How are porcini mushrooms grown in artificial conditions?

Grow porcini mushrooms on your farm plot, creating the right soil for their active growth. Having organized the territory correctly, taking into account all the features and whims of a particular species, the owner will be able to get a large-scale harvest of a useful and low-calorie mushroom.

The content of the article:

• Why is the mushroom named "white"?
• Main cultivation methods
• "Home" ways to grow porcini mushrooms
• How to properly grow mushrooms on a plot of land?
• Algorithm for growing mushrooms from spores
• Algorithm for growing mushrooms from mycelium
• Algorithm for growing porcini mushrooms indoors
• How to grow a porcini mushroom in an industrial setting?
• Features of growing in a greenhouse
• The economic side of the question: is it profitable to grow porcini mushrooms?

Porcini mushrooms have long been an amazing delicacy and are distinguished by an amazing, incomparable aroma and taste. It is the porcini mushroom that has many cooking options, so it is very often served on the table on special occasions. It is very important that with a low calorie content of 22 Kcal (which is equivalent to the energy value of 2 teaspoons of sugar). Porcini mushrooms contain a large amount of proteins, provitamin A, vitamins B1, C, D, riboflavin, which maintains the proper functioning of the thyroid gland and prevents hair and nails from falling out.

Why is the mushroom named "white"?

The name "white" for this mushroom, as the literature convinces, has two reasons for its occurrence:

• for color invariability during thermal processing;
• in sharp contrast to "black" tubular mushrooms, unsuitable for food.

In different dialects of the Russian language, the white mushroom is called "pan", "true", "expensive mushroom", it is considered the "king of mushrooms", and therefore it was considered a great success to find it at all times: to this day, in agrarian regions, they are held in high esteem experienced mushroom pickers. But with the deterioration of the environment associated with the expansion of large industrial production, the likelihood of finding an already rare mushroom in natural conditions is rapidly approaching zero.

The thing is that in nature it can grow only on dry soils in mature forests over 50 years old with high humidity, stable climatic conditions with a small temperature range and average rainfall. Therefore, the price per kilogram of this product ranges from 150 (for dried) to 1000 rubles for a freshly harvested one. All these factors make the cultivation of porcini mushrooms both a profitable business and a good "add-on" to the household budget, in addition, mushrooms do not require difficult conditions of maintenance, and are generally unpretentious when grown artificially.

Main cultivation methods

All methods of growing porcini mushrooms in artificial conditions can be divided into two large groups: "home" and "industrial".Difficulties in this are associated with the special morphophysiological properties of fungi. First of all, it is important to distinguish between their forms, which require different conditions of detention.

In nature, these fungi exist forming mycorrhiza - a symbiosis of mycelium with plant roots, according to their ability to form mycorrhiza with different trees, they are distinguished:

1. Pine-shaped: these mushrooms have a brown cap, a purple-tinged stem, thickened at the bottom. Such mushrooms are the largest: their caps reach 20 centimeters in diameter.
2. Spruce shape: most common. In these mushrooms, the cap has a reddish color and spots, the leg has a regular elongated shape.
3. Oak shape: the "strongest", widest and densest mushrooms. They have grayish-brown caps.
4. Dark bronze form: very rare with dark wrinkled caps and brown legs.

"Home" ways to grow porcini mushrooms

Many agricultural experts unanimously argue that the most correct way to grow mushrooms in artificial conditions would be to create a close to natural environment for their growth. According to experimental data, about 80% of all such mushrooms grow and become suitable for further processing and consumption, while in a completely artificial environment, about 50-60% of mushrooms. But the fact is that the creation of such conditions is very laborious and unprofitable on an industrial scale, but it is optimal if the mushrooms are grown "for themselves" or "for their own", since such gifts of nature do not require a lot of time and energy to care for them and give a fairly large harvest (of course, if you grow them correctly).

How to properly grow mushrooms on a plot of land?

There are several ways to grow mushrooms both on the farm and in agricultural production: firstly, growing from spores, and secondly, from mycelium. On a personal plot, the first is most often used.

Algorithm for growing mushrooms from spores

1. 10-15 mushrooms are collected, the caps of which are 15 to 20 centimeters in size.
2. The hats are detached from the legs.
3. Mushroom caps are introduced into the water (150-200 grams per liter).
4. 3-4 tablespoons of alcohol or sugar per 10 liters of water are also added there (for more intense spore formation).
5. Water with caps should be left in a warm room with high humidity for 24 hours.
6. The hats are ground until smooth.
7. The plot of land around several trees selected for growing mushrooms (preferably birch, oak, pine or spruce) must be thoroughly loosened. Then remove the top (10-20 cm) layer of soil within a radius of up to half a meter around each tree so that the roots are clearly visible, while being careful not to damage them.
8. The roots of trees are watered with infusion with spores, after which they are covered with removed soil.
9. Watering every few days. It is IMPORTANT not to change the amount of water and the intervals between waterings.

Nota bene: in the southern latitudes, the landing of porcini mushrooms is May-June, in the northern and north-western latitudes - August - September. They bear fruit in the second year.

Algorithm for growing mushrooms from mycelium

1. The mycelium of the porcini mushroom is purchased.
2. A planting site should be formed around the tree by removing the topsoil.
3. Peat soil or special compost up to 5 centimeters thick is laid on the resulting plot.
4. Pieces of mycelium are laid out on the prepared area at a distance of 5-10 cm from each other.
5. The mycelium is covered with a layer of soil removed from this area.
6. The soil is watered at the rate of 20-30 liters per area around one tree.
7. To maintain moisture, the area can be covered with a layer of straw up to 50 cm thick.
8. Regular watering is carried out as the soil dries out.
9. The plot can be covered with moss or straw during the cold season.

Boletus can also be grown in an apartment. Basic requirements for the room in which the mushrooms will be grown:

• maintaining a constant temperature and high humidity;
• ensuring the receipt of a strictly defined (small) amount of sunlight;
• planting a strictly defined planting material, namely mycelium.

All this requires a lot of investment and time, but is offset by the pluses: fertility all year round and a high rate of ripening. The purchased mycelium should not have an ammoniacal odor. Its presence indicates the non-viability of the planting material due to overheating. Healthy exudate is orange-yellow in color.

Algorithm for growing porcini mushrooms indoors

1. The planting material is carefully checked according to the above criteria.
2. Packages with mycelium are ventilated.
3. The contents of the packages are crushed. IMPORTANT not to tear the packaging to maintain optimal temperature conditions.
4. Separate rooms should be prepared for growing mushrooms and laying mycelium, treated with a disinfectant.
5. The substrate is boiled for 1-1.5 hours, then cools down completely.
6. The substrate and mycelium are mixed, while the mixture should contain 2.5 - 5% mycelium, depending on the quality of the planting material.
7. The mixture is put into bags and compacted.
8. In the bags, cuts are made on one side for the germination of mushrooms.
9. Place the bags vertically on the shelves.
10. Regular watering and airing of the premises are carried out.

Nota bene: All work with mushrooms is done with gloves.

How to grow a porcini mushroom in an industrial setting?

Today in Russia, entire industries are beginning to be created that specialize in the cultivation and processing of boletus mushrooms. However, this experience is still rare in the country. The reason for this is the existing stereotype about the unprofitability of growing porcini mushrooms on an industrial scale, which has long been refuted by Dutch scientists. The fact is that earlier it was mistakenly believed that growing porcini mushrooms in artificial conditions is impossible, in principle, because of their "way of life" (after all, they form mycorrhiza with tree roots). It was believed that only strong bonds with the root system of trees can create favorable conditions for the growth of boletus. Of course, the likelihood that a good harvest will be given by species of mushrooms growing in natural conditions is negligible.

Features of growing in a greenhouse

Today, special varieties have already been bred, adapted for reproduction and development in the greenhouse. Cep mushrooms are grown in film or glass greenhouses, the main feature of which is minimal illumination and impenetrability of direct sunlight. Some greenhouses are even set up in basements. It is necessary to maintain high humidity by placing spray guns throughout the territory and turning them on regularly, as well as placing small containers with water at a distance of 1.5-2 meters from each other. Some farmers use sawdust to retain moisture, which makes it 30-40% more efficient to keep moisture at the desired level.

Porcini mushrooms are grown on a specific substrate. To prepare the substrate, you must:

1. Purchase enough soil.
2. Mix the soil with a small amount of sawdust of any type, add a little manure, organic fertilizers, you can use ready-made compost.
3. Infuse the resulting mixture for a week.
4. Transfer the mixture to wooden crates.
5. Place the boxes in the prepared room.

It is recommended to grow mushrooms from mycelium. To do this, after preparing the greenhouse, you must:

• Purchase a sufficient amount of mycelium, checking its quality.
• Cool bags with mycelium.
• Grind the mycelium, avoiding breaking the integrity of the package.
• Mix the substrate and the mycelium, while the soil layer on top of the mycelium should not exceed 7 centimeters.
• Carefully monitor the humidity, temperature and illumination of the room in which the mushrooms will be grown.

Nota bene: Depending on the variety, mushrooms can bear fruit in the first or second year. These data must be clarified when purchasing mycelium.

The economic side of the question: is it profitable to grow porcini mushrooms?

The starting (authorized) capital of an enterprise that will exclusively grow boletus should cover the following costs:

Start-up costs
The cost of a land plot of 500 m2: 600,000 rubles;
building construction cost: 500,000 rubles;
purchase of equipment: 480,000 rubles;
administrative and marketing expenses: 90,000 rubles.

Monthly expenses
salary: 100,000 rubles;
payment of utilities: 30,000 rubles;
transportation and advertising costs: 20,000 rubles.

Profit
From one ton of substrate seeded with mycelium: an average of 20,000 rubles;
per season from the entire greenhouse: 1,700,000 rubles on average.

Income
Per season from 1 m2 of greenhouse: 700-800 rubles;
For the season from the entire greenhouse: about 40,000 rubles.

Therefore, those who wish to organize their own "mushroom" business can think about such an unusual and very interesting startup.

Porcini mushrooms are prized for their unique aroma and flavor properties. This is one of the most popular types of boletus among gourmets around the globe. They contain a huge amount of nutrients, fiber and plant proteins. The only drawback is the seasonality of this species, because you can see them on sale only in warm autumn, in the midst of the mushroom season. Of course, it is very pleasant to go in search of mushrooms in the forest or buy them from experienced mushroom pickers, but it is even more pleasant when they grow in your country house.

This article will show you how in a parallel universe you can grow porcini mushrooms at home on a personal plot, but in practice this idea will end an absolute failure. Let's try to figure out why.

Features and methods of growing porcini mushrooms

To grow a porcini mushroom at home, you will have to sweat pretty and uselessly. The thing is that this variety is in close symbiosis with its habitat, namely trees (spruce, oak, pine, birch). They do not grow under leaves, but in places with a moss cover.

Boletus is very demanding on the climate, and their largest harvest can be observed after a foggy night, with high humidity. The place for growing porcini mushrooms should be well lit and warm. However, to recreate similar climatic conditions for home cultivation impossible!

Do not pay attention to found articles and videos on the Internet, this is all sheer deception, just read the comments!

Requirements for the premises and conditions for growing porcini mushrooms at home: the necessary equipment

As a rule, in various articles they write that it is possible to grow porcini mushrooms in personal plots, recreating their natural environment, or in greenhouses (specially equipped rooms). A regular greenhouse that is empty after the last harvest is also fine.

Many desperate advisers suggest growing porcini mushrooms even at home on the windowsill.

However, you should not consider the option of growing porcini mushrooms at home on the windowsills or on the balcony - this is the same waste of time. home conditions are absolutely not suitable for this lesson.

In some articles, you can read that an isolated basement room would be an ideal option for intensive cultivation of porcini mushrooms, as it retains temperature and humidity well. But this is not enough! To grow mushrooms at home, you will need special equipment, which includes:

1. Heating system with temperature controller. The optimum temperature for growing porcini mushrooms is 15 ° - 18 ° C. To maintain the required temperature level, a heating system is needed.
2. Air conditioning system. Any varieties of mushrooms, including white ones, grow exclusively in the fresh air. Indoors, at high temperatures and high humidity, the air becomes stale and saturated with carbon dioxide, which significantly slows down their development. The room must be systematically ventilated. For this, special hoods are installed that remove dirty air and supply fresh air.
3. Fluorescent lamps. Porcini mushrooms are very light-requiring, as in nature they grow in open areas. That is why their myceliums have to be highlighted. It is best to use special lamps with diffused lighting for greenhouses. These can be purchased at any major garden center.
4. Shelving. To optimize the space in the room, special racks are installed on which containers with the substrate are placed. This allows you to more efficiently fill the area and significantly increase the number of landing sites. Naturally, you can do without shelving by placing containers on the floor, but with this method, the containers will fit much less. As containers for growing, you can use plastic pots, plastic bottles with a volume of 6 liters, felt bags.

Before proceeding with the planting of the mycelium, it is necessary to disinfect the premises. The floor and shelves are treated with a 0.4% sulfate solution, and the walls and ceiling are covered with a mixture of lime and copper sulfate. Additionally, the room is treated with a smoke bomb.

Note! Do not believe these tips, no equipment will help you grow porcini mushrooms at home. Another thing is oyster mushrooms or champignons!

How to grow porcini mushrooms at home: growing technology

Cellar equipment for a mushroom greenhouse shouldn't hit the budget. All materials are readily available and easily replaceable. It is important to do everything right so that the invested funds do not go to waste, but pay off and bring income. For this, it is necessary to strictly follow the technology of growing porcini mushrooms.

Note! There is no technology for growing porcini mushrooms at home! All that is further written is the invention of storytellers!

Substrate preparation

As mentioned earlier, the difficulty of growing porcini mushrooms is to recreate the conditions of their natural habitat, namely in fertile soil. In specialized stores, ready-made soil for growing mushrooms is sold, but no manufacturer will give you a guarantee of the quality of such a substrate. You can prepare a fertile, natural and high-quality mixture yourself, and most importantly, it will be completely free. To do this, it is necessary to collect dry field grass, dry leaves of trees (birch, oak, acorn), small twigs with needles of coniferous plants. It is recommended to add some dried moss to the substrate. All components must be dry, as they must be crushed in a special garden harvester. White mushroom grows in sandy loam and loamy soils. Add a little sifted sand and dry clay to the already crushed mixture in a ratio of 4: 1. The substrate for growing porcini mushrooms should be infused before planting for about two weeks in a dry and warm place.

Selection and purchase of mycelium

For ready-made substrates, purchased mycelium of various varieties is used. Plant it according to the manufacturer's instructions. If you prepared the soil yourself, then the planting material should be prepared accordingly. Already formed white mushrooms are suitable as seedlings, you can even use a spoiled mushroom, the main thing is that the cap remains intact. Next, you need to separate the caps and twist them into a meat grinder, or cut them very finely with a knife. The crushed caps are placed for 4 hours in a weak solution of manganese (1 gram per 10 liters) and sugar (10 cubes).This way you get a nutrient mixture that contains mushroom spores.

Landing

The ready-made substrate must be distributed among the planting containers. The substrate is poured into an even layer of 30 - 35 centimeters, lightly pressing the top layer to create a smoother relief. Drainage must be placed at the bottom of the container, which will give an air gap, and the fertile soil will breathe, because this is very important for mushrooms. Further, the planting material is evenly distributed over the surface, which must again be covered with a substrate (about 3 - 4 cm from above), without pressing down. At the time of planting, the room temperature should be 27 ° and remain at this level until the first shoots.

Further care

After planting, the first shoots appear already on the 7-9th day. It is very important to maintain the correct climatic conditions, temperature, humidity and lighting. The entire period from planting to germination, the temperature is maintained at the same level. It is necessary to regularly moisten the soil and indoor air. To do this, you can use ordinary sprayers and spray the soil with them. It is recommended to place containers with water near heating appliances or hang wet towels, sheets, rags. Thus, you will achieve the optimum air humidity. It is necessary to ventilate the room twice a day so that there is a good flow of oxygen. Porcini mushrooms are photophilous, so they will have to be illuminated with fluorescent lamps (5-6 hours a day). After germination, the room temperature should be lowered by 10 °, to about 16 ° - 17 °. After the first harvest, myceliums will come out and will be above the level of fertile soil. To avoid drying out, the mycelium should be sprinkled with the substrate that remains. For larger offspring, a fifth of ammonium nitrate is added to the substrate. The soil is evenly scattered, covering the legs of the mushrooms.

Harvesting

Already 22 - 25 days after planting, the first crop can be removed. The fruiting period of porcini mushrooms is 40 - 45 days with a frequency of 10 - 12 days. Mushrooms are recommended not to be cut with a knife, as many prefer, but to twist gently so as not to damage the mycelium. The hole that remains after the removal of the mushroom must be sprinkled, a new one will grow in that place. Subject to all the rules of cultivation, about 20 - 25 kg can be harvested from one m²!

You will get such a harvest of porcini mushrooms only if you go around the whole forest yourself!

Important! Do not believe such videos, but rather just read the comments below it.

Video: how to grow a lot of porcini mushrooms on your site

Having decided to start greenhouse cultivation of porcini mushrooms at home, you need to be prepared for various consequences and results, namely failure... White mushrooms do not grow in artificially created environment, unlike the same oyster mushroom or champignons... That is why we strongly advise you to start growing the latter.

White mushroom is deservedly and rightfully considered the standard for other mushrooms. He looks attractive - with a fleshy brown hat on a white pot-bellied leg, and his taste is excellent. When fried, porcini mushrooms emit a special, nutty aroma. The mushroom got its name - white - because its incision does not darken during drying and cooking, while maintaining a juicy, appetizing structure. And today we will consider the cultivation of porcini mushrooms at home and not only.

White mushroom: description

Almost everywhere white mushroom is also called boletus. And also he is called a bear, belovik, wood grouse. No matter how else this forest handsome man is called in numerous corners of Russia, he always looks distinctive:

1. The boletus cap is brown. It changes its bulge with the age of the fungus. From a semi-cylindrical shape in a small mushroom, it gradually makes a transition to an almost flat, about 20 cm in diameter, hat of an adult mushroom.
2. The stem is always whitish, with characteristic brownish vertical veins. Initially, it has the shape of a barrel, and as it grows, it stretches into a dense, powerful cylinder.

Now you can visually distinguish the porcini mushroom (you received the description) from other forest mushrooms.

Varieties of porcini mushrooms

The porcini mushroom has many forms, and their varieties depend on the trees under which the mushroom grows and in symbiosis with which it enters:

1. The pine shape is perhaps the most colorful of the porcini mushrooms. It has a beautiful brown hat and a slightly purple-tinged leg, slightly thickened at the bottom.
2. The spruce form is the most common in central Russia. The hat has a brownish-reddish color, with spots and a rim along the edge. The leg is barrel-shaped, covered to the middle with a fine mesh.
3. Oak form - strong porcini mushrooms with elastic brown caps with a grayish tint.
4. Dark bronze shape - the name speaks for itself. Hats are dark, wrinkled; legs are brownish.

The boletus growing in shaded areas has a lighter color of the cap. And their fellows, who grew up in the sun, have a rich brown top. The mushroom absolutely does not tolerate strongly shaded and mossy places. For example, it will not grow in a dense forest. And he will choose comfortable, slightly shaded or sunny places.

We grow mushrooms in the country

If a mushroom picker returns from the forest with a basket full of boletus, it means that he did not go mushrooming in vain. Many people wonder if it is possible to grow mushrooms in the country in order to admire the beautiful landscape, and, of course, it is guaranteed to have a rare product on the table. Yes, growing a king of mushrooms in a garden is quite possible, although not an easy task. You need to know the intricacies and peculiarities of breeding this fastidious forest sturdy fellow, but as a result of hard work, the first white mushrooms will grow near your country house.

So, growing mushrooms in the country. It will not be easy to achieve results because the porcini mushroom belongs to the mycorrhizal group, which indicates their duty and very difficult intergrowth and interlacing with the roots of the trees under which they live. This is a very complex and vital symbiosis for fungi. Without a tree, or rather its roots, the so-called fungus root cannot form and the fruit growing on the surface cannot develop. Therefore, alas, it will not work to grow porcini mushrooms in a bare area.

A long-standing and well-proven method of cultivation is in an area where trees between ten and thirty years old grow. White mushroom settles under pine, spruce, oak, birch, beech. Matching tree species when replanting mycelium is necessary. The more similar the conditions of a summer cottage plantation of boletus to their forest location, the more chances that they will successfully take root.

White mushrooms at home

If you wish, you can master the cultivation of mushrooms at home, having studied the accumulated experience of scientists from Holland. With the help of the technologies they recommend, you can start growing the product in greenhouses and dug cellars.

Breeding a plantation with an intensive method, namely, it is taken into service at home, has its own difficulties. One of them is a considerable investment, the purchase of equipment to ensure the required temperature and humidity in the room. But the advantages of this growing method are considerable - fertility throughout the season and a good ripening rate. For effective indoor breeding, it is recommended to use mycelium cultivation.

Requirements for planting material

It is advisable to purchase planting material from suppliers with recommendations, carefully study all the initial data of the mycelium indicated on the label. It is very important to pay attention to the smell and color of the mycelium. If there is a weak ammonia smell, immediately reject the batch of planting material - it was overheated and is now unviable.The color of a healthy exudate is orange with a slight yellowness.

Having brought home the packages with the purchased mycelium, you need to cool them, ventilate them and only then start preparing before laying. The contents of the bags are crushed without tearing the packaging. Thus, they maintain a gentle and adaptive temperature regime for the future mycelium. When laying, sterility is very important:

• it is necessary to work with gloves;
• premises for growing porcini mushrooms and laying mycelium should be separate;
• opening the package, it is necessary to process it with a disinfectant solution.

Mushroom growing technology

To complete the topic of the previous paragraph, let's start with the method of germinating a crop at home. So, growing mushrooms at home. Here are the main stages of indoor work:

1. Boiling in bags for 1-1.5 hours and subsequent cooling of the substrate. (Hole water drainage bags).
2. Mixing mycelium and substrate on disinfected tables. The availability of domestic material should be at the level of 5%, and imported - 2.5%.
3. Putting the mixture into bags. Tamp the grafted substrate tightly into bags, flatten one side and make several cuts for the mushrooms to germinate.
4. Place the bags vertically on the shelves. Watering is normal, without strong waterlogging. Ventilation of the room is required.
5. If the care was correct, the crop of mushrooms can be harvested for at least six months.

This is how porcini mushrooms are grown at home. Yes, quite difficult, but worth it.

Growing methods in the garden

Growing porcini mushrooms at home is strikingly different from growing in a personal plot. But first things first.

For cultivation of porcini mushrooms on the site, first prepare the place for laying the mycelium. Compost or soil with peat is placed on the top soil layer previously removed with a shovel. Lay the planting material, cover it with a layer of turf removed earlier.

The most effective options for harvesting seed is to bring several pieces of mycelium the size of a chicken egg from the forest. Such blanks are planted in the soil without processing, it is only important to observe at least two conditions:

1. The trees under which the boletus grew in nature should be of the same species with the plants at the new planting site.
2. You need to dig out the material very carefully - porcini mushrooms are hard to grow together with the roots and restore communication with the satellite tree.

Sowing forest mycelium

How to grow porcini mushrooms if there is no way to purchase high-quality planting material?

A very good effect is given by the method of sowing mycelium using the cap and the tubular part of the porcini mushroom. 5-6 mature caps are taken, it is possible even with wormholes, and soaked for a day in a bucket of water. Then the contents are kneaded with your hands. The thick is separated into another container. The thick mass is the body of the mushroom, and it comes in handy too. The bare roots of the tree are spilled with the remaining liquid with a large number of spores, then everything is covered with a layer of thick mushroom substance and sprinkled on top with the soil removed earlier. It is necessary to carefully water the planted mycelium and carry out subsequent watering once a week in the absence of rain.

Now you are familiar with the cultivation of porcini mushrooms at home, and in the garden, where, with proper observance of all technologies, you can get a harvest of boletus the first time in a year or two. Good luck!

White mushroom is an exquisite delicacy. This healthy and low-calorie food product, grown on its own site, can become a stable and profitable business for every Russian.

A little more about porcini mushrooms

Amazing taste, special aroma, the existence of many recipes for cooking - this and much more helped to increase the popularity of porcini mushrooms. With a very low calorie content, they contain many useful substances. And the name "white" is given for the unchanged color during the thermal processing of the porcini mushroom.

It has another name - boletus, due to its large size and fleshy leg, similar to a barrel.

The mushroom can reach a height of 25 cm, the diameter of brown caps is 30-40 cm. There are several varieties of boletus: steppe, oak, pine (spruce), upland and spikelet. Mushrooms in nature are located near trees that correspond to their name.

Boletus likes: dry drainage soil, moderate temperature and humidity, abundance of sunlight, short-term thunderstorms. It is always popular among those who decided to establish the cultivation of porcini mushrooms at home. Fortunately, this process is quite simple and not very painstaking.

Our business valuation:

Initial investment - 2,000,000 rubles.

Market saturation is low.

The complexity of starting a business is 6/10.

Methods for growing porcini mushrooms

Today, the cultivation of porcini mushrooms at home involves two techniques: extensive (amateur mushroom growers grow them in forest areas - in their natural habitat, caring for artificially propagated myceliums) and intensive (artificial conditions are created, greenhouses, other special rooms and equipment are used). The second technology is acceptable for commercial mushroom growing and will be more interesting for those who are determined to follow with us all the organizational and practical points to start their own business.

As for the methods of growing mushrooms, there are three of them:

1. Growing mushrooms from spores. They take caps of 10-15 mushrooms, large in size, put in water (150-200 grams per liter), add 3-4 tablespoons of sugar or alcohol per 10 liters of water and leave for 24 hours in a warm and humid room. By rubbing the caps to a homogeneous mass, activated spores of porcini mushrooms are obtained. They are then sown in the prepared area. Around trees (oaks, spruce, pine or birch) carefully loosen the ground, remove the top layer of soil (10-20 cm), trying not to damage the roots. The mushrooms are poured with spore infusion and covered with soil that was removed. Watered periodically, without changing the time intervals and the amount of water between waterings.
2. Growing mushrooms from mycelium. A plot is formed around the trees, having removed the top layer of soil, peat soil or the 5th layer of special compost is laid. At a distance of 5-10 cm from each other, the substrate of the acquired mycelium is laid out and covered with soil removed from the site. Watering - as it dries, its rate is 20-30 liters near one tree. To keep the moisture well, and in the cold period, the site is covered with a half-meter layer of straw.
3. The mycelium of porcini mushrooms is also suitable for growing this delicacy. To do this, it is removed from one place and moved to the personal plot. It is important to study the soil structure under the trees where it grew in the forest. It will not hurt to collect soil from this place, and then add it to the site during the process of laying the mycelium. We pour it into a loose and fertilized soil with manure, loosen it again. Having made indentations in the prepared soil, we lay out the fragments of the mycelium, sprinkling on top with a mixture of forest soil, sawdust, sunflower husks, straw and slightly moisten. The place where the boletus is grown must be constantly, but moderately moisturized.

In the southern latitudes of Russia, porcini mushrooms are planted from May to June, in the northwestern ones - the most favorable time is from August to September. And the plots bear fruit in the second year.

Boletus: we grow ourselves at home

Having created the soil of the correct composition, you can successfully master the cultivation of porcini mushrooms in your personal plot. For example, M. Lavrentyev, an amateur mushroom grower, grew porcini mushrooms on his plantation (area 12 m2). Its yield reached up to 50-60 pieces per square meter. The composition of the soil for sowing is known. On a layer of fresh horse manure (12-15 cm), he laid a mixture containing 40% turf, 30% rotten leaves, 20% rotten wood, 10% clay.

Many beginners are interested in how to grow porcini mushrooms in the country. To do this, you need to prepare a garden bed. Buy seed. Having chosen a darkened place under the crown of deciduous trees, we fertilize the garden bed, level the ground and introduce planting material into the prepared soil in one of the indicated ways.

You can grow porcini mushrooms (populating with mycelium) and on logs (any, except for white acacia and black walnut, not infected with other mushrooms). By the way, they are the tastiest. The log is buried a little in the ground, sprinkled with fertilized soil and, after sowing (making "mushroom dowels"), watered abundantly, sprinkling with chopped straw on top. Reproduction next year - from a few mushrooms to the appearance of mushroom families, and a year later - a whole mushroom plantation. Of course, this method is suitable for amateur mushroom growers and novice businessmen, for testing technologies.

Today, scientists have bred special varieties of boletus, which made it possible to grow porcini mushrooms in a film or glass-type greenhouse. The main requirement is minimal illumination and protection from direct sunlight, maintaining high humidity. To do this, at a distance of up to two meters, small containers with water (with regularly turned on spray guns) are placed for irrigation. Sawdust is good for retaining moisture.

Cep is grown on a specific substrate. To prepare it, you should purchase soil, mix with sawdust, manure, compost and organic fertilizers. The resulting mixture is infused for a week and stacked in wooden boxes. Boletus is best grown from purchased mycelium. After cooling the bag with mycelium, it is crushed, trying not to violate the integrity of the bag. The substrate is mixed with the mycelium in a box, sprinkled with a layer of soil not exceeding 7 centimeters. It remains to maintain the humidity, illumination and temperature of the room.

Some novice mushroom growers breed boletus in an apartment and on a glazed loggia. The main thing is to maintain a constant temperature and high humidity of 80-90%, there is little lighting and planting material (mycelium) of good quality.

Now let's look at how to grow porcini mushrooms in the basement of a house, sheds, hangars and other premises using intensive technology. We mix the substrate and mycelium, the latter in the mixture should be up to 5%. Having folded it into bags (although boxes are better for boletus), the mixture is tamped, and the bags are placed vertically on the shelves, making cuts on one side for the growth of mushrooms. Further, it is important to regularly ventilate the room and water the crops.

Where to buy mycelium for growing boletus

Where to buy porcini mycelium? This question worries all beginners. There are many specialized agricultural firms that grow it on compost, grain substrates (wheat, millet, buckwheat), peat, straw, sawdust and sticks, forest or sod soil with an admixture of humus. They are in Moscow and St. Petersburg, Perm and Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg, Rostov and Chelyabinsk regions. Some are packed in plastic containers, others - in bags, the main thing is that the subzero temperature of storage and transportation is observed.

It depends on the variety whether the mushrooms will bear fruit in the first year, or only in the second. The acquired mycelium should have a mushroom smell, but by no means ammonia, characteristic of non-viable planting material. The bags weigh 10, 15, 20 grams, and must be purchased at the rate of sowing 0.5 kg / m2. The price of porcini mushroom mycelium from various manufacturers ranges from 60 to 100 rubles per 10 grams.

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Industrial technologies for the cultivation of porcini mushrooms

In many countries of the world, the industrial cultivation of porcini mushrooms is considered a profitable and profitable business that brings regular and good income. Among the arguments in favor of the expediency of this type of entrepreneurship, it is worth noting:

• the mushroom picking season is fleeting, but the gourmet boletus grown at home is available all year round;
• environmental pollution contributes to the fact that mushrooms collected in the forest are dangerous to health;
• a start-up enterprise of a small volume, in the future - with an increase in working capital - it will be able to develop;
• the technology of growing porcini mushrooms on an industrial scale does not require special daily efforts; this activity is easy to combine with various activities.

Mushrooms are grown on ridges (ridges), in bags, in special containers (common in Canada, America and Australia), on blocks (briquettes), which are located in empty poultry houses, sheds and vegetable stores. There is another system - on the shelves. The shelf system for growing porcini mushrooms from mycelium - Dutch technology - is best suited to industrial scale cultivation.

Scientists in Holland have developed a boletus variety that is the most resistant to reproduction in an artificial environment. There, high-quality mycelium (mushroom seedlings) can be easily purchased in special stores. The fact is that using seed from a wild mushroom is risky, there may not be any seedlings.

In this country, a set of equipment has been developed and patented for maximum mechanization of the technological process of mushroom production - for loading and unloading compost from shelves, applying casing soil, loosening it, and irrigation devices. In accordance with Dutch technology, the seed boxes are conveniently placed on the shelves, at some distance from one another. In rooms with myceliums, sterile cleanliness is maintained, and before the cultivation of mushrooms, it is treated with a disinfectant. All work with mushrooms is done with gloves.

The incubation period of the fungus takes place in the dark, at a temperature of + 23-25 ​​degrees, during this period it is not necessary to ventilate the area. But the fruits that appear need light for 5 hours a day. Natural and artificial lighting (for example, low-power fluorescent lamps) are suitable.

When the mushroom caps appear, the temperature is lowered to +10, the room is ventilated, since the porcini mushroom needs oxygen. Twice a day, the mycelium is watered with warm water, sprinkling through a spray bottle or through a small-drop irrigation system. Harvest after 20-25 days.

Economic feasibility of mushroom growing in Russia

If someone has a business idea to deal with mushrooms, then he needs to calculate all the costs and future income. Let's consider the economic side of the question: is it profitable to grow porcini mushrooms in a greenhouse? There will be expenses for paying for a land plot with an area of, say, 500 m2 - 600 thousand rubles; the construction of the building will cost 500 thousand rubles; about the same - 480 thousand rubles - the cost of purchasing equipment. And if you add up the sums of salaries, payments for utilities and transport services, administrative and marketing expenses, you will get 240 thousand rubles. And you still have to buy the seeds of porcini mushrooms. We add the cost of the mycelium (it fluctuates between different manufacturers), - the total start-up costs for the business are approaching 2 million rubles.

The income from the greenhouse after the harvest will be at least 400 thousand rubles. But you can pick mushrooms two, three or more times per season (it all depends on the mycelium). The investment will pay off in just a few years, and the mushroom farm will begin to bring its owners a stable profit.

You can sell fresh boletus through markets, supermarkets and restaurants, process them (drying and freezing, salting and pickling) for catering and sale through a retail network.