Where porcini mushrooms are grown on an industrial scale

Content

Grow porcini mushrooms on your farm plot, creating the right soil for their active growth. Having organized the territory correctly, taking into account all the features and whims of a particular species, the owner will be able to get a large-scale harvest of a useful and low-calorie mushroom.

The content of the article:

  • Why is the mushroom named "white"?
  • Main cultivation methods
  • "Home" ways to grow porcini mushrooms
  • How to properly grow mushrooms on a plot of land?
  • Algorithm for growing mushrooms from spores
  • Algorithm for growing mushrooms from mycelium
  • Algorithm for growing porcini mushrooms indoors
  • How to grow a porcini mushroom in an industrial setting?
  • Features of growing in a greenhouse
  • The economic side of the question: is it profitable to grow porcini mushrooms?

Porcini mushrooms have long been an amazing delicacy and are distinguished by an amazing, incomparable aroma and taste. It is the porcini mushroom that has many cooking options, so it is very often served on the table on special occasions. It is very important that with a low calorie content of 22 Kcal (which is equivalent to the energy value of 2 teaspoons of sugar). Porcini mushrooms contain a large amount of proteins, provitamin A, vitamins B1, C, D, riboflavin, which maintains the proper functioning of the thyroid gland and prevents hair and nails from falling out.

Why is the mushroom named "white"?

The name "white" for this mushroom, as the literature convinces, has two reasons for its occurrence:

  • for color invariability during thermal processing;
  • in sharp contrast to "black" tubular mushrooms, unsuitable for food.

In different dialects of the Russian language, the white mushroom is called "pan", "true", "expensive mushroom", it is considered the "king of mushrooms", therefore it was considered a great success to find it at all times: to this day, in agrarian regions, they are held in high esteem experienced mushroom pickers. But with the deterioration of the environment associated with the expansion of large industrial production, the likelihood of finding an already rare mushroom in natural conditions is rapidly approaching zero.

The thing is that in nature it can grow only on dry soils in mature forests over 50 years old with high humidity, stable climatic conditions with a small temperature range and average rainfall. Therefore, the price per kilogram of this product ranges from 150 (for dried) to 1000 rubles for a freshly harvested one. All these factors make the cultivation of porcini mushrooms both a profitable business and a good "add-on" to the household budget, in addition, mushrooms do not require difficult conditions of maintenance, and are generally unpretentious when grown artificially.

Main cultivation methods

All methods of growing porcini mushrooms in artificial conditions can be divided into two large groups: "home" and "industrial". Difficulties in this are associated with the special morphophysiological properties of fungi. First of all, it is important to distinguish between their forms, which require different conditions of detention.

In nature, these fungi exist forming mycorrhiza - a symbiosis of mycelium with plant roots, according to their ability to form mycorrhiza with different trees, they are distinguished:

  1. Pine-shaped: these mushrooms have a brown cap, a purple-tinged stem, thickened at the bottom. Such mushrooms are the largest: their caps reach 20 centimeters in diameter.
  2. Spruce shape: most common. In these mushrooms, the cap has a reddish color and spots, the leg has a regular elongated shape.
  3. Oak shape: the "strongest", widest and densest mushrooms. They have grayish-brown caps.
  4. Dark bronze form: very rare with dark wrinkled caps and brown legs.

"Home" ways to grow porcini mushrooms

Many agricultural experts unanimously argue that the most correct way to grow mushrooms in artificial conditions would be to create a close to natural environment for their growth. According to experimental data, about 80% of all such mushrooms grow and become suitable for further processing and consumption, while in a completely artificial environment, about 50-60% of mushrooms. But the fact is that the creation of such conditions is very laborious and unprofitable on an industrial scale, but it is optimal if the mushrooms are grown "for themselves" or "for their own", since such gifts of nature do not require a lot of time and energy to care for them and give a fairly large harvest (of course, if you grow them correctly).

How to properly grow mushrooms on a plot of land?

There are several ways to grow mushrooms both on the farm and in agricultural production: firstly, growing from spores, and secondly, from mycelium. On a personal plot, the first is most often used.

Algorithm for growing mushrooms from spores

  1. 10-15 mushrooms are collected, the caps of which are from 15 to 20 centimeters in size.
  2. The hats are detached from the legs.
  3. Mushroom caps are introduced into the water (150-200 grams per liter).
  4. 3-4 tablespoons of alcohol or sugar per 10 liters of water are also added there (for more intense spore formation).
  5. Water with caps should be left in a warm room with high humidity for 24 hours.
  6. The hats are ground until smooth.
  7. The plot of land around several trees selected for growing mushrooms (preferably birch, oak, pine or spruce) must be thoroughly loosened. Then remove the top (10-20 cm) layer of soil within a radius of up to half a meter around each tree so that the roots are clearly visible, while being careful not to damage them.
  8. The roots of trees are watered with infusion with spores, after which they are covered with removed soil.
  9. Watering every few days. It is IMPORTANT not to change the amount of water and the intervals between waterings.

Nota bene: in the southern latitudes, the landing of porcini mushrooms is May-June, in the northern and north-western latitudes - August - September. They bear fruit in the second year.

Algorithm for growing mushrooms from mycelium

  1. The mycelium of the porcini mushroom is purchased.
  2. A planting site should be formed around the tree by removing the topsoil.
  3. Peat soil or special compost up to 5 centimeters thick is laid on the resulting plot.
  4. Pieces of mycelium are laid out on the prepared area at a distance of 5-10 cm from each other.
  5. The mycelium is covered with a layer of soil removed from this area.
  6. The soil is watered at the rate of 20-30 liters per area around one tree.
  7. To maintain moisture, the area can be covered with a layer of straw up to 50 cm thick.
  8. Regular watering is carried out as the soil dries out.
  9. The plot can be covered with moss or straw during the cold season.

Boletus can also be grown in an apartment. Basic requirements for the room in which the mushrooms will be grown:

  • maintaining a constant temperature and high humidity;
  • ensuring the receipt of a strictly defined (small) amount of sunlight;
  • planting a strictly defined planting material, namely mycelium.

All this requires a lot of investment and time, but it is offset by the pluses: fertility all year round and a high ripening rate. The purchased mycelium should not have an ammoniacal odor. Its presence indicates the non-viability of the planting material due to overheating. Healthy exudate is orange-yellow in color.

Algorithm for growing porcini mushrooms indoors

  1. The planting material is carefully checked according to the above criteria.
  2. Packages with mycelium are ventilated.
  3. The contents of the packages are crushed. IMPORTANT not to tear the packaging to maintain optimal temperature conditions.
  4. Separate rooms should be prepared for growing mushrooms and laying mycelium, treated with a disinfectant.
  5. The substrate is boiled for 1-1.5 hours, then cools down completely.
  6. The substrate and mycelium are mixed, while the mixture should contain 2.5 - 5% mycelium, depending on the quality of the planting material.
  7. The mixture is put into bags and compacted.
  8. In the bags, cuts are made on one side for the germination of mushrooms.
  9. Place the bags vertically on the shelves.
  10. Regular watering and airing of the premises are carried out.

Nota bene: All work with mushrooms is done with gloves.

How to grow a porcini mushroom in an industrial setting?

Today in Russia, entire industries are beginning to be created that specialize in the cultivation and processing of boletus mushrooms. However, this experience is still rare in the country. The reason for this is the existing stereotype about the unprofitability of growing porcini mushrooms on an industrial scale, which has long been refuted by Dutch scientists. The fact is that earlier it was mistakenly believed that growing porcini mushrooms in artificial conditions is impossible, in principle, because of their "way of life" (after all, they form mycorrhiza with tree roots). It was believed that only strong bonds with the root system of trees can create favorable conditions for the growth of boletus. Of course, the likelihood that a good harvest will be given by species of mushrooms growing in natural conditions is negligible.

Features of growing in a greenhouse

Today, special varieties have already been bred, adapted for reproduction and development in the greenhouse. Cep mushrooms are grown in film or glass greenhouses, the main feature of which is minimal illumination and impenetrability of direct sunlight. Some greenhouses are even set up in basements. It is necessary to maintain high humidity by placing spray guns throughout the territory and turning them on regularly, as well as placing small containers with water at a distance of 1.5-2 meters from each other. Some farmers use sawdust to retain moisture, which makes it 30-40% more efficient to keep moisture at the desired level.

Porcini mushrooms are grown on a specific substrate. To prepare the substrate, you must:

  1. Purchase enough soil.
  2. Mix the soil with a small amount of sawdust of any type, add a little manure, organic fertilizers, you can use ready-made compost.
  3. Infuse the resulting mixture for a week.
  4. Transfer the mixture to wooden crates.
  5. Place the boxes in the prepared room.

It is recommended to grow mushrooms from mycelium. To do this, after preparing the greenhouse, you must:

  • Purchase a sufficient amount of mycelium, checking its quality.
  • Cool bags with mycelium.
  • Grind the mycelium, avoiding breaking the integrity of the package.
  • Mix the substrate and mycelium, while the soil layer on top of the mycelium should not exceed 7 centimeters.
  • Carefully monitor the humidity, temperature and illumination of the room in which the mushrooms will be grown.

Nota bene: Depending on the variety, mushrooms can bear fruit in the first or second year. These data must be clarified when purchasing mycelium.

The economic side of the question: is it profitable to grow porcini mushrooms?

The starting (authorized) capital of an enterprise that will exclusively grow boletus should cover the following costs:

Start-up costs
The cost of a land plot of 500 m2: 600,000 rubles;
building construction cost: 500,000 rubles;
purchase of equipment: 480,000 rubles;
administrative and marketing expenses: 90,000 rubles.

Monthly expenses
salary: 100,000 rubles;
payment of utilities: 30,000 rubles;
transportation and advertising costs: 20,000 rubles.

Profit
From one ton of substrate seeded with mycelium: an average of 20,000 rubles;
per season from the entire greenhouse: 1,700,000 rubles on average.

Income
Per season from 1 m2 of greenhouse: 700-800 rubles;
For the season from the entire greenhouse: about 40,000 rubles.

Therefore, those who wish to organize their own "mushroom" business can think about such an unusual and very interesting startup.

The vastness of Russia is rich in mushroom reserves, and access to them is free. But mushrooms grown on "home" plantations are in the same constant demand. This is due to the deteriorating environment, because the cases of widespread poisoning by mushrooms collected in the forest are not decreasing. Meanwhile, mushroom growing is a highly profitable business. These are products that grow quickly, do not require special care, and are profitable all year round. In addition, the price of such mushrooms rises in winter. These are the factors that speak in favor of the mushroom business.

What mushrooms can be grown for sale at home and on an industrial scale all year round?

For year-round cultivation both at home and in industrial scale oyster mushrooms are most suitable. Entrepreneurs value them for unpretentiousness and a variety of growing methods.

Oyster mushrooms competitors in terms of breeding, winter mushrooms and ring mushrooms are.

Champignons are in second place. They are more capricious, but the substrate for them requires adherence to a complex technological process. Other types of mushrooms appear that are suitable for mushroom production. For example, shiitake.

Land owners cultivate mushroomsgrowing in the forest - white, boletus, boletus. In any case, to sell successfully mushrooms, you also need to arm yourself with information about the peculiarities of growing the selected type of mushrooms.

  • Features of growing champignons in winter and summer

For year-round cultivation of champignons, any premises (a special greenhouse, an ordinary basement, a dugout), in which you can maintain an air temperature of at least +15 degrees and humidity within 70-80%. Lighting for growth these mushrooms are optional. The room should be damp and warm. For the soil, horse manure with the addition of urea is used. In the process of growing, boxes or racks are used. On the growth of mycelium it takes 14 days (a white bloom appears on the ground, which needs to be sprinkled and watered), its fruiting occurs in a month and lasts 2-3 months.

  • Growing porcini mushrooms all year round

Industrial scale is not profitable for porcini mushroom.As a rule, this type of mushroom is cultivated by gardeners. This is explained peculiarities of growth these plants, their symbiosis with trees. In other words, the root system of the tree is capable of ensuring the growth of mycorrhiza. Therefore, for the cultivation of porcini mushrooms it is so important recreate environmentclose to natural conditions. For example, you can use a summer cottage where deciduous or coniferous trees grow. Young groves or 5-year-old plantings with oaks, pines, birches, spruces are also suitable.

  • Features of growing oyster mushrooms in winter and summer

Oyster mushrooms are less whimsical. But at the same time they are the most highly productive mushrooms relative to their fellows. Technologies for their cultivation more than flexible... For example, intensive or year-round cultivation requires premises (during the growth stage, lighting will be required), compliance temperature regime and special humidity... With this option, mushrooms grow in bags filled with substrate (plant residues with mineral additives).

The extensive method can be applied in an open space. He will require minimum costs, since special equipment is not required in this case. Stumps or logs replace the substrate. They are filled with mycelium and placed on the site (in trenches, on plantations). The main thing is to follow soil moistureand nature will do the rest. Oyster mushrooms have up to four waves of fruiting from one mycelium, the growth of which will take at least 14 days.

See also: What business is the first to burn out in a crisis?

Choosing a room for growing mushrooms

The quality of grown mushrooms is influenced by the correct selection of premises... Places for champignons are recommended basement typewhere it is humid enough and not too hot. Therefore, a cellar or basement at home is ideal. You can also opt for damp buildings... If we are talking about a larger business, then special greenhouses are built on personal plots or rented (bought) for subsequent rebuilding premises old vegetable store, poultry house, cowshed and so on.

Wherever the mushroom production is located, you need take care of availability it has electricity, running water, and you may also need gas.

What are the main parameters of the premises?

  • Sufficient humidity.
  • Correct air intake - ventilation, but without drafts (if there is no opportunity for abundant ventilation, then air circulation is guaranteed by holes made at the base of the wall and by exhaust pipes).
  • Adjustable heat supply (very important for year-round cultivation).
  • Absence harmful microorganisms - mandatory disinfection before planting.

For example, if we are talking about a mushroom farm for growing champignons, then the choice of premises should be taken more seriously. First of all, it is determined square cultivation... Suppose that 20 tons of compost can be delivered to the farm at a time (this is exactly how much is placed in a truck), this amount will be enough for 200-220 m². This space is divided into six chambers for growing mushrooms. Each of them has two racks with several tiers. Their number depends on the height of the room.

In addition, the farm must have two corridors... One is narrow, in order to take out the harvested crop on trolleys, the second is wide (the width depends on the dimensions of the existing equipment), for unloading and loading the soil into the chambers. You will also need additional rooms: boiler room, two refrigerators (for storage and for cooling mushrooms after harvesting), a place for packaging products and other technical rooms (change house toilet, office). total area such a farm can be 1000-1400 m².

To grow oyster mushrooms all year round, you will also need several separate rooms.

  • Inoculation site - this is a room where mushroom blocks (in bags) are formed from the prepared substrate, into which the mycelium is sown.
  • Incubationwhere the mushroom blocks will grow, that is, the mycelium will grow.
  • Cultivation, in which the direct forcing of the fruiting body takes place, that is, where the mushrooms will grow. The largest room relative to the previous ones. Blocks in it are located in three versions: on multi-tiered racks, hung on hooks (in several tiers) or strung on rods.
  • Roomwhere the substrate will be stored, and a separate place for its preparation.

The premises are not used for growing porcini mushrooms. This is usually a seasonal outdoor business. Therefore, here you will need a piece of land with growing trees of the appropriate species.

Equipment required for growing mushrooms for sale

Correct equipment selection ensures that all the necessary conditions for the growth of mushrooms are met, and, consequently, the profitability of the mushroom business.

What do you need to stock up on or what to equip the room with to ensure a high yield of mushrooms?

  • First of all, you need a high-quality system. air conditioning and ventilation, which will allow you to regulate the temperature and humidity. Cooling functions will be performed by a refrigeration machine or air conditioners. The heating system will require water heating boilers.
  • You can use automated climatic installation, and a separate one in each chamber. This is a very important nuance, since the conditions for the growth of mushrooms at different stages are different.
  • Refrigerators necessary for the rapid cooling of mushrooms. Their volume is usually not too large, it depends on the volume of the harvested crop per hour.
  • Refrigerating chambers will ensure the storage of all grown products for no more than 3 days. They are only filled to 50% to maintain air circulation.
  • For cameras where mushrooms grow, you will need racks... Depending on the type of mushroom, you need to pick up boxes or bags.
  • It is important to remember about packaging of finished products... These can be jars, plastic containers, bags, etc.
  • If there is a production of mycelium, then you should get an autoclave, or purchase a special grain processing machine.

See also: Growing greenery as a business - how to make money on growing greenery?

Mycelium: grow it yourself or buy it?

Growing mycelium can be considered as one of the areas of mushroom business... However, those businessmen who specialize in mushroom growing and whose main income depends on successful implementation of this product, the process of breeding mycelium is considered meaningless. Firstly, this is a rather laborious task. Secondly, it requires professional skills. Thirdly, you will need additional equipment and premises. There may be other costs.

Usually mycelium is grown by amateur mushroom growers. They are passionate about their hobby, wanting to be sure master all stages mushroom business. Therefore, myceliums of those mushrooms are often grown that are rare species and whose purchase causes difficulties, as well as to exclude dependence on suppliers.

All conditions and methods of growing mushrooms indoors and on the site

There are two main ways to grow oyster mushrooms.

  • Extensive

In this case, the role of the substrate is performed by wood trimming. The method is applicable both outdoors and indoors. However, in the first option, the stability of the crop usually depends on the weather, and in the second, the process takes place all year round. This technology is simple, affordable, low-cost. But you can get high yields only at the expense of large production areas.

A striking example of this technology is growing mushrooms on stumps. As stumps, cuttings of birch, oak, alder, poplar and other trees are suitable. Stumps up to 40 cm long and 25 cm in diameter are soaked in water for seven days.Then holes are made in them, filling them with mycelium. Then they are clogged with moss or sealed with duct tape. The mycelium grows for 2.5 months. At the same time, the temperature in the room where these stumps are located should not be higher than +20 (in the barn, basement). In addition, they need to be constantly watered.

After the period of growth of the mycelium has expired, the stumps are placed in an upright position on an area under a canopy. You can stack them on top of each other. In this case, the lower ones are buried more than half into the ground. Permanent shadow is a must. The main thing is to regularly water such a plantation.

  • Intensive

According to this technology, oyster mushrooms are grown on a substrate - a special material consisting of sawdust of deciduous trees, sunflower husks, straw and so on. But there is one caveat - in natural conditions, oyster mushrooms do not grow on such soil, there is too much competition with mold fungi. Therefore, the substrate must undergo a thermal treatment in order to suppress further mold growth.

Mushrooms are grown indoors (basements, cellars, special farms).

The whole process is divided into specific stages.

  • The substrate is being prepared... One of the ways is a 3-hour pasteurization of the substrate at 70-80 degrees.
  • In a substrate cooled to 20 degrees mycelium is introduced... Layer by layer, alternating mycelium and substrate, workers must fill polyethylene bags (50x100). Then 12 holes are made on the sides of the bag, and the neck is sealed. The mycelium should make up 5% of the total mass of the substrate in the bag. The total weight of the bag is approximately 15 kg.
  • This is followed by a period when the substrate overgrown with mycelium... Its duration will be from 14 to 18 days. Prepared bags are placed in a room with a temperature of 24 degrees and a humidity of 80-90%. Lighting and ventilation are not needed at this time.
  • Mushroom growth carried out at a temperature of 12-16 degrees with lighting for about 14 hours a day, ventilation and humidity not lower than 70%. Oyster mushroom fruiting is a wave-like process. From the first wave, 70% of the harvest is collected, from the second - 25, from the third - 10%, and so on - in decreasing order. The time from sowing mycelium to harvest is 2.5 months.

The process of growing mushrooms is divided into the same stages as for oyster mushrooms. But it is carried out mostly in basements or in purpose built.

Another method of preparing the substrate

The ideal component for him is horse dung, but also used manure of cows, pigs, chicken manure, mixed with straw (wheat or rye).

100 kg of straw requires up to 50 kg of manure.

First, a three-day straw soaking... Then, layer by layer, manure and straw are laid out in a compost pile. When bookmarked, all layers are additionally moisturize and sprinkled with urea... Since fermentation is uneven, during the composting process, you need to constantly mix componentswhile adding alabaster. If the collar is located indoors, then the temperature in it should not be less than 12 degrees. The substrate usually takes 25 days to cook. First sign of his readiness - lack of ammonia smell.

Then the substrate is distributed in boxes or other containers. When it cools down to 20 degrees, into it mycelium is introduced... Depressions with a depth of 8 cm are made on the surface in a checkerboard pattern, which are filled with pieces of mycelium and covered with soil. Then the beds cover up with old newspapersto prevent drying out. The temperature for the growth of mycelium is 24 degrees, ventilation is used as needed. Mycelium development period - 14 days.

After the growth of the mycelium is performed gobbing - the beds are covered with cover soil (a mixture of turf soil and chalk). The temperature in the room at this stage and before the appearance of the first mushrooms should be no more than plus 20. Regular humidification cover layer and maintaining high air humidity.The fruiting period of mushrooms will be approximately two weeks, starting from the 27th day to the 40th from the moment of planting the mycelium.

Porcini mushrooms are grown according to the technology that is closest to natural conditions.

  • In preparation seed use the following components: mushroom caps with a diameter of 15 cm - 20 pieces, potassium permanganate - 1 gram, refined sugar - 15 pieces. Everything is placed in a bucket, poured with rainwater, the hats are kneaded until smooth, the resulting solution is infused for no more than an hour. The main condition is that the seed is planted only under the tree near which the mushrooms were taken for its preparation.
  • Around trees (60 cm from the trunk) soil layer is removed, their exposed roots are watered with seed (about 300 grams per 20 cm²). Then the roots are covered with soil and watered. In the future, crops require additional watering. Sowing time is September.
  • The harvest is going in a year, approximately one bucket under each tree.

Read also: How to organize and promote a flower business - 5 secrets of a successful business

Highly profitable mushroom growing business plan

It is difficult to talk about the high profitability of porcini mushrooms. Their growth largely depends on weather conditions, and it is difficult to influence the weather, because the harvest is removed once a year... By the way, according to some reports, this may pass in two years. Therefore, we will consider the profitability of the business from growing mushrooms and oyster mushrooms.

What needs to be done to implement this type of activity?

  • Rent (buy) premises with an area of ​​550 m², where separate areas will be provided for the preparation and pasteurization of compost, germination of mycelium and mushrooms.
  • Equip premises with sewerage and water supply systems, as well as electricity.
  • Purchase equipment: a small tractor, a straw and grain crusher, a steam boiler, an irrigation system, containers, racks, etc.
  • Checkout permits.
  • Dial service personnel: three workers, a manager, an accountant.
  • To fix sales of products (through wholesale or retail stores, using your own website, open your own retail outlet).

Economic calculation of payback

The costs for starting a business will amount to 1,600,000 rubles, they will include:

  • rent (purchase) of a land plot and construction of a building - 1,000,000 rubles,
  • equipment - 500,000 rubles,
  • registration,, fuels and lubricants and other expenses - 100,000 rubles.

Monthly expenses will be 200,000 rubles:

  • wage - 150,000 rubles,
  • communal payments - 30 thousand rubles.,
  • - 5,000 rubles,
  • transportation costs - 15,000 rubles.

The income part will look like this:

  • a ton of compost seeded with mycelium costs 6,000 rubles;
  • one ton makes it possible to collect 2 centners of the crop;
  • the average wholesale cost of 1 kg of mushrooms is 70 rubles;
  • income after the sale of the harvest will be 14,000 rubles (200x 70);
  • if over a period of three months to process 100 tons of compost, then the profit (after deducting costs) will increase to 200 000 rubles;
  • the cycle is repeated 4 times in one year, therefore, the income will increase to 800 000 rubles;
  • net annual profit after taxes is at least 750,000 rubles... The payback period for the project is two years.

Business plan for growing oyster mushrooms

  • Given that these mushrooms grow quickly and give several harvest waves from one sowing, to grow them at home, you will need premises the size of 300 m².
  • In this case purchase costs mycelium, substrate, expenses for maintaining appropriate conditions and other costs amount to 300,000 rubles.
  • After selling mushrooms, you can get income in 1,080,000 rubles.
  • Less expenses net profit will be 780,000 rubles.

The plan includes only one complete growing cycle - this is a two-month period, and but clearly shows how high the profitability of the production of oyster mushrooms.

Reviews

Growing oyster mushrooms is described as a business that does not require a large start-up capital, but it brings a lot of income - about 700 rubles of profit from 1 m² for 1.5 months. Entrepreneurs claim that it is very easy to master... Oyster mushrooms are much easier to care for than champignons. According to reviews, the main advantages of the oyster mushroom growing business are the minimum investment, high profitability, opportunities to expand the business and turn it into family business.

Businessmen specializing in champignons argue that difficulties can arise only at first, at the time of setting up production. When the process is running and debugged, everything is simple, the main thing is have time to harvest... And although champignons are considered not as fruitful as oyster mushrooms, the demand for them is much greater.

Have you noticed how many programs have started to go on TV lately devoted to the preparation of various dishes? And after the release of the series "Kitchen", the profession of a cook, according to Forbes magazine, in general, rose sharply in the ranking of the highest paid specialties. At the same time, prices for various delicacies also went up (of course, a large share of the blame for this lies with the current crisis). But what is interesting, despite the "jump" in prices for refined products, their cost for the manufacturer has hardly increased for many categories of products. Take, for example, the cultivation of porcini mushrooms - how can this business depend on supplies from the West? Right! No way!

where porcini mushrooms are grown on an industrial scale

Porcini mushrooms have always been considered the "elite" of the mushroom kingdom, and their price has always been an order of magnitude higher than, say, chanterelles, honey agarics, or butter mushrooms. That is why growing porcini mushrooms is the most profitable option. Some time ago I told my readers about how to organize a business of growing mushrooms on stumps (oyster mushrooms and honey agarics). In response, I received quite a few letters with questions and requests for information on how to grow porcini mushrooms, and so, finally, I decided to consider this issue in detail.

Business brief analysis: Costs of organizing a business: 10,000 - 40,000 rubles Relevant for cities with a population: no restrictions Situation in the industry: the market is poorly developed Complexity of organizing a business: 3/5 Payback: 1 year

In the "mushroom business", of course, all the advantages of the inhabitants of the countryside, there are land areas, natural conditions, which are perfectly suitable for growing mushrooms. But this does not mean at all that a city dweller cannot try this business. After all, many have their own summer cottages, plots of land with greenhouses in villages, and just basements in apartment buildings.

Immediately it is necessary to make a reservation that there is a lot of special literature on the large-scale cultivation of porcini mushrooms, which, if desired, can be found on the Internet, or purchased in bookstores, and the knowledge gained can be applied in practice. But in order to try your hand at this business, to evaluate it "to taste", the knowledge that you will find in this article will be quite enough.

Why grow and not harvest?

Quite a logical question: why should mushrooms be grown? After all, with the same success you can just pick them up in the forest! I agree, that's just mushrooms - a seasonal product and in winter you will have to look for another source of income until next summer. There are other benefits as well:

  • Grown mushrooms are an environmentally friendly product. At present, due to the almost total pollution of forests, even natural mushrooms that have grown in natural conditions are in doubt about their usefulness.
  • With the right conditions, porcini mushrooms can be grown all year round.
  • In the case of a surplus of products, in view of the huge demand for them, I very much doubt (but still, suddenly!), Mushrooms can be frozen, pickled, dried. By the way, the cost of dried porcini mushrooms is 2-3 times higher than that of fresh ones. In Moscow, their price reaches 5-7 thousand per 1 kilogram.
  • There are no problems and restrictions if you want to expand production.
  • Mushrooms do not require daily thorough self-care, which means that you will have a lot of free time.

This is interesting: in some countries it is impossible to pick mushrooms as freely as in Russia. For example, in the Czech Republic, you need to obtain permission from the municipal authorities and pay a special tax for this right.

Growing scheme

Best of all, porcini mushrooms grow near trees - birches, oaks, lindens, aspens. But by planting them in the meadows near your summer cottage, you run the risk of "sharing" your harvest with everyone. Therefore, it is better to grow mushrooms either on the property, or indoors.

At the end of the century before last, there was such a method of cultivating porcini mushrooms: young mushrooms were placed in wooden barrels, poured with rainwater, and left to brew for a day. Then they were mixed so that they broke into small pieces and filtered through a sieve. The resulting infusion was watered near the trees, and the next year a bountiful harvest was collected.

where porcini mushrooms are grown on an industrial scale

Nowadays, there is almost a completely similar technology, according to which you need to break the cap of an adult porcini mushroom into small pieces, also soak it in water for a day, and then water the soil in the place of cultivation.

Growing porcini mushrooms indoors is a bit of a hassle. In this case, compost must be prepared in advance to grow porcini mushrooms. To do this, take:

  • Dry chopped straw
  • Small sawdust
  • Husk from sunflower seeds
  • You can add a little chalk or gypsum there.
  • Use chicken manure as fertilizer (can be replaced with cow or horse manure)

Pour the whole mixture with hot water and leave for 2-3 weeks. During this time, the compost needs to be watered and shaken several times. After that, you can add the mycelium of porcini mushrooms, and lay out in the prepared places.

For reference: mycelium is a mycelium, the finest filaments, a kind of mushroom roots, with which they bind together and use for reproduction.

The mycelium of any mushrooms is freely sold in specialized stores, and, depending on the variety, costs from 100 to 700 rubles. The mycelium of porcini mushrooms in Moscow can be purchased for 150-180 rubles.

The necessary conditions

Let's look at exactly what conditions are needed to maximize the "return" of the mushrooms.

Porcini mushrooms can be grown in greenhouses, in boxes in the basement, in old farms, or in warehouses. In principle, it is possible to grow porcini mushrooms at home, perhaps even in an apartment, but it is still better to do it on a personal plot - I am afraid that household members will not support your desire to establish "mushroom production" in the house.

Industrial cultivation of porcini mushrooms most often occurs in large greenhouses., which requires considerable expenses. We are considering a small, one might say, "home" business, but is that "bad soldier who does not dream of becoming a general"? Who knows, maybe after some time you will start growing porcini mushrooms not on your personal plot, but on huge areas.

An important condition for a room is its ventilation. Mushrooms, almost like all living organisms, need oxygen, in addition, they emit a lot of carbon dioxide, so ventilation in the room should be provided.

where porcini mushrooms are grown on an industrial scale

Another important factor for growing mushrooms is keeping the temperature constant. The optimum temperature is considered to be 8-12 0С. If necessary, you can install a small stove in the room, or, if possible, connect 1-2 heating radiators.

The next point requiring attention is humidity. Mushrooms are delicate organisms, they can dry out very quickly, so you should always maintain a high humidity of the air - about 90-92%. The containers installed in the place where the mushrooms are grown can cope with this task. Filled with water.

When planting the mycelium, it practically does not need light, the growing mushrooms will have enough natural daylight, or short-term artificial lighting, if mushroom cultivation takes place in the basement. In winter, mushrooms also need to be "highlighted" a little. But keep in mind that mushrooms love darkness more.

What documents are needed for the cultivation and sale of porcini mushrooms

In order to be able to sell your products to stores, or sell them on the market, you will need to get:

  • The conclusion of Rospotrebnadzor, for which it will be necessary to hand over samples of its products to the laboratory of the service. Here you will be given a radiology protocol, according to which anyone can make sure that your mushrooms are free of heavy metals, radionuclides, pesticides, etc.
  • Mandatory - a certificate of product quality in Rosstandart.
  • Approved Rules for the storage and transportation of mushrooms and mushroom products.

Where to sell mushrooms

Where to sell your products? This is. Perhaps the most "sick" for any businessman. In this regard, the situation with mushrooms is somewhat simpler - such products do not stale. And quite often orders are given for mushrooms that have not yet grown.

where porcini mushrooms are grown on an industrial scale

But one way or another, you still have to look for points of sale - you need to somehow declare yourself to wholesale buyers, which can be:

  • Catering establishments - restaurants, cafes, etc.
  • Eco-friendly stores (by the way, this is also a great business idea, about which you can learn more about this link -
  • Food processing industries.
  • Individuals.

Another option is to trade on the market. You can do it yourself, you can hire a person for this. Mushrooms can be sold both fresh and dried and frozen - there is a huge demand for all this. By the way, do not forget that growing mushrooms starts with buying mushroom mycelium, which is another additional source of income. That's all for today.
In search of porcini mushrooms:

Table of contents:

  • Mushrooms
  • White mushroom
  • Cultivation of porcini mushrooms
  • Growing from mycelium
  • Growing up from spores
  • Tanning solutions:

White mushroom is a real delicacy. In the old ecological time, people caught fish in reservoirs with their hands, and mushrooms were mowed with a scythe ... Now there is a danger that our children and grandchildren will never see the porcini mushroom with their own eyes, and the impression of its taste will remain at the level of a food additive in chips. But the age-old folk technology allows you to grow porcini mushrooms in your backyard. Only two points will be an indispensable condition for this - ardent desire and patience.

where porcini mushrooms are grown on an industrial scale

The mycelium of the porcini boletus mushroom can be brought home and grown in a greenhouse or in a summer cottage.

White - Colonel for all mushrooms. Breeding it is a painstaking, thoughtful process. But the result will be almost a miracle, because many people still do not imagine that the cultivation of porcini mushrooms is possible in principle.

Mushrooms

Mushrooms are amazing creatures: representatives of wildlife with signs of both plants and animals. On Earth, from one hundred to two hundred and fifty thousand of their species have been discovered: they live on land and in water, in soil and on various substances. They have long been used with pleasure by humans for food and medical purposes (production of antibiotics), household (biopesticides for agricultural parasites) and technical purposes (production of citric acid). Industrial cultivation is organized in some countries. On the other hand, the attitude towards mushrooms should be extremely careful, since the poisonous composition of some species is very toxic to humans and harms entire natural ecosystems.

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White mushroom where porcini mushrooms are grown on an industrial scale

Types of porcini mushrooms: (1-birch, 2-oak, 3-pine, 4-spruce)

White mushroom is a mushroom from the Borovik genus. It is called "white" in contrast to the less valuable tubular "black" mushrooms: the flesh of the white on the cut does not change, does not darken when dried and acquires a special mouth-watering smell. But he is also more demanding on the conditions of fruiting.

The white mushroom grows in mature forests with mosses and lichens, where the trees are more than 50 years old, and in pine trees - with pines 20-25 years old, it is found everywhere on Earth, with the exception of Australia. He is one of the species that penetrated the Arctic zone, although it is quite whimsical to the conditions:

  • his element is warm foggy nights and short-term thunderstorms; temperature drops and large precipitation are not for white;
  • grows on dry soils with drainage - sandy and loamy, in a swamp and on peat bogs it is pointless to look for white;
  • if the year is fruitful, the number of porcini mushrooms does not depend on the illumination of the growing area; if the conditions are not ideal, they appear mainly in warm and open areas.

White in taste is recognized as one of the best mushrooms. Its special nutritional value also lies in stimulating the secretion of digestive juices.

Science has described 18 species of porcini mushroom, the first four are the most common and popular: spruce, oak, birch and pine.

The unique qualities of the porcini mushroom make it the most desirable purchase for a mushroom picker. Cultivation on an industrial scale is unprofitable, but amateur mushroom growers breed it with success.

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Cultivation of porcini mushrooms where porcini mushrooms are grown on an industrial scale

Some features of porcini mushrooms.

The technology of growing mushrooms on a land plot is simple, but it takes time, requires perseverance and accuracy. The bottom line is that forest mushrooms are in a strong symbiosis with trees, they cannot form without a partner tree, and the presence of trees on your land plot for growing whites is vital. Ideally, if the site is adjacent to a forest or separate forest trees from 8 to 10 years old (pine, oak, birch or aspen) grow on it. If there are no forest trees on the site yet, it is worth planting them.

There are two main methods of growing porcini mushrooms and several experimental ones.

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Growing from mycelium

  1. We buy porcini mushroom mycelium on the Internet.
  2. From May to September, we are preparing a site for planting. Around the tree trunk, we form a bare area with a diameter of 1-1.5 m, removing 10-20 cm of the upper soil on it.
  3. We put peat soil or compost 1-2 cm thick on the formed place.
  4. On the ground in a checkerboard pattern, after 25-30 cm, lay out pieces of mycelium of porcini mushrooms (one package per tree).
  5. cover the mycelium with a layer of soil removed at first and carefully so as not to wash out the earth, water the planting (2-3 buckets per tree).
  6. cover the planting with straw 20-40 cm thick to maintain humidity at 40%.
  7. we maintain the necessary humidity of the mycelium, watering the planting as it dries. You can add microorganisms to the water during irrigation, for example, purchase Baikal EM-1 in advance.
  8. in the fall we cover the porcini mushroom planting site with a radius of 2 meters with moss, straw, forest fallen leaves, spruce branches to protect it from frost, in the spring we remove the “blanket”.

The first mushrooms will grow in the fall, one year after planting, when the mycelium has taken root. And you can harvest for 3-4 years, caring for the mycelium, maintaining moisture. And if effective microorganisms (Baikal M-1) are added to the water, the fruiting period will increase to seven years.

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Growing up from spores where porcini mushrooms are grown on an industrial scale

Humus scheme for growing porcini mushrooms.

  1. We go to the forest for mushrooms - seed material. We collect 5-10 mature mushrooms with 10-20 cm caps. If you break such a cap, its flesh will be greenish. If there are larvae in them, it's okay. Try to pick mushrooms under the same trees under which you plan to plant: under a pine for a pine, under a birch for a birch. In order not to forget and confuse in the future, put the finds in different bags.
  2. We separate the caps from the legs, put 5-10 collected mature caps of porcini mushrooms in a bucket of rain water and leave them there for a day. You need to soak the mushrooms as soon as they are harvested, the maximum time is 10 hours after collection: the mushrooms decompose quickly. water for soaking, you can add alcohol or sugar: alcohol - 3-4 tablespoons per 10 liters of water, granulated sugar - 15 g per 10 liters of water.
  3. A day after soaking with your hands, grind the mushrooms in a bucket until smooth. Then we filter the solution through cheesecloth or a rare cloth, separating the water (solution with spores) and pulp (mushroom tissue), but do not throw out either one or the other.
  4. We are preparing a site for planting: we form a bare area with a diameter of 1-1.5 m around the tree trunk, removing 10-20 cm of the upper soil on it.
  5. We put peat soil or compost 1-2 cm thick on the formed place.
  6. A couple of hours before planting, we water the peat with a disinfection solution - a tincture of plants with tanning properties (2-3 liters of solution per tree). Watering is necessary only after the solution has cooled down.

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Tanning solutions:

For 1 liter of solution 50-100 grams of the cheapest tea: pour boiling water over the tea, when it cools down - the solution is ready.

For 1 liter of water 30 grams of oak bark: pour the bark with water and boil for one hour, adding water to 1 liter as it boils away.

As for the experimental methods of growing porcini mushrooms, they also lead to good results. They are as follows:

  1. In the forest, small, chicken egg-sized areas of mycelium are carefully dug in and carefully placed in shallow pits in the prepared area. We took a mycelium of a porcini mushroom under an oak tree - planted it under an oak tree and so on. Water as needed. The care is the same as described above.
  2. Ripe caps of the harvested porcini mushrooms are crushed into pieces up to two centimeters in size, dried, stirring every 1-2 hours, and the resulting mushroom mass is placed under the gently raised upper part of the litter under the trees. Then the upper soil is compacted and watered.
  3. The soil under the tree, from the trunk to the border of the crowns (1.5-3 meters in diameter), is watered with infusion of mushrooms.

We think that the cultivation of porcini mushrooms is quite real. We hope that this will happen for you: read it, try it - it worked!

Grow porcini mushrooms on your farm plot, creating the right soil for their active growth. Having organized the territory correctly, taking into account all the features and whims of a particular species, the owner will be able to get a large-scale harvest of a useful and low-calorie mushroom.

The content of the article:

  • Why is the mushroom named "white"?
  • Main cultivation methods
  • "Home" ways to grow porcini mushrooms
  • How to properly grow mushrooms on a plot of land?
  • Algorithm for growing mushrooms from spores
  • Algorithm for growing mushrooms from mycelium
  • Algorithm for growing porcini mushrooms indoors
  • How to grow a porcini mushroom in an industrial setting?
  • Features of growing in a greenhouse
  • The economic side of the question: is it profitable to grow porcini mushrooms?

Porcini mushrooms have long been an amazing delicacy and are distinguished by an amazing, incomparable aroma and taste. It is the porcini mushroom that has many cooking options, so it is very often served on the table on special occasions. It is very important that with a low calorie content of 22 Kcal (which is equivalent to the energy value of 2 teaspoons of sugar). Porcini mushrooms contain a large amount of proteins, provitamin A, vitamins B1, C, D, riboflavin, which maintains the proper functioning of the thyroid gland and prevents hair and nails from falling out.

Why is the mushroom named "white"?

The name "white" for this mushroom, as the literature convinces, has two reasons for its occurrence:

  • for color invariability during thermal processing;
  • in sharp contrast to "black" tubular mushrooms, unsuitable for food.

In different dialects of the Russian language, the white mushroom is called "pan", "true", "expensive mushroom", it is considered the "king of mushrooms", and therefore it was considered a great success to find it at all times: to this day, in agrarian regions, they are held in high esteem experienced mushroom pickers. But with the deterioration of the environment associated with the expansion of large industrial production, the likelihood of finding an already rare mushroom in natural conditions is rapidly approaching zero.

The thing is that in nature it can grow only on dry soils in mature forests over 50 years old with high humidity, stable climatic conditions with a small temperature range and average rainfall.Therefore, the price per kilogram of this product ranges from 150 (for dried) to 1000 rubles for just harvested. All these factors make the cultivation of porcini mushrooms both a profitable business and a good "add-on" to the home budget, in addition, mushrooms do not require difficult conditions, and are generally unpretentious when grown artificially.

Main cultivation methods

All methods of growing porcini mushrooms in artificial conditions can be divided into two large groups: "home" and "industrial". Difficulties in this are associated with the special morphophysiological properties of fungi. First of all, it is important to distinguish between their forms, which require different conditions of detention.

In nature, these fungi exist forming mycorrhiza - a symbiosis of mycelium with plant roots, according to their ability to form mycorrhiza with different trees, they are distinguished:

  1. Pine-shaped: these mushrooms have a brown cap, a purple-tinged stem, thickened at the bottom. Such mushrooms are the largest: their caps reach 20 centimeters in diameter.
  2. Spruce form: most common. In these mushrooms, the cap has a reddish color and spots, the leg has a regular elongated shape.
  3. Oak shape: the "strongest", widest and densest mushrooms. They have grayish-brown caps.
  4. Dark bronze form: very rare with dark wrinkled caps and brown legs.

"Home" ways to grow porcini mushrooms

Many agricultural experts unanimously argue that the most correct way to grow mushrooms in artificial conditions is to create a close to natural environment for their growth. According to experimental data, about 80% of all such mushrooms grow and become suitable for further processing and consumption, while in a completely artificial environment, about 50-60% of mushrooms. But the fact is that the creation of such conditions is very laborious and unprofitable on an industrial scale, but it is optimal if the mushrooms are grown "for themselves" or "for their own", since such gifts of nature do not require a lot of time and energy to care for them and give a fairly large harvest (of course, if you grow them correctly).

How to properly grow mushrooms on a plot of land?

There are several ways to grow mushrooms both on the farm and in agricultural production: firstly, growing from spores, and secondly, from mycelium. On a personal plot, the first is most often used.

Algorithm for growing mushrooms from spores

  1. 10-15 mushrooms are collected, the caps of which are 15 to 20 centimeters in size.
  2. The hats are detached from the legs.
  3. Mushroom caps are introduced into the water (150-200 grams per liter).
  4. 3-4 tablespoons of alcohol or sugar per 10 liters of water are also added there (for more intense spore formation).
  5. Water with caps should be left in a warm room with high humidity for 24 hours.
  6. The hats are ground until smooth.
  7. The plot of land around several trees selected for growing mushrooms (preferably birch, oak, pine or spruce) must be thoroughly loosened. Then remove the top (10-20 cm) layer of soil within a radius of up to half a meter around each tree so that the roots are clearly visible, while being careful not to damage them.
  8. The roots of trees are watered with infusion with spores, after which they are covered with removed soil.
  9. Watering every few days. It is IMPORTANT not to change the amount of water and the intervals between waterings.

Nota bene: in the southern latitudes, the landing of porcini mushrooms is May-June, in the northern and north-western latitudes - August - September. They bear fruit in the second year.

Algorithm for growing mushrooms from mycelium

  1. The mycelium of the porcini mushroom is acquired.
  2. A planting site should be formed around the tree by removing the topsoil.
  3. Peat soil or special compost up to 5 centimeters thick is laid on the resulting plot.
  4. Pieces of mycelium are laid out on the prepared area at a distance of 5-10 cm from each other.
  5. The mycelium is covered with a layer of soil removed from this area.
  6. The soil is watered at the rate of 20-30 liters per area around one tree.
  7. To maintain moisture, the area can be covered with a layer of straw up to 50 cm thick.
  8. Regular watering is carried out as the soil dries out.
  9. The plot can be covered with moss or straw during the cold season.

Boletus can also be grown in an apartment. Basic requirements for the room in which the mushrooms will be grown:

  • maintaining a constant temperature and high humidity;
  • ensuring the receipt of a strictly defined (small) amount of sunlight;
  • planting a strictly defined planting material, namely mycelium.

All this requires a lot of investment and time, but it is offset by the pluses: fertility all year round and a high ripening rate. The purchased mycelium should not have an ammoniacal odor. Its presence indicates the non-viability of the planting material due to overheating. Healthy exudate is orange-yellow in color.

Algorithm for growing porcini mushrooms indoors

  1. The planting material is carefully checked according to the above criteria.
  2. Packages with mycelium are ventilated.
  3. The contents of the packages are crushed. IMPORTANT not to tear the packaging in order to maintain optimal temperature conditions.
  4. Separate rooms should be prepared for growing mushrooms and laying mycelium by treating with a disinfectant.
  5. The substrate is boiled for 1-1.5 hours, then cools down completely.
  6. The substrate and mycelium are mixed, while the mixture should contain 2.5 - 5% mycelium, depending on the quality of the planting material.
  7. The mixture is put into bags, compacted.
  8. In the bags, cuts are made on one side for the germination of mushrooms.
  9. Place the bags vertically on the shelves.
  10. Regular watering and airing of the premises are carried out.

Nota bene: All work with mushrooms is done with gloves.

How to grow a porcini mushroom in an industrial setting?

Today in Russia, entire industries are beginning to be created that specialize in the cultivation and processing of boletus mushrooms. However, this experience is still rare in the country. The reason for this is the existing stereotype about the unprofitability of growing porcini mushrooms on an industrial scale, which has long been refuted by Dutch scientists. The fact is that earlier it was mistakenly believed that growing porcini mushrooms in artificial conditions is impossible, in principle, because of their "way of life" (after all, they form mycorrhiza with tree roots). It was believed that only strong bonds with the root system of trees can create favorable conditions for the growth of boletus. Of course, the likelihood that a good harvest will be given by species of mushrooms growing in natural conditions is negligible.

Features of growing in a greenhouse

Today, special varieties have already been bred, adapted for reproduction and development in the greenhouse. Cep mushrooms are grown in film or glass greenhouses, the main feature of which is minimal illumination and impenetrability of direct sunlight. Some greenhouses are even set up in basements. It is necessary to maintain high humidity by placing spray guns throughout the territory and turning them on regularly, as well as placing small containers of water at a distance of 1.5-2 meters from each other. Some farmers use sawdust to retain moisture, which makes it 30-40% more efficient to keep moisture at the desired level.

Porcini mushrooms are grown on a specific substrate. To prepare the substrate, you must:

  1. Purchase enough soil.
  2. Mix the soil with a small amount of sawdust of any type, add a little manure, organic fertilizers, you can use ready-made compost.
  3. Infuse the resulting mixture for a week.
  4. Transfer the mixture to wooden crates.
  5. Place the boxes in the prepared room.

It is recommended to grow mushrooms from mycelium.To do this, after preparing the greenhouse, you must:

  • Purchase a sufficient amount of mycelium, checking its quality.
  • Cool bags with mycelium.
  • Grind the mycelium, avoiding breaking the integrity of the package.
  • Mix the substrate and the mycelium, while the soil layer on top of the mycelium should not exceed 7 centimeters.
  • Carefully monitor the humidity, temperature and illumination of the room in which the mushrooms will be grown.

Nota bene: Depending on the variety, mushrooms can bear fruit in the first or second year. These data must be clarified when purchasing mycelium.

The economic side of the question: is it profitable to grow porcini mushrooms?

The starting (authorized) capital of an enterprise that will exclusively grow boletus should cover the following costs:

Start-up costs
The cost of a land plot of 500 m2: 600,000 rubles;
building construction cost: 500,000 rubles;
purchase of equipment: 480,000 rubles;
administrative and marketing expenses: 90,000 rubles.

Monthly expenses
salary: 100,000 rubles;
payment of utilities: 30,000 rubles;
transportation and advertising costs: 20,000 rubles.

Profit
From one ton of substrate seeded with mycelium: an average of 20,000 rubles;
per season from the entire greenhouse: 1,700,000 rubles on average.

Income
Per season from 1 m2 of greenhouse: 700-800 rubles;
For the season from the entire greenhouse: about 40,000 rubles.

Therefore, those who wish to organize their own "mushroom" business can think about such an unusual and very interesting startup.

The vastness of Russia is rich in mushroom reserves, and access to them is free. But mushrooms grown on "home" plantations are in the same constant demand. This is due to the deteriorating environment, because the cases of widespread poisoning by mushrooms collected in the forest are not decreasing. Meanwhile, mushroom growing is a highly profitable business. These are products that grow quickly, do not require special care, and are profitable all year round. In addition, the price of such mushrooms rises in winter. These are the factors that speak in favor of the mushroom business.

What mushrooms can be grown for sale at home and on an industrial scale all year round?

For year-round cultivation both at home and in industrial scale oyster mushrooms are most suitable. Entrepreneurs value them for unpretentiousness and a variety of growing methods.

Oyster mushrooms competitors in terms of breeding, winter mushrooms and ring mushrooms are.

Champignons are in second place. They are more capricious, but the substrate for them requires adherence to a complex technological process. Other types of mushrooms appear that are suitable for mushroom production. For example, shiitake.

Land owners cultivate mushroomsgrowing in the forest - white, boletus, boletus. In any case, to sell successfully mushrooms, you also need to arm yourself with information about the peculiarities of growing the selected type of mushrooms.

  • Features of growing champignons in winter and summer

For year-round cultivation of champignons, any premises (a special greenhouse, an ordinary basement, a dugout), in which you can maintain an air temperature of at least +15 degrees and humidity within 70-80%. Lighting for growth these mushrooms are optional. The room should be damp and warm. For the soil, horse manure with the addition of urea is used. In the process of growing, boxes or racks are used. On the growth of mycelium it takes 14 days (a white bloom appears on the ground, which needs to be sprinkled and watered), its fruiting occurs in a month and lasts 2-3 months.

  • Growing porcini mushrooms all year round

Industrial scale is not profitable for porcini mushroom. As a rule, this type of mushroom is cultivated by gardeners. This is explained peculiarities of growth these plants, their symbiosis with trees.In other words, the root system of the tree is capable of ensuring the growth of mycorrhiza. Therefore, for the cultivation of porcini mushrooms it is so important recreate environmentclose to natural conditions. For example, you can use a summer cottage where deciduous or coniferous trees grow. Young groves or 5-year-old plantings with oaks, pines, birches, spruces are also suitable.

  • Features of growing oyster mushrooms in winter and summer

Oyster mushrooms are less whimsical. But at the same time they are the most highly productive mushrooms relative to their fellows. Technologies for their cultivation more than flexible... For example, intensive or year-round cultivation requires premises (during the growth stage, lighting will be required), compliance temperature regime and special humidity... With this option, mushrooms grow in bags filled with substrate (plant residues with mineral additives).

The extensive method can be applied in an open space. He will require minimum costs, since special equipment is not required in this case. Stumps or logs replace the substrate. They are filled with mycelium and placed on the site (in trenches, on plantations). The main thing is to follow soil moistureand nature will do the rest. Oyster mushrooms have up to four waves of fruiting from one mycelium, the growth of which will take at least 14 days.

See also: What business is the first to burn out in a crisis?

Choosing a room for growing mushrooms

The quality of grown mushrooms is influenced by the correct selection of premises... Places for champignons are recommended basement typewhere it is humid enough and not too hot. Therefore, a cellar or basement at home is ideal. You can also opt for damp buildings... If we are talking about a larger business, then special greenhouses are built on personal plots or rented (bought) for subsequent rebuilding premises old vegetable store, poultry house, cowshed and so on.

Wherever the mushroom production is located, you need take care of availability it has electricity, running water, and you may also need gas.

What are the main parameters of the premises?

  • Sufficient humidity.
  • Correct air intake - ventilation, but without drafts (if there is no opportunity for abundant ventilation, then air circulation is guaranteed by holes made at the base of the wall and by exhaust pipes).
  • Adjustable heat supply (very important for year-round cultivation).
  • Absence harmful microorganisms - mandatory disinfection before planting.

For example, if we are talking about a mushroom farm for growing mushrooms, then the choice of premises should be taken more seriously. First of all, it is determined square cultivation... Suppose that 20 tons of compost can be delivered to the farm at a time (this is exactly how much is placed in a truck), this amount will be enough for 200-220 m². This space is divided into six chambers for growing mushrooms. Each of them has two racks with several tiers. Their number depends on the height of the room.

In addition, the farm must have two corridors... One is narrow, in order to take out the harvested crop on trolleys, the second is wide (the width depends on the dimensions of the available equipment), for unloading and loading soil into the chambers. You will also need additional rooms: boiler room, two refrigerators (for storage and for cooling mushrooms after harvesting), a place for packaging products and other technical rooms (change house toilet, office). total area such a farm can be 1000-1400 m².

To grow oyster mushrooms all year round, you will also need several separate rooms.

  • Inoculation site - this is a room where mushroom blocks (in bags) are formed from the prepared substrate, into which mycelium is sown.
  • Incubationwhere the mushroom blocks will grow, that is, the mycelium will grow.
  • Cultivation, in which the direct forcing of the fruiting body takes place, that is, where the mushrooms will grow. The largest room relative to the previous ones. Blocks in it are located in three versions: on multi-tiered racks, hung on hooks (in several tiers) or strung on rods.
  • Roomwhere the substrate will be stored, and a separate place for its preparation.

The premises are not used for growing porcini mushrooms. This is usually a seasonal outdoor business. Therefore, here you will need a piece of land with growing trees of the appropriate species.

Equipment required for growing mushrooms for sale

Correct equipment selection ensures that all the necessary conditions for the growth of mushrooms are met, and, consequently, the profitability of the mushroom business.

What do you need to stock up on or what to equip the room with to ensure a high yield of mushrooms?

  • First of all, you need a high-quality system. air conditioning and ventilation, which will allow you to regulate the temperature and humidity. Cooling functions will be performed by a refrigeration machine or air conditioners. The heating system will require water heating boilers.
  • You can use automated climatic installation, and a separate one in each chamber. This is a very important nuance, since the conditions for the growth of mushrooms at different stages are different.
  • Refrigerators necessary for the rapid cooling of mushrooms. Their volume is usually not too large, it depends on the volume of the harvested crop per hour.
  • Refrigerating chambers will ensure the storage of all grown products for no more than 3 days. They are only filled to 50% to maintain air circulation.
  • For cameras where mushrooms grow, you will need racks... Depending on the type of mushroom, you need to pick up boxes or bags.
  • It is important to remember about packaging of finished products... These can be jars, plastic containers, bags, and more.
  • If there is a production of mycelium, then you should get an autoclave, or purchase a special grain handling machine.

See also: Growing greenery as a business - how to make money on growing greenery?

Mycelium: grow it yourself or buy it?

Growing mycelium can be considered as one of the areas of mushroom business... However, those businessmen who specialize in mushroom growing and whose main income depends on successful implementation of this product, the process of breeding mycelium is considered meaningless. Firstly, this is a rather laborious task. Secondly, it requires professional skills. Thirdly, you will need additional equipment and premises. There may be other costs.

Usually the mycelium is grown by amateur mushroom growers. They are passionate about their hobby, wanting to be sure master all stages mushroom business. Therefore, myceliums of those mushrooms are often grown that are rare species and whose purchase causes difficulties, as well as to exclude dependence on suppliers.

All conditions and methods of growing mushrooms indoors and on the site

There are two main ways to grow oyster mushrooms.

  • Extensive

In this case, the role of the substrate is performed by wood trimming. The method is applicable both outdoors and indoors. However, in the first option, the stability of the crop usually depends on the weather, and in the second, the process takes place all year round. This technology is simple, affordable, and low-cost. But you can get high yields only at the expense of large production areas.

A striking example of this technology is growing mushrooms on stumps. As stumps, cuttings of birch, oak, alder, poplar and other trees are suitable. Stumps up to 40 cm long and 25 cm in diameter are soaked in water for seven days. Then holes are made in them, filling them with mycelium. Then they are clogged with moss or sealed with duct tape. The mycelium grows for 2.5 months. At the same time, the temperature in the room where these stumps are located should not be higher than +20 (in the barn, basement).In addition, they need to be constantly watered.

After the period of growth of the mycelium has expired, the stumps are placed in an upright position on an area under a canopy. You can stack them on top of each other. In this case, the lower ones are buried more than half into the ground. Permanent shadow is a must. The main thing is to regularly water such a plantation.

  • Intensive

According to this technology, oyster mushrooms are grown on a substrate - a special material consisting of sawdust of deciduous trees, sunflower husks, straw and so on. But there is one caveat - in natural conditions, oyster mushrooms do not grow on such soil, there is too much competition with mold fungi. Therefore, the substrate must undergo a thermal treatment in order to suppress further mold growth.

Mushrooms are grown indoors (basements, cellars, special farms).

The whole process is divided into specific stages.

  • The substrate is being prepared... One of the ways is a 3-hour pasteurization of the substrate at 70-80 degrees.
  • In a substrate cooled to 20 degrees mycelium is introduced... Layer by layer, alternating mycelium and substrate, workers must fill polyethylene bags (50x100). Then 12 holes are made on the sides of the bag, and the neck is sealed. The mycelium should make up 5% of the total mass of the substrate in the bag. The total weight of the bag is approximately 15 kg.
  • This is followed by a period when the substrate overgrown with mycelium... Its duration will be from 14 to 18 days. Prepared bags are placed in a room with a temperature of 24 degrees and a humidity of 80-90%. Lighting and ventilation are not needed at this time.
  • Mushroom growth carried out at a temperature of 12-16 degrees with lighting for about 14 hours a day, ventilation and humidity not lower than 70%. Oyster mushroom fruiting is a wave-like process. From the first wave, 70% of the harvest is collected, from the second - 25, from the third - 10%, and so on - in decreasing order. The time from sowing mycelium to harvest is 2.5 months.

The process of growing mushrooms is divided into the same stages as for oyster mushrooms. But it is carried out mostly in basements or in purpose built.

Another method of preparing the substrate

The ideal component for him is horse dung, but also used manure of cows, pigs, chicken manure, mixed with straw (wheat or rye).

100 kg of straw requires up to 50 kg of manure.

First, a three-day straw soaking... Then, layer by layer, manure and straw are laid out in a compost pile. When bookmarked, all layers are additionally moisturize and sprinkled with urea... Since fermentation is uneven, the composting process requires constant mix componentswhile adding alabaster. If the collar is located indoors, then the temperature in it should not be less than 12 degrees. The substrate usually takes 25 days to cook. First sign of his readiness - lack of ammonia smell.

Then the substrate is distributed in boxes or other containers. When it cools down to 20 degrees, into it mycelium is introduced... Depressions with a depth of 8 cm are made on the surface in a checkerboard pattern, which are filled with pieces of mycelium and covered with soil. Then the beds cover up with old newspapersto prevent drying out. The temperature for the growth of mycelium is 24 degrees, ventilation is used as needed. Mycelium development period - 14 days.

After the growth of the mycelium is performed gobbing - the beds are covered with cover soil (a mixture of turf soil and chalk). The temperature in the room at this stage and before the appearance of the first mushrooms should be no more than plus 20. Regular humidification cover layer and maintaining high air humidity. The fruiting period of mushrooms will be approximately two weeks, starting from the 27th day to the 40th from the moment of planting the mycelium.

Porcini mushrooms are grown according to the technology that is closest to natural conditions.

  • In preparation seed use the following components: mushroom caps with a diameter of 15 cm - 20 pieces, potassium permanganate - 1 gram, refined sugar - 15 pieces. Everything is placed in a bucket, poured with rainwater, the hats are kneaded until smooth, the resulting solution is infused for no more than an hour. The main condition is that the seed is planted only under the tree near which the mushrooms were taken for its preparation.
  • Around trees (60 cm from the trunk) soil layer is removed, their exposed roots are watered with seed (about 300 grams per 20 cm²). Then the roots are covered with soil and watered. In the future, crops require additional watering. Sowing time is September.
  • The harvest is going in a year, approximately one bucket under each tree.

Read also: How to organize and promote a flower business - 5 secrets of a successful business

Highly profitable mushroom growing business plan

It is difficult to talk about the high profitability of porcini mushrooms. Their growth largely depends on weather conditions, and it is difficult to influence the weather, because the harvest is removed once a year... By the way, according to some reports, this may pass in two years. Therefore, we will consider the profitability of the business from growing mushrooms and oyster mushrooms.

What needs to be done to implement this type of activity?

  • Rent (buy) premises with an area of ​​550 m², where separate areas will be provided for the preparation and pasteurization of compost, germination of mycelium and mushrooms.
  • Equip premises with sewerage and water supply systems, as well as electricity.
  • Purchase equipment: a small tractor, a straw and grain crusher, a steam boiler, an irrigation system, containers, racks, etc.
  • Checkout permits.
  • Dial service personnel: three workers, a manager, an accountant.
  • To fix sales of products (through wholesale or retail stores, using your own website, open your own retail outlet).

Economic calculation of payback

The costs for starting a business will amount to 1,600,000 rubles, they will include:

  • rent (purchase) of a land plot and construction of a building - 1,000,000 rubles,
  • equipment - 500,000 rubles,
  • registration,, fuels and lubricants and other expenses - 100,000 rubles.

Monthly expenses will be 200,000 rubles:

  • wage - 150,000 rubles,
  • communal payments - 30 thousand rubles.,
  • - 5,000 rubles,
  • transportation costs - 15,000 rubles.

The income part will look like this:

  • a ton of compost seeded with mycelium costs 6,000 rubles;
  • one ton makes it possible to collect 2 centners of the crop;
  • the average wholesale cost of 1 kg of mushrooms is 70 rubles;
  • income after the sale of the crop will be 14,000 rubles (200x 70);
  • if over a period of three months to process 100 tons of compost, then the profit (after deducting costs) will increase to 200 000 rubles;
  • the cycle is repeated 4 times in one year, therefore, the income will increase to 800 000 rubles;
  • net annual profit after taxes is at least 750,000 rubles... The payback period for the project is two years.

Business plan for growing oyster mushrooms

  • Given the fact that these mushrooms grow quickly and give several harvest waves from one sowing, to grow them at home you will need premises the size of 300 m².
  • In this case purchase costs mycelium, substrate, expenses for maintaining appropriate conditions and other costs amount to 300,000 rubles.
  • After selling mushrooms, you can get income in 1,080,000 rubles.
  • Less expenses net profit will be 780,000 rubles.

The plan includes only one complete growing cycle - this is a two-month period, and but clearly shows how high the profitability of the production of oyster mushrooms.

Reviews

Growing oyster mushrooms is described as a business that does not require a large start-up capital, but brings a lot of income - about 700 rubles profit from 1 m² for 1.5 months. Entrepreneurs claim that it is very easy to master... Oyster mushrooms are much easier to care for than champignons.According to reviews, the main advantages of the oyster mushroom growing business are the minimum investment, high profitability, opportunities to expand the business and turn it into family business.

Businessmen specializing in champignons argue that difficulties can arise only at first, at the time of setting up production. When the process is running and debugged, everything is simple, the main thing is have time to harvest... And although champignons are considered not as fruitful as oyster mushrooms, the demand for them is much greater.

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25.03.2015

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