How to grow tomatoes with cucumbers in the same greenhouse?

The possibilities of most gardeners are significantly limited by the small area of ​​\ u200b \ u200bplots and the presence of only one greenhouse on them, which you want to use to the maximum. Many gardeners are wondering if it is possible to plant tomatoes and cucumbers together in the same greenhouse: how harmful is such a "neighborhood" and will joint cultivation benefit these crops?

Feasibility of joint landing

Experts do not recommend growing tomatoes and cucumbers in the same greenhouse if you want to get a good harvest. It's all about the radically different needs of these crops for illumination, humidity, air quality and watering.

By creating ideal conditions for the growth of a tomato, you will stop the development of cucumbers, and vice versa. So what are the needs of these crops, and how can the atmosphere in the greenhouse be optimized so that they can grow side by side?

Cucumber needs

Cucumbers are very moisture-loving plants that require frequent and abundant watering with warm, settled water, combined with spraying the leaves. The air humidity in the greenhouse should be at least 85% - only then this capricious culture will thank you with a generous harvest.

What else do cucumbers need in a greenhouse? The optimum temperature for the development of plants and the formation of ovaries is from 22 to 28 degrees, they do not like drafts and frequent ventilation. In addition, the crop requires regular nitrogen fertilization.

So, cucumbers need constant dampness and absence of drafts, what do tomatoes need?

Needs of tomatoes

Tomatoes need diametrically opposite conditions: dampness and lack of regular ventilation will lead to the development of late blight, brown spot, gray mold and powdery mildew, which is dangerous for tomatoes.

Tomatoes are rarely watered - once a week is enough - but abundantly, while it is important to supply water to the root so that it goes directly into the ground, and does not evaporate into the air. Tomatoes do not like heat - at temperatures above 25 degrees, they noticeably slow down fruiting, which is why the greenhouse needs to be left open during the day and drafts should be arranged with the help of vents at the other end of the greenhouse.

Tomatoes do not need nitrogen fertilizers; for their normal development, other feeding is required - with the content of potassium and phosphorus.

Planting tomatoes and cucumbers in the same greenhouse leads to a rather problematic situation: trying to satisfy the needs of both crops, you thereby destroy them or reduce yields. Dampness and high humidity in the greenhouse lead to a decrease in the immunity of tomatoes and an arrest of their growth. In such conditions, tomatoes are almost always affected by late blight. In addition, the pollen becomes wet, the inflorescences are not pollinated, which means that new ovaries will not appear.

If you strive to create favorable conditions for tomatoes, this will lead to a decrease in the yield of cucumbers. Dry air, lack of constant watering, frequent ventilation and drafts cause not only a slowdown in the growth of lashes, but can also completely ruin the plant.

How to find a compromise if there is no way to plant tomatoes and cucumbers in different greenhouses? It is still possible to grow these crops together, and there are several ways to do this.

Selection of varieties for combined plantings

To successfully grow tomatoes and cucumbers in the same greenhouse, you should carefully choose the seed.

For joint planting, you should select such tomatoes that are resistant to late blight and are not afraid of high humidity:

• "Dubok";
• "Dubrava";
• De Barao Blacks;
• "Dwarf";
• "Lark";
• "Tsar Peter";
• "New Year";
• "Blizzard";
• Soyuz 8;
• "La la fa".

These hybrid varieties bred by agronomists and created have strong immunity and are resistant to late blight and other diseases that tomatoes are exposed to due to high humidity conditions. Of course, the selection of such seeds will not completely eliminate the problems associated with the joint cultivation of different crops, but you will have a chance to preserve all the plants and get a harvest.

In addition to buying tomato seeds protected from late blight, you should also take care of the choice of cool-resistant cucumber varieties. Insufficient air temperature can cause a whole list of specific diseases in this capricious culture - rot, powdery mildew, bacteriosis and anthracosis.

It is dangerous that these diseases can be transmitted to tomatoes, then, trying to create comfortable conditions for tomatoes, you can lose all the plants in the greenhouse and your future harvest.

Agronomists have developed a lot of varieties of cucumbers that are resistant to diseases and suitable for growing in the open field:

• "Benefit";
• "Crane";
• "Princess";
• Leandro;
• "Thumb Boy";
• "Masha";
• "Goosebump";
• "Natalie";
• Pasadena;
• "Diva";
• "Nightingale";
• "Sister Alyonushka".

By choosing such varieties and hybrids of cucumbers that are resistant to cold and diseases, you can not worry about creating a specific microclimate for plants - they can optimally transfer the ventilation of the greenhouse, which is necessary for the normal development and pollination of tomatoes.

How to plant correctly?

For optimal growth and development of neighboring crops, it is important not only to select the seed, but also to plant the plants correctly. The location of cucumbers and tomatoes in the same greenhouse requires taking into account the peculiarities of the microclimate inside the greenhouse.

Separation

Gardeners most often use the crop separation technique when planting cucumbers and tomatoes in the same greenhouse. Their physical delimitation in the greenhouse area helps to avoid overflow of tomatoes and protects the whip from drafts.

As a rule, all greenhouses are installed in a west-east direction. This orientation provides optimal illumination of all crops from the south side.

Depending on the width of the greenhouse, 2-3 longitudinal beds are arranged in it:

1. Cucumbers are planted in the northern bed. Here they will not be overdried by the sun, and water will not evaporate so intensively into the air during irrigation.
2. Tomatoes are planted in the central garden bed. There will be fresh air necessary for their comfort and pollination when ventilated.
3. In the southern garden it is preferable to grow greens or eggplants. It will be too hot for tomatoes and too dry for cucumbers.

Since the soil in the greenhouse is a single whole, before planting seedlings and seed, you should attend to the demarcation of the soil. Sheets of roofing material or iron are dug in between future beds - such a measure will protect tomatoes from waterlogging with frequent watering of cucumbers and will allow you to apply fertilizers intended for each crop.

Zoning

Zoning is perhaps the most effective and optimal way to organize the space inside the greenhouse when growing different crops. This technique allows you to maintain the microclimate necessary for tomatoes and cucumbers in each part of the greenhouse.

The greenhouse is usually zoned across, dividing it into two functional parts.

There are two ways to make a partition:

1. Capital method.A partition is made of cellular polycarbonate inside the greenhouse. The entrance to this compartment can be made both in the created "wall", and on the other side of the greenhouse.
2. Fast way. The space inside the greenhouse can be delimited by hanging a curtain made of double-folded dense film on a stretched string or rod.

When zoning the greenhouse space, one should not forget about the separation of the soil: dig a sheet of roofing material, iron or a piece of polycarbonate of a suitable size into the ground at the border of the crops. It is recommended to put a tank with water in the "cucumber compartment" - it will not only serve for irrigation, but also additionally humidify the air in the separated area.

Hydrogel

When growing tomatoes and cucumbers together, hydrogel becomes a real salvation for many gardeners.

A modern adsorbent perfectly eliminates the problem of waterlogging of the soil and air - the crystals almost instantly absorb water during irrigation and give it to the roots of moisture-loving plants as needed.

Since water is absorbed by the hydrogel, during watering, there is no intense evaporation of moisture into the air and the humidity in the greenhouse does not increase. Thus, the use of an adsorbent does not reduce the immunity of a tomato, and at the same time provides cucumbers with the necessary liquid - both neighboring crops are comfortable.

When planting cucumber seedlings, it is enough to add about 0.5 cups of the finished hydrogel to the hole, spill it abundantly and then dig in the plant in the swollen granules. Most often, seeds are sown in a greenhouse - in this case, an organized hole with a sorbent is sprinkled with 5 cm of soil, and the prepared material is sown into the ground.

The hydrogel is convenient because it absorbs not only water, but also mineral fertilizers dissolved in it. If you soak the granules in a weak fertilizing solution before the first use, you can not worry about the nutrition of the cucumbers for a long time.

Mulch

If you have already sown cucumbers in the greenhouse and it was not possible to add the hydrogel to the soil in time, you can use the mulching method. This method also helps to retain moisture at the plant roots and prevents excessive evaporation.

How to use mulch correctly:

1. Prepare grass clippings or weeds that have been weeded out.
2. When the seedlings sprout and the cucumbers release a real leaf, the soil around them is covered with a thick (8-10 cm) layer of mulch.
3. As the layer subsides, it should be raised to the previous level of 10 cm.

Mulching allows you to reduce the number of water-loving plants, in addition, the gradually decaying lower layer releases heat, which cucumbers love so much, and nutritious organic fertilizers that are important for the development of any crop. Moisture from the soil will evaporate not into the air of the greenhouse, but under a dense mulch, creating a comfortable microclimate under each plant.

Growing cucumbers and tomatoes together in a greenhouse is undesirable, but still possible. The main thing is to divide the cultures and create for each of them the most comfortable conditions for development and fruiting.

The combination "cucumbers-tomatoes"For the vast majority of people, it is familiar and connected
with their frequent joint stay in fresh salads and winter preparations. It has already become a kind of "vegetable classic".

The question of whether it is possible to grow cucumbers and tomatoes in the same greenhouse worries many. Is there any benefit from the close proximity of these crops in gardening? How to be if the greenhouse is alone, and you want to get a harvest of both those and other vegetables?

…

Long road to popularity

In any living organism, be it a plant or an animal, nature has a certain genetic code that determines its properties and requirements for the environment.

Breeding work with seed material carried out for many decades has made it possible to change and improve the appearance and taste of vegetables.

But it is very rarely given the opportunity to change their requirements for the growing environment, although some plants can adapt to changing conditions in nature through mutational processes.

Hot India with high air humidity - homeland of cucumber... In the wild, it still grows in those places.

Images of a cucumber have been found on frescoes in Ancient Egypt and Greek temples. A vegetable known in such ancient times in other countries in Russia was first mentioned in printed sources in the 16th century.

Presumably, the cucumber came to us from East Asia, but it tasted amazingly and became a truly national product.

Bountiful harvests of cucumbers are grown in most of the country - in greenhouses and on the ground. And then, with love and diligence, cucumbers are harvested for eating all year round.

Wild tomatoes were first discovered in South America during the expedition of Christopher Columbus, and their seeds were brought to Europe because of the decorativeness of the bushes. At home, tomato thickets were found on dry and ventilated mountain slopes. The climate of those places was ideal for tomatoes - mild, temperate, with occasional heavy rains. The 24-hour temperature ranged from 20 to 25 degrees Celsius.

REFERENCE: In Holland, France and Germany, tomatoes were grown in the greenhouses of wealthy people, landed for decoration in gardens and near gazebos. Their fruits were considered poisonous. And only in 1811, the German Botanical Dictionary posted on its pages information that tomatoes can be eaten.

Tomato seeds came to Russia under Catherine II, but only at the beginning of the 19th century they began to be grown in the southern regions of the country as edible crop and get good harvests.

Photo

In the photo below you can see cucumbers and tomatoes in one polycarbonate greenhouse:

Capricious neighbors

If there is only one greenhouse, but really want to get a harvest of those and other favorite vegetables, the desire to experiment often wins. Desperate summer residents and gardeners boldly divide the greenhouse area into two adjacent zones and plant tomato seedlings on one, and cucumber seedlings on the other. What is the compatibility of cucumbers and tomatoes in the same greenhouse? Let's try to answer this question.

During the summer, both crops in a polycarbonate greenhouse receive the same care and grow in the same microclimate with the same conditions. With special diligence, the owners do not remain without a crop, but they will not have to be called abundant.

The reason for this is all the same genetics that require different conditions for each type of vegetables close to those in which their distant wild relatives once grew.

For cucumbers the optimal conditions for favorable growth will be a hot atmosphere, with high humidity, up to 90-100%.

Drafts are detrimental to this culture. Moreover, wet "bath" procedures significantly increase the yield of cucumbers. To do this, in warm weather, the bushes are well shed under the root and over the leaves, the paths and walls of the greenhouse are abundantly watered.

Then the doors are tightly closed and withstand this mode for 1-1.5 hours, after which the greenhouse is opened for ventilation. The leaves of cucumbers are very large, such procedures allow them to safely cope with the evaporation of moisture, preventing drying out.

With insufficient moisture, cucumbers grow tasteless, ugly in shape.

Tomatoes feel better in a different microclimate. Like their cousins ​​in the wild, they prefer low humidity, 40 to 60%. They are very fond of airing.

Watering tomatoes is enough on average 2 times a week. In a too humid environment, the pollen in the flowers sticks together, the fruits in the brushes are not tied. The consequence of high humidity in the greenhouse is always the appearance of fungal and bacterial diseases of tomatoes.

The yield of vegetables decreases, the taste of the fruits deteriorates, and cracks appear on them.

With such different requirements, any compromise will mean a situation where both sides lose, so it is worth trying to change the conditions by setting up separate zones in capital greenhouses.

Divide living space: growing cucumbers and tomatoes in one greenhouse

Divide the greenhouse into two parts you can partitions from slate, plastic curtains, plywood. Cucumbers are planted in the far "room" where the window is located. Here they will be protected from drafts, it will be possible to provide them with high humidity.

Tomatoes will be planted in the square near the greenhouse door. It is possible by keeping the door open at all times to maintain a relatively low humidity and temperature in the greenhouse.

In order to prevent water from flowing from one section to another, it will be necessary to make a barrier to separate the soil to a depth.

Now you can pamper tomato bushes with good feeding, which they love very much. This is especially true for tall varieties of tomatoes.

For cucumbers in a personal "room" abundant water treatments and high humidity are provided without much harm to neighbors. And tomatoes - generous watering with warm water, strictly under the root, avoiding falling on the leaves.

For lovers of the process itself, working with plants, planting tomatoes and cucumbers in a greenhouse will bring pleasure even if the vegetable harvest is not huge.

The most important thing is that with any method, there will be pimpled green cucumbers and poured raspberry tomatoes in the basket.

ATTENTION: Experienced gardeners, determined to get the best yield possible, will adhere to strict rules to create optimal conditions for each crop. They will grow all vegetables in a separate greenhouse unless they need the same environment for growth. For example, the same cucumbers and bell peppers or melon. Or tomatoes and various green vegetables.

So, is it possible to plant cucumbers and tomatoes in a greenhouse? The answer to the question of how to plant, when to plant, as well as the decision of which method of growing cucumbers and tomatoes in a greenhouse to choose, whether it will be joint or not, remains the right of every gardener. If fussing in the garden is more desirable than the opportunity to get more harvest - experiments are just for you!

Useful video

A video about growing cucumbers and tomatoes in a greenhouse, see below:

The presence of only one greenhouse on the site forces gardeners to use it to the maximum, jointly growing cucumbers and tomatoes. As you know, experts do not recommend combining these vegetables, since they require the creation of different growing conditions, and current reviews demonstrate that their joint cultivation is quite possible. What are the pros and cons of cultivating cucumbers and tomatoes in the same greenhouse, this article will help you figure it out.

Features of growing tomatoes

Tomatoes grow well in polycarbonate greenhouses if they are provided with the following conditions:

1. Tomatoes prefer dry air and regular ventilation. With high humidity or lack of air circulation, flowers on tomato bushes are not pollinated, and, accordingly, the fruits are not tied.

Greenhouse tomatoes need dry air and ventilation

Attention! You can provide the air circulation necessary for tomatoes by creating a draft in the greenhouse. To do this, you should keep open not only the vents, but also both doors, without closing them even at night, if the nights are warm.

2. Optimum temperature - + 22-25 ° C.

3. Tomatoes need rare but abundant watering. The best time to water is in the morning. It is recommended to use only warm water for irrigation. Tomato bushes should be watered exclusively at the root, allowing the soil to get wet well to a depth of 25 cm. The optimal volume is 10 liters per 1 m2.

Attention! During watering, water is not allowed on the leaves; sprinkling is also contraindicated for tomatoes.Violation of these conditions leads to the development of fungal diseases, and waterlogging of the soil makes the taste of tomatoes watery and sour.

4. To reduce the amount of watering and protect tomato bushes from weeds and fungal diseases, it is recommended to cover the soil with compost, sawdust or newspapers.

A bed of cucumbers can be placed between two beds of tomatoes

5. To ensure maximum pollination of tomato flowers, it is recommended to regularly ventilate the greenhouse, and shake the tomato brushes by tapping on the stakes to which the bushes are tied. The treatment of flowering tomatoes with the "Ovary" preparation will ensure the abundant formation of the tomato ovary.

6. Tomatoes grown in the greenhouse are recommended to be fed at least 3 times per season. The first time - during the period of bud formation, using bird droppings or complex mineral fertilizers for this. The second time is when the second tomato brush blooms. The third time - when the third brush blooms.

Attention! When feeding, it is better to give preference to potash and phosphorus fertilizers, while it is better to underfeed tomatoes than to overfeed, otherwise the bushes will grow large and powerful, and the fruits will not fill well.

When grown together in a greenhouse, cucumbers and tomatoes are best tied up

Features of growing cucumbers

Cucumbers grow well in both film and polycarbonate greenhouses. You can get a high yield of cucumbers if you create the following conditions for plants in greenhouses:

1. Sprinkling and frequent watering - daily or every other day. On hot days, to increase humidity, you can also pour water over the walls of the greenhouse and paths, while closing the doors and vents for a couple of hours. This will create a greenhouse effect for cucumbers.

2. The optimum air humidity for cucumbers is 87-90%, the temperature is + 20-25 ° C, during the fruiting period it can rise to + 30 ° C.

Greenhouse cucumbers need frequent watering

3. Top dressing of cucumbers should be carried out up to 5 times per season. To feed them, at the stage of shoot development, preference should be given to nitrogen fertilizers, during flowering - phosphorus, and during fruiting - nitrogen-potassium. Like tomatoes, it is better not to feed cucumbers than to overfeed.

Attention! Cucumbers also respond well to organic and humic fertilization.

4. Airing for cucumbers should be minimized.

5. When the shoots reach a length of 30 cm, the cucumber bushes should be earthed, and the shoots themselves should be pinned to stimulate the growth of lateral shoots. Over time, the shoots that have borne fruit are also subject to removal.

Another placement option is to divide the greenhouse in half.

6. You can increase the amount of ovary on cucumbers if you treat the plants with special preparations "Bud" and "Ovary".

Attention! When growing in a greenhouse bee-pollinated varieties and hybrids of cucumbers, in order to attract bees, you should open the doors and vents in the greenhouse and feed them with sugar syrup infused on the corollas of male cucumber flowers.

Features of co-location

When growing tomatoes and cucumbers together, it is important to place them in such a way in the greenhouse so that the most suitable conditions for each of the vegetable crops are created. For cucumbers - a warm and humid microclimate, for tomatoes - a well-ventilated, dry and warm microclimate. This can be done in two ways.

1. In the first version, 3 beds are broken in the greenhouse, at least 60 cm wide, between which passages should be arranged. The middle bed is reserved for cucumbers, so a trellis of stakes and a special plastic net for climbing plants should be built on it. The side beds are intended for tomatoes. In order to provide sufficient lighting for the plants with this method of joint cultivation in the greenhouse, it is recommended to use low-growing varieties and hybrids of tomatoes - determinant ones with different ripening periods.As tomato bushes grow, they can be tied to stakes.

When growing together, the yield of one of the crops will have to be sacrificed

The air humidity in the greenhouse should be kept at a compromise value for both plants - 70%, daytime temperature - at + 25 ° C, night - + 19 ° C.

2. In the second version, the greenhouse can be divided into 2 parts, fencing off between themselves with a double curtain made of film, and planting vegetables on opposite beds. This technique will create optimal conditions for each type of vegetables separately. For the tomato half, it is better to choose a greenhouse area with a large number of vents and closer to the exit. By choosing this method of co-cultivation, you can use tall tomatoes for cultivation in a greenhouse.

The disadvantages of co-cultivation include the need to select a priority plant. When creating optimal conditions for tomatoes, cucumber fruits will have voids, their yield will be much lower. When creating optimal conditions for cucumbers, tomato bushes can be affected by late blight, flowers are poorly pollinated, and yields can decrease.

Cucumbers and tomatoes in the greenhouse are prone to common diseases

When grown together, tomatoes and cucumbers can be affected by common pests and diseases:

• anthracnose;
• mosaic;
• tick;
• aphids;
• thrips;
• whitefly;
• cicadas.

As you can see, tomatoes and cucumbers are not the best neighbors to each other, as they have different growing conditions, but still their joint cultivation is quite possible if you create more or less suitable conditions for each plant, using specially arranged partitions with separate entrances for this.

Growing cucumbers and tomatoes in one greenhouse - video

Cucumbers and tomatoes in a greenhouse - photo

It is believed that growing cucumbers and tomatoes together (in the same greenhouse) is a bad idea. But what if the size of the site does not allow for more than one greenhouse? Is it worth spending energy on joint planting of these crops and is it possible to grow cucumbers and tomatoes in the same greenhouse.

Basic information

Growing cucumbers and tomatoes together in a greenhouse is a very risky undertaking. Plants require different conditions (moisture level, light level, irrigation frequency, fertilization).

Different crops can be grown together only when optimal conditions are created for each of them. Before you start planting tomatoes and cucumbers in the same greenhouse, you need to study the needs of these crops.

What is needed to grow tomatoes?

The most suitable greenhouse for cucumbers and tomatoes is polycarbonate.

• Required bed sizes: width - 0.9 m, height - 0.4 m, passage width - 0.6 m.
• The location of normal seedlings in the ground (about 30 cm) is vertical, overgrown seedlings require planting in a two-story hole.
• The soil is poured into the hole no earlier than half a month after the seedlings have completely taken root.
• Abundant watering is not recommended for the first 15 days after planting in a permanent place.
• After pulling the stem, it is necessary to tie the tomato to the trellis. Plant formation: careful pinching, leave 7 brushes with flowers.

Worth knowing! You need to water the tomatoes not very often, trying to use cool water for this. Otherwise, the fruits will turn out to be watery and sour. Watering rate: 10 liters per 1 sq. m.

What conditions need to be created for cucumbers?

The most recommended varieties are Alma-Atinsky-1 or Gribovsky-2. But their disadvantage is the need for manual pollination. You can cope with the problem by opting for parthenocarpic varieties, for example, Moskovsky teplichny or Bessemyanka. When sown after January 10, the fruits will begin to form in two months.

To prevent water stagnation in the box (polycarbonate greenhouse), it is worth pouring stones or expanded clay for drainage.

To obtain soil, prepare a mixture of sawdust and peat in a ratio of 10: 2, supplementing it with potassium sulfate, ammonium nitrate, double superphosphate (10 kg, 10, 10 and 20 g, respectively).

After two weeks, watering of the specified soil is necessary. The seeds should be soaked in it for 0.5 days.

The depth of planting seeds in winter is 1 cm. There is no need for germination. With proper care, the germination rate will be high.

To get a lot of female flowers and a bountiful harvest, it is better not to water cucumbers often. During the period of fruit formation, tomatoes together with cucumbers in the greenhouse must be well watered, as in the video.

How advisable is a joint landing?

Crops when grown together will not be comfortable. Tomato bushes need heat and good ventilation, cucumbers - vice versa. It is necessary to create conditions in a polycarbonate greenhouse that are comfortable for both crops (temperature, care, watering).

Not everyone can afford to keep 2 greenhouses on their personal plot. The option with arranging the partition is ineffective. If you pay attention only to tomato bushes, you can get hollow fruits of cucumbers, and there will be few of those (due to insufficient moisture level).

If during cultivation preference is given to cucumber bushes, tomatoes will be bad. With increased humidity, the yield of tomatoes is significantly reduced, and the bushes themselves become susceptible to diseases.

Option when growing tomatoes, cucumbers and peppers in a greenhouse

together it is suitable if there is no need to obtain a large harvest. Since with this method of growing, the quality of the fruit and the yield are reduced. Planting cucumbers and tomatoes in the same greenhouse requires compromise.

Joint cultivation of crops

The moisture level required for cucumbers is approximately 87 percent; tomatoes require a dry microclimate. The optimum humidity will be close to 70 percent.

To start fruiting, cucumbers need a temperature of 25 to 28 degrees, tomatoes - from 22 to 25.

It is worth considering that these plants may be at risk of contracting a single viral disease. Carriers of viruses are: aphids, cicadas, thrips. You can get the infection through tools and hands.

For the joint cultivation of crops, it is necessary to install a partition between them. Otherwise, creating optimal conditions will be very problematic. In addition, crops require different amounts of water. Cucumbers should be watered abundantly, tomatoes - in moderation. It is worth considering that pests such as whiteflies and ticks pose a danger to both plantings.

Another important point is soil temperature. When the temperature drops to 20 degrees (or less), the ability to absorb phosphorus decreases in cucumbers, which can lead to the death of the roots. The most suitable temperature for them is 26 degrees. Tomatoes feel more comfortable at a temperature of 17 degrees.

Tomatoes and cucumbers need different care. Tomatoes need: moist soil and low humidity, cucumbers will be uncomfortable from such humidity and ventilation. From this it is concluded that it is possible to plant cucumbers and tomatoes in the greenhouse, but this is not very advisable.