at a distance of 15-20 centimeters. Under suitable climatic conditions, mushrooms will grow at the site of the holes. You can also use manure, lime and urea as a substrate. Many people choose to buy land for growing flowers.

If the substrate is poured into a tray or box, its thickness should be no more than 23 centimeters. Thanks to this condition, the likelihood that pathogenic microflora will harm the mycelium is minimized. A five-centimeter layer of grain powder is poured out on top of the substrate, which is covered with another layer of substrate of the same thickness. After 2 weeks, the casing layer is poured out, which includes black soil, chalk and peat.

Watering is necessary periodically. For this, a spray bottle is used. It creates an effect similar to rain. If you water the mycelium with a watering can, the mushrooms will not sprout. The champignons must not be exposed to direct sunlight - they can harm the crop.

Harvesting

If the planting technique has been used correctly, the first crop should appear after 2.5 weeks. On average, the duration of the harvest period is 4 months, depending on which type of mushrooms was used. Good watering can extend this period.

When collecting mushrooms, the legs must not be cut off. The champignons are separated by the twisting method. After that, the place where the mushroom grew is covered with earth and watered. Thanks to this method, new mushrooms will sprout in place of the plucked mushroom.

Subject to the technology of growing mushrooms, you can get up to 8 waves of fruiting.But a full-fledged harvest is observed only from the first to the third wave. In the future, its volume gradually decreases.

Champignons can be stored in the refrigerator for up to 2 weeks.

Staff

To grow mushrooms in large volumes, a staff of 3-4 people is required. This number of employees will be enough for harvesting from 5 tons per year. Depending on the positions, the staff should consist of workers and a driver. Worker responsibilities include:

• planting and growing mushrooms;
• harvesting;
• processing the premises and maintaining the necessary conditions.

The driver is engaged in the delivery of products to points of sale.

Business costs, approximate calculations

The organization of production for growing champignons will require about 3.5 million rubles. Of these will be spent:

• 15 thousand rubles - for business registration;
• 2 million rubles - for the purchase of premises;
• 200 thousand rubles - for the improvement of the premises for growing mushrooms;
• 1 million rubles - for the purchase and installation of the necessary equipment;
• 25 thousand rubles - for the purchase or production of compost;
• 10 thousand rubles - for the purchase of mycelium;
• 25 thousand rubles - for the development and implementation of a marketing program.

If, instead of buying, the premises are rented, or production is organized on its own territory, you can save 2 million rubles. To support the business, it is necessary to allocate about 70 thousand rubles a month. Of this amount, the following is used:

• 10 thousand rubles - to pay for utilities;
• 40 thousand rubles - for wages to employees (with a staff of 3 people);
• 12 thousand rubles - to pay taxes;
• 5 thousand rubles - for the purchase of raw materials;
• 3 thousand rubles - to pay for transportation costs.

If you work independently and devote most of your time to business, you can save 40 thousand rubles. But, given the amount of work, in this case it is also recommended to hire at least one assistant.

Profitability, how much income can you get

The profitability of this business ranges from 25% to 40%. But initially the income will be minimal. The average cost of 1 kilogram of champignons is 200 rubles. In the first 2 months, production will be unprofitable, since this period will be required for growing the crop.

With a stable increase in the emergence of mushrooms for three years, the yield indicator should increase by 2 tons. Average monthly revenue is about 83 thousand rubles. Taking into account monthly expenses, net profit varies from 11 to 40 thousand rubles, depending on whether additional workers will be involved in production or not.

In the second year, the net profit will increase to 30 to 70 thousand rubles. In the third year - from 60 to 100 thousand rubles.

Risks

The main risks are pursued by inexperienced people who decided to immediately organize large mushroom plantations. In the absence of experience, there is a high probability that some of the mushrooms will die or not sprout, and the business owner will incur losses.

But even with experience in this area, there is a risk of death of fungi due to the fault of pests and diseases. To minimize this option, the room should be cleaned regularly.

Another risk is associated with the search for a sales market. It must be done in advance. Otherwise, you can grow too many mushrooms, for the sale of which there will not be enough buyers.

Growing at home

It is quite difficult to organize the production of champignons for commercial purposes at home. Mushrooms can be grown on the balcony, in the pantry or in the spare room. This area will not be enough to get the amount of mushrooms needed to start your own business. Therefore, growing mushrooms at home is suitable for those who want to have mushrooms for their own needs.

Growing champignons is a good way to start your own business. But this requires a large room and knowledge of the technology of growing mushrooms.Therefore, first you should undergo training, and try to harvest a small crop.

Mushroom hunting is one of the most exciting activities, especially when summer does not fail and gives mushroom pickers an excellent harvest.

But sometimes summer weather is not conducive to the growth of mushrooms: then you can choose to grow champignons in the country and get your own crops. We will find out what is the technology for obtaining tasty and healthy mushrooms in the open field, how to plant them and competently care for the plantings.

How to plant champignons in the country

In areas with a short summer period and a long winter, mushrooms can be grown in the country only in greenhouses or basements. They grow well in open beds and only mature in temperate climates. We will learn how to grow champignons in a garden or vegetable garden.

How to prepare planting material

The mushroom harvest is obtained from the mycelium sold in specialized stores or farms that grow these mushrooms. Another option is to get it for free from natural myceliums by proceeding as follows.

• We remove a two centimeter layer of soil near the mushrooms.
• We take square pieces of soil with mycelium filaments 10-20 cm in size.
• We put the loot in the container without stacking the squares on top of each other.
• We store until planting in a dry place with a temperature of 6-7 degrees Celsius.

Natural planting material is suitable only for growing without shelter: if you are interested in how to grow mushrooms in a vegetable garden in a greenhouse, you will need a purchased mycelium - collected on your own will give a poor harvest.

Attention: you cannot collect material for planting near the motorway and factories, if you do not want to be poisoned in the future by the poisons accumulated in the mycelium from exhaust and industrial emissions.

To grow mushrooms on one square meter, you need 0.4 kg of mycelium.

How to plant champignons in the country

How to prepare a place for planting mushrooms

Champignons grow well in shaded dry places, protected from icy winds. If your area is all bathed in the sun, create an artificial shadow using a canopy.

Preparing the soil for mushrooms in autumn

Before growing mushrooms in the garden, we form ridges, deepening them below ground level, since the mushrooms need a damp coolness.

• To deepen them, we dig ditches with the following parameters: width 40 cm, height 30 cm, the distance between the ridges is 50 cm. The length depends on the volume of the mycelium prepared for planting.
• We put drainage in the form of broken shards or bricks, rubble, etc. on the bottom of the ditches.
• We lay trenches with green grass and fill with cow dung.
• We cover everything with an inverted sod.

We leave the ditches alone and return to them only in the spring.

Slurry preparation

• We take half a barrel of manure.
• We pour the manure directly into the barrel with wood ash and fill it with water.
• We insist the mass, stirring regularly, for ten days.
• We insist for three more days, without stirring any more.

In order not to inhale the manure "aromas" that the slurry will begin to exude after the beginning of fermentation, we bury the barrel in the ground or put it away from home.

How to prepare compost for planting

Growing mushrooms in the country is not complete without specially prepared compost made from:

• 100 kg of dry straw;
• 100 kg of horse, cow or other manure;
• 3.5 kg of ammonium nitrate;
• 8.5 kg of plaster;
• 2 kg of superphosphate.

We prepare these components and proceed to the formation of the compost for the mushrooms.

How to prepare compost for planting

Preparation of mushroom compost is as follows:

• We soak in water or moisten straw raw materials from a hose several times within 2 days.
• Divide the straw and manure into four heaps and lay them in layers in a ridge (straw first). Add ammonium nitrate to each straw layer - 600 grams each. The ridge should be 1-1.5 m wide, 1.2-1.5 m long and 1-1.5 m high.

• Mix the compost heap four times - after 6, 5, 4 and another 4 days, using a pitchfork. For the first time, while stirring, add a quarter of gypsum and moisten a heap with water, in the second we water and add the remaining gypsum plus a third of superphosphate, in the third and fourth we proceed as during the second stirring.

Thanks to such a reshuffle, done before growing the mushrooms in the garden, the pile will be enriched with the necessary nutrients and oxygen.

How to plant mushroom mycelium

Before growing mushrooms in the open field, remove a 25 cm layer of soil and disinfect it using a carbation solution. Then we make ridges of compost in the form of ridges (height 30 cm, width at the bottom - 0.5 m).

We plant the mycelium as follows:

• We make holes five centimeters deep with a stick and lay out the myceliums so that they are a couple of centimeters below ground level - they go deeper. It is better to plant them in a checkerboard pattern, keeping a distance of 15 cm between them.
• Cover the planted mycelium with compost and ram it a bit.

When planting grain mycelium, do not deepen it, but scatter it over the soil and sprinkle it with a three centimeter layer of compost.

• We supply the edges of the beds with taps for the outflow of excess moisture.

After five days, carefully raise the soil and check the mycelium for germination: they should begin to germinate. After 14-21 days, all the compost will be covered with white sprouts.

How to grow mushrooms outdoors and when to harvest

Outdoor mushroom care

How to grow champignons in the garden and get some bountiful harvests? Only by caring for them correctly. Caring for mushrooms in the open field consists in observing the following nuances.

Temperature regime

Mushrooms are afraid of temperature changes, do not like the heat, which threatens the drying out of the nutrient medium, and the cold. Therefore, the temperature inside the ridges should be at least 25 degrees Celsius, but not higher than 29, otherwise the plantings will burn.

At optimal temperatures, the mycelium grows well in the ridge in just a couple of weeks.

How to grow mushrooms outdoors

Humidity

Important! Do not allow the soil in the ridges to dry out, otherwise you risk being left without a crop. And, since watering is prohibited, we cover the compost with straw or newspapers: they can just be sprayed (not watered!) With water.

10-15 days after planting, the compost will be covered with a silvery bloom - thin filaments of mycelium that come out. Then, without tamping, cover the ridges with wet and loose loam or sandy loam soil.

Having learned how to grow mushrooms in the garden, we will find out when and how to collect them.

How to collect champignons in the country

The first crop is harvested 30-40 days after planting the mycelium. Ripening occurs in waves: many mushrooms ripen in one day, the process stops in a day. The next wave is expected in a week.

We collect champignons in the country using the following technology:

• We take ripe mushrooms (you can collect specimens with hats with a diameter of 2 cm) by the caps and carefully twist them out of the ground. Sprinkle the holes with light soil.
• Break off the bases of the legs with adhered compost and get clean mushrooms.
• We put the crop in a cardboard container or basket.
• We moisten the substrate by spraying.

Harvesting must be complete: ripe mushrooms remaining in the beds contribute to the spread of diseases. In addition, the sooner the mushrooms are harvested, the faster new ones will grow.

Now you know what stages include growing mushrooms in the country, in the garden or vegetable garden. Finally, we note that in order to increase the keeping quality of the crop, it is better to pick mushrooms whose caps have not completely opened.