The best technical grapes

For modern gardeners of the southern and northern regions of our country and neighboring countries, there are no problems with the choice of grape varieties and varieties due to the variety of dessert and technical types of thermophilic culture. A vine with fruits of different shades and sizes, having a unique taste and aroma, with proper care, allows you to experiment on the garden plot and grow adapted grape hybrids, bred in the last decade by Russian and foreign breeders.

The best dessert grape varieties with a description and a brief description

Growing a decent harvest of early-maturing varieties in the Ural vineyards, in Bashkiria or in Siberia and the Far East used to be a wonder, now it is a common phenomenon, spreading even among inexperienced gardeners. In the southern regions of our country and in Ukraine, mid-season and late table and universal varieties of thermophilic culture are successfully grown. Knowing the peculiarities of agricultural technology, amateur gardeners of the Moscow region and St. Petersburg have learned to grow wine grape varieties intended for open ground, rare dessert varieties of grape vines with specific cultivation features. Most often, novice gardeners do not attach importance to the names of hybrids, preferring to work on "white" and "black" grapes. But knowing the names of species and varieties of grapes with white, dark purple and pink fruits, you can easily understand the agricultural technology of culture and adapt to their characteristics.

The best varieties of white dessert grapes

White-fruited table grapes are good both fresh and processed for compotes and jams. New varieties, developed by breeders, make it possible to obtain large, juicy berries of early and mid-season varieties in the southern regions and in the harsh northern ones. A vine with milky white fruits is a natural phenomenon, the result of a mutation of wild-growing grapes that have lost the ability to produce anthocyanins, which are responsible for the dark color of the berries..

To select the best grape varieties, they are judged according to the following criteria:

1. yield;
2. quality characteristics of fruits (sugar content and acidity);
3. resistance to diseases of the vine;
4. frost resistance.

Each person has their own preferences. Sometimes large, beautiful berries of modern breeding varieties with a fresh taste may seem unclaimed and ordinary to someone, these gardeners prefer sweet, but small and loose clusters of raisins. For other grape lovers, not only the qualitative characteristics of the berries are important, but also decorativeness, the adaptation of the vine to certain climatic conditions. There are dozens of the newest varieties that are still difficult to evaluate, but they already have high yields and a bright, rich fruit taste.... For example, Atlantic, a dessert variety with pink, elongated fruits, juicy and aromatic, with floral-fruity notes; nutmeg variety Silver; Alibaba with harmonious berry taste and black-fruited Carmen; an unusual variety Zephyr with raspberry-pink tassels and a Rostov hybrid Anyuta with the aroma of a tea rose and dense pulp.

Photo Gallery: Latest Grape Hybrids

The leading varieties of white-fruited grapes include:

• Arcadia is an early ripe variety, bred in Ukraine (crossing of Moldova and Cardinal), has dense clusters up to 2 kg. A vigorous plant does not suffer from overload and gives an excellent harvest in central Russia and Siberia, the Urals and the Far East. Ripening period 105-115 days. Berries are light green, with dense, juicy pulp, sweet with moderate nutmeg; 2-3 bones are found. Pruning is carried out for 8-12 buds, processed at least 2 times a season from powdery mildew.

  Early ripe grade Arcadia

• Laura (Flora) - a hybrid obtained more than 20 years ago, with light milky oval berries and a pointed tip of the fruit. Crispy, moderately sweet with a pronounced nutmeg aroma. Bunches grow up to 900 g, ripening period - 110-115 days. The medium-sized bole develops well with fan molding, begins to bear fruit for 4 years; trimming for 8-10 eyes. The variety is valued for its frost resistance and for the absence of peeling and cracking of the fruit.

  Laura table white grapes

• White kishmish (seedless) is an early ripe variety with round berries, aromatic and juicy. Fruits are light green, in ripeness - with a blush. The bunch is loose, large, weighing from 500 to 1200 g. The berry is loved for its balanced composition of sugar and acids, they are excellent for drying, freezing and do not contain seeds. A medium-sized plant finally ripens in 140–160 days. Requires trimming for 7-10 eyes. The variety is cultivated in central Russia and in the south.

  The sweetest white grapes White Kishmish

The varieties of Kishmish include the hybrid variety Volodar (early) with large, dense clusters and yellow-green fruits; and Kishmish 342 (Hungarian), obtained as a result of crossing Vilar Blanc and Sidlis Perlet, is an ultra-early variety with elongated fruits of a milky green shade with a tan, sweet and aromatic. The berries retain their presentation for a long time and do not fall off. Varietal varieties of white-fruited grapes of the subspecies kishmish - Zolotze, Talisman (Kesha), Arsenyevsky are considered no less valuable.

Photo gallery: white fruit varieties of dessert grapes

The variety White CoKl of domestic selection, which appeared in the 21st century, firmly tolerates frosts down to -25 ° C and is not damaged by powdery mildew. Powerful bushes are cut into 10 eyes and try not to overload. Then the large, oblong fruits will be sweet and moderately firm. The weight of grape clusters is from 400 to 700 g.

Modern hybrid White Cockle

A hardy and productive variety, Delight quickly takes root and begins to bear fruit in the 4th or 5th year. The early ripening hybrid is thermophilic and responsive to feeding. The result of the gardener's painstaking work will be huge dense clusters weighing 800-1600 g with sweet, large yellow-green berries with a pronounced nutmeg taste. Despite the short pruning, up to 30 kg of the crop is obtained from the bush.

Large-fruited white grapes Delight

In a modern vineyard, Platov's late Jubilee is sure to be met with a harmonious, pleasant taste. For 125–140 days, the bunches grow on average 700 g. The Kostrykin Memory Hybrid became famous for its unpretentiousness and moderate growth of shoots (the vine ripens by 50%). The plant, with a yield of up to 15 kg from one bush, sometimes peas, but is not damaged by wasps and does not require shelter in the middle lane. The average bunch of grapes grows up to 1600 g. Ladies finger with moderate acidity will delight not only with its decorative bunch, but also with delicious fruits. Average weight of brushes - 900 g.

Photo gallery: the best white grapes

The most delicious pink grapes

Hybrid varieties and varieties of pink-fruited vines are attractive in appearance and do not disappoint in taste characteristics. Berries can be from pale pink to deep raspberry shades, so such grapes are often added to wine and canned.

• Early Russian - an unpretentious early ripening variety of dessert grapes ripens at the end of July, loose clusters on average gain up to 600 g. The hybrid grows in the south, the Far East, Bashkiria and Siberia. Light nutmeg with an admixture of caramel aftertaste is loved by every gardener of the middle lane. Rounded, dark pink berries on a tall bush gain sugars - 22%, acids - 7 g / l. 2-3 inflorescences are left on the shoots. The fruit is sometimes cracked and damaged by wasps.

  Early Russian grape grows in many regions of our country

  • By crossing Kesha and Rizamat, breeder Kapelyushny bred an ultra-early variety (ripening period of 95 days) Julian, which in less than two decades became popular and fell in love with many growers for its unusual taste and shape. A hybrid with pink, elongated berries, weighing up to 20 g alone, and a powerful vine, grows best in a sunny area; it is cut into 8-10 buds. Juliana's fruits are juicy and moderately sweet, with light fruity notes.

    Ultra early grape hybrid Julian

  • Tason is an early domestic variety with pale pink, medium-sized oval berries, crispy, juicy pulp, with a delicate fruity-honey aroma; the view was developed by specialists of the VNIIViV named after Ya.I. Potapenko. The hybrid is appreciated for its yield - up to 35 kg per bush with an average bunch - 800 g. Ripening period - 110-120 days. Pruning vines - 10-12 eyes. Be sure to carry out processing from powdery mildew and mildew.

    Delicate Muscat of Tason grapes was appreciated by many gardeners in Russia

  • Hybrid Transfiguration - these are uniformly colored pale pink, oval berries with a thin skin and juicy pulp. The variety from Krainov's "troika" (Anniversary Novocherkassky, Victor, Preobrazhenie) is loved for its unpretentiousness and high degree of adaptation to many climatic features. Therefore, the Transfiguration is grown in the conditions of the Siberian summer and in Bashkiria, where the berry has a more intense crimson color. Bisexual flowers are perfectly pollinated. A vigorous plant with regular feeding gives a stable yield - 1–1.5 kg per bunch of grapes, up to 40 kg of selected fruits are harvested from one plant.

    Leader of the "Krainov Troika" - grade Preobrazhenie

  • Libya is the brainchild of V.V. Zagorulko, bred in the 90s. The variety is very sweet (sugar content - 26%), aromatic, non-capricious. Irrigation and powdery mildew are rare. The berries are oval, pink-purple, with fleshy, nutmeg pulp and thin skin. Ripening period 105 days. The flower is bisexual. Shoots are cut short, 4–6 buds. Among the shortcomings, shedding of ripe fruits and damage by wasps were noted.

    Super early variety Libya

Among the dessert grape varieties, Veles is also especially distinguished. The “parents” of the hybrid are Rusbol and Sofia, amazing in taste and with a stable yield. Veles berries are large, oval, intense pink with a purple tint, the flesh is amber, the skin is moderately dense. There are rudiments in the berries. Veles was appreciated for the muscat-floral aroma of the fruit and the very early ripening period of the first berries - up to 100 days. Vigorous bush, pruning - medium (6-8 buds); sugar content - 23%, acidity - 5 g / l. Covering variety builds up brushes up to 1.8 kg, sometimes more than 2 kg. The fruits are prone to cracking and shedding.

Hybrid Victor from Krainov's "troika" has received attention due to its strong immunity to many diseases of grapes. Winegrowers have long been fond of the berries of the variety, which have an unusual shape and with a bright, nutmeg taste and floral notes. Irregularly colored pink-red finger fruits with juicy pulp ripen 110 days from the beginning of the growing season. The average weight of a bunch is 700 g. The yield reaches 10 kg from one grape bush.To obtain a stable harvest, they practice pruning by 4-6 buds and a moderate load during fruit formation. The main advantages of the hybrid form are high sugar content and transportability.

Asian hybrid Rizamat with finger-like, large (15–20 g), violet-red berries, distinguished by large clusters - from 1 kg to 2.2 kg. Ripening period - 125 days. The heat-loving variety is intended for cultivation in the southern regions, the fruits are moderately sweet, with a light nutmeg; the vine is powerful, pruned into 8-10 buds. Despite the usual taste, Rizamat is loved for its high yield and beautiful grape clusters.

Delicate pink, oval berries of the Gourmet variety in the southern latitudes ripen at the end of July, in the middle lane - at the beginning of August. Author's stem V.I. Krainova is powerful, branched, with a yield of up to 10–12 kg per plant. When tasting the fruit, fruity notes and a floral-honey aroma are especially noticeable. The grape variety Rumba of the Rostov breeder Kapelyushny is similar to this hybrid; it ripens even earlier than the Gourmet (Red Delight + Cherrel). GF Rumba is very sweet - 23% sugar, with a share of sourness - 6 g / l. Fragrant, juicy berries are perfectly preserved and are not damaged by insects due to the tart, waxy skin.

On a par with these early ripening hybrids in terms of taste, I would like to add V.V. Zagorulko - Sofia, in which the best qualities of two famous varieties are collected - the large-fruited Arkadia and the unforgettable Kishmish radiant nutmeg. Sofia are large, dense clusters (up to 1.5 kg) with pink-purple conical berries, most often they do not contain seeds.

We love Krainov's pink peach breeding for frost resistance and mildew resistance. Flowers are bisexual. The grape clusters of the hybrid are loose, grow up to 1.2 kg, berries with a flavor of nutmeg ripen at the end of August. The variety does not tolerate overload and is picky about feeding. With improper care, the berry becomes smaller and sour, but this does not detract from the advantages of a plant that brings a decent harvest equally in Central Russia, the Urals and Udmurtia.

But also one cannot leave aside the varietal flamingo pink grapes, similar in shape and taste to Pink peach - with oval, pinkish-red juicy berries and loose clusters up to 1 kg. A hybrid from Moldova requires pruning for 4-6 buds and does not need shelter for the winter (in the south and in central Russia).

Photo gallery: the best pink-fruited grape varieties

Rose-fruited grapes Arched, like the hybrid form of the Original, are similar in fruit size. Arched ripens at the end of August, berries with light nutmeg contain sugars - 18%, acids - 4–5 g / l; juicy, with floral notes. Original grapes - late variety, fruits are rich in sugars - 22%, moderate acidity - 6 g / l. The pulp is watery, but sweet, with a simple taste. These varietal hybrids are practically not susceptible to peas. Moderately sweet Aroky is usually used for wine.

Vigorous variety Arochny

Dense bunches of the Original variety with conical berries and a bright purple color are stored in a cool room for more than 4–5 months.

Unusual in shape, tasty and sweet berries of the Original variety are stored for a long time

The best varieties of black dessert grapes

Black-fruited grapes, in comparison with their light-colored "brothers", contain the most monosaccharides and vitamins, are excellent for conservation and winemaking, and seedless varieties are ideal for making raisins and jam. Bright, rich color of bunches, rich in anthocyanins, serves as a decoration of the garden area.

Most amateur gardeners among dark-fruited grape varieties choose the following modern hybrids.

• Baikonur is an early ripe species - the brainchild of the domestic selection of E.G. Pavlovsky. Dense, voluminous bunches up to 1.2 kg fall on the table at the end of July. The crunchy pulp of dark blue berries with thin nutmeg contains up to 3 seeds, is rich in sugar - 21%. The fruits are able to hang on the bushes for a long time and not crumble.The variety ripens in Udmurtia and Siberia, requires shelter for the winter.

  Early ripe Baikonur with blue fruits

• The early variety Codryanka with nutmeg flavor and sweetness is loved by 23% for its abundant fruiting and beautiful clusters. The time-tested variety grows on any soil, provided that the plant is regularly fed, watered and treated against powdery mildew. The weight of the grape clusters is 0.8–1 kg, the berries are dark purple with thin skin. The hybrid is cultivated in most regions of Russia - in the southern regions and in the north, in Transbaikalia and in the Urals.

  Dark-fruited hybrid Kodryanka

• The unpretentious Russian hybrid Nadezhda Azos (Moldova + Cardinal) is considered the most delicious black grapes. Dark blue, sweet-sour (sugar - 17%, acid - 7%), the fruits are covered with a thin skin, protection from wasps is required. The delicate nutmeg and juicy flesh justify the rare peas of the hybrid plant. The weight of the bunches is 800 g, the ripening period is 125 days. Pruning for 4-6 buds.

  Russian hybrid Nadezhda Azos

• Super early Athos ripens on the 95th day from the beginning of the growing season, the shoots are cut into 7 eyes. A ripe bunch of hybrid forms reaches 1500 g, the variety rarely suffers from insects and powdery mildew. Large blue-black fruits grow on cylindrical bunches, suitable not only for fresh consumption, but also in wines, jams, compotes. The yield of one plant is 15-18 kg.

  Frost hardy and drought tolerant, Athos

• Surprisingly large, elongated fruit of grapes Odessa souvenir, received in Ukraine. The berries, blue with a black tint, are covered with a waxy coating and contain 4 seeds. The hybrid ripens in early autumn (brush weight - 0.5–0.8 kg). The berries are distinguished by keeping quality, when overexposed on the bush, they do not crumble. Sugar content - 16%, acidity - 6g / l. Flowers are bisexual. Shoots are cut into 8 eyes. Used in winemaking and homemade preparations.

  Sweet berries of the Odessa souvenir variety are a little sour and are suitable for making wines and compotes

Among the dark-fruited varieties, some also consider Black Delight (Dolores + Early Russian) the most reliable and productive, which ripens after 110 days. The variety is successfully grown in Siberia and the Far East. A vigorous bush grows on the arches, the brushes are harvested at a weight of 0.6–0.8 g. The Asian variety Black Kishmish (Talisman + Glenora) also earned a high rating among winegrowers. Oval dark blue fruits contain a moderate amount of sugar, they are often used for drying and in compotes. The fruit does not contain seeds. The variety is poorly resistant to mildew infestation. Ekaro 35 is considered the earliest black grape, the berries are purple, round; clusters weigh an average of 400 g. Fruits are rich, sweet, with a specific floral aroma.

Photo gallery: the best black grapes

Black finger is a foreign seedless variety with elongated blue berries with a delicate nutmeg flavor and is appreciated for its impressive fruit size. The heat-loving variety does not tolerate waterlogging, the amount of sugar is 19%, acid is 7 g / l.

Bunch of Hybrid Black Finger

A relatively young American variety Jupiter with an isable taste and pleasant sweetness, they managed to fall in love with their excellent taste (sugar - 21%, acid - 5 g / l), cone-shaped fruits and expressive bunch shape. Trim for 8 eyes. The early ripe hybrid has relatively small (300–500 g) conical clusters. When overripe, the berries soften and lose their taste.

"Overseas" hybrid Jupiter

Black cherry of amateur selection by Vishnevetsky was bred a little over 10 years ago. Among the early varieties, the very first ripens (95–105 days). The weight of the fruit clusters is 400–700 g, the taste is cherry-silk, the flesh is firm and juicy. Berries do not crack, do not crumble; the hybrid is resistant to disease.

Hybrid Black Cherry

Description and brief characteristics of the best technical (wine) grape varieties

Technical grape varieties, regardless of ripening periods, are raw materials for winemaking... Depending on the intensity of the color and size of the fruit, grapes are used for the preparation of wines and cognac drinks (rose-fruited and black grape varieties more often), for compotes, preserves, jams; for the preparation of raisins, candied fruits, concentrated juices - both white and dark grape varieties.

The most common and widely known table and technical variety is the Isabella grape. Violet-blue, round berries, tightly sitting on a bunch, are distinguished by a high yield - up to 50 kg per bush. Juicy, medium-sized fruits with a specific isable aroma (usually berry-refreshing taste) ripen in 140–160 days. A vigorous bush requires short pruning (5 buds) and a sunny, wind-protected area. In general, the Isabella wine variety is undemanding and resistant to many diseases. 16 -17% - sugar, 5-6 g / l - acid - in the flesh of the Isabella variety. Gives an excellent harvest in Central Russia, the Urals, Udmurtia, Bashkiria.

Technical grade Isabella

Another variety intended for winemaking, Vesta, is appreciated for its excellent wintering without shelter and high yields even in cold, damp summers. Sugar content - 25%, acid - 7 g / l. Blue-violet berries form moderately dense clusters, weighing up to 250 g. The juice is not colored, the pulp is juicy. Pruning for 4 buds. The vine is vigorous. The variety is cultivated for making red table wine.

Dense clusters of the Vesta wine variety

Platovsky is a variety of wine and dessert grapes used to make table wines. A hybrid in central Russia and the Far East pleases with an amazing harvest already 115-135 days from the beginning of the growing season. The berries are white with a green tint, round, juicy, small clusters (200 g), very dense. Sugar content - 20%, acidity - 6 g / l. The vine is cut short enough (3-4 eyes), for the winter it is recommended to cover only in the zone of risky agriculture (Siberia, the Far East, the Urals).

White-fruited technical grape variety Platovsky

Late ripening white-fruited variety The firstborn of Magarach forms clusters up to 200 g, is valued for its harmonious, pleasant taste, delicate skin. The berries are white, round, the brushes are elongated, loose. Sugar - 22%, acid - 8 g / l. The wine from Pervenets is light, with light nutmeg and fruity notes. An erect, powerful bush with an openwork crown is not covered for the winter and is often used as an arbor culture.

White-fruited technical grade Firstborn of Magaracha

Table: qualitative characteristics of some technical grape varieties

Photo gallery: varieties of technical grapes

The finest versatile table grape varieties

Lydia is the most common versatile variety, the juicy, sweet fruits of which with a spicy skin are loved by many gardeners. The vine is obtained from seedlings of the wild growing Vitis labrusca. Thanks to its powerful stem and decorative liana, the isabelle variety has spread not only as a table-technical grape, but also as an ornamental culture. Productivity - up to 25-30 kg per bush. An average bunch weighs about 400 g. Overripe berries crumble and rot, a ripe harvest (after 150–160 days) is ideal for juices and wines.

Universal variety Lydia

Lydia ripens in mid-September, but we begin to pluck the first berries in mid-August. The fruits become deep red, juicy and aromatic, only slightly sour. If there is no alternative, at the end of August Lydia is a decent berry dessert on the festive table. Berries are rarely affected by mildew and powdery mildew; wasps are also not very interested in fruits due to the astringency of the skin and sourness of the pulp. At the end of September - at the beginning of October, we pick off the last bunches. At this time of the year, they become very fragrant, lined with the first frosts, acquire a honey flavor and practically do not taste bitter. Such "late" grape clusters produce an amazing compote, fragrant and full-bodied.

Lydia grows in a well-warmed sunny place and is always watered and fed. Exclusively due to the attentive attitude, the berries of an ordinary "average" universal variety do not peas, do not crack, very rarely spoil and can hang on the vine until the November frost. This prolongs the freshness and shelf life of the crop, which in favorable years can exceed all statistical averages. Record - 60 kg of selected berries from an 8-year-old bush. But the bush is quite powerful, formed by one side (two "shoulders") on the gazebo, the other (2 branches) - on a metal support fixed to the brick wall of a residential building. That is, the vine is located in a place sheltered from the winds, takes heat from the wall and regularly receives watering with settled, warm water and is fed with organic matter (up to 6 times per summer). This ensures a stable yield and sweetness of the smallest and unripe berries.

Despite the tart skin and the presence of up to 4 seeds, grapes are well complemented by canned compote and jam. It is difficult to believe that the variety is not very popular due to its simplicity of tasting qualities and rare, light bunches. We love the imperfect, simple taste of Lydia grapes for the bright, rich aroma and preservation of the fruits indoors at a temperature of +15 + 20 ° C for up to 2 months.

Hungarian white pearl universal grade suitable for processing and fresh consumption... Amber-yellow, round fruits with subtle nutmeg notes grow on conical clusters. The vine ripens by 80%. Fruit cluster weight - 150-200 g. Pruning - 6-8 buds. Sugar content - 20%, acidity - 7 g / l. A shrub with an average ripening period (120-140 days) is grown in Belarus and Ukraine, in the Urals and Siberia, as well as in central Russia.

Universal White Pearl

Table-technical grade Black Pearl is a relative of Magarachi, clusters of about 300 g, berries are round, dark blue in color, with sourness and light strawberry nutmeg. Sugar content - 24%, acidity - 6 g / l. Cut grapes for 3-4 eyes, yield in favorable years - up to 15 kg from one bush. A frost-resistant variety of domestic selection was bred in Tula specifically for the production of high-quality dessert wines.

Variety for food and winemaking - Black Pearl

Pink Muscat is a medium-sized table-wine hybrid with bunches of up to 0.2 kg, oval, pink-red berries with a waxy coating. Fruits are fragrant, with floral notes, often used for winemaking, they will be an excellent berry dessert on the table. Average yield - 4-6 kg per bush. The variety is vulnerable to temperature extremes, is affected by powdery mildew and requires fertile soils and fertilizing.

Grape variety Muscat pink

Chassela white, pink and nutmeg is a grape variety that is often referred to as a universal variety. The hybrids are similar in their tasting characteristics, Chassela white (yellow-white, round berries, bunches weighing 190 g) ripens earlier than pink (pink-raspberry fruits with dense skin, brush weight - 250 g); Shasla nutmeg with yellow-green berries has a strawberry flavor, ripens much faster than all varieties of this subspecies. Grapes with sweet, juicy fruits look great on the table and are often highly prized for nutmeg and sugariness when tasting. All types of Chasselas grapes are suitable for wine. Frost-resistant and undemanding grape hybrids are suitable for the zone of risky farming - Moscow region, Petersburg, Bashkiria, Udmurtia, Siberia and the Far East.

Some of the best grape varieties in Russia

There are more than a thousand excellent early, middle and late grape varieties, the purpose of which is the most varied - some are good as a dessert, others for wine and preservation, some table and technical varieties are universal.

Video: the best grape varieties (with a short description)

The best grape varieties for the Moscow region and St. Petersburg

Unstable temperatures, rainy summers in the Moscow region and possible prolonged return frosts - these factors are always taken into account when choosing a grape variety. Therefore, more often in the garden plots near Moscow, early varieties grow - white-fruited Tason, Krasa Severa, Yubiley Novocherkassky, Rusven and the relatively early blue Athos.

In the damp temperate continental climate of St. Petersburg, a fruitful table hybrid in Memory of Dombkovskaya with dark blue fruits, early ripe Laura with large milk-green berries, Alyoshenkin, Harold, Libya, Druzhba are safely cultivated.

Resistant to diseases and low temperatures White maxi are distinguished by white-green large berries with sourness and fruity aroma. Of the technical varieties, gardeners near Moscow and St. Petersburg choose the uncompromising variety Lydia.

Video: the best grape varieties for the Moscow region and St. Petersburg

The best grape varieties for growing in Siberia and the Urals

Siberian gardeners practice the cultivation of frost-resistant early-ripening grape varieties - Tason, Timur, white-fruited Tukai; Rochefort, Super extra, White miracle, Cardinal and Codryanka with purple bunches, Delight, White giant are also popular. For winemaking, no doubt, Isobella and Lydia. The berries of Sharov's selection never fail: Sharova's Muscat and Sharov's Riddle.

Photo gallery: grape varieties for cultivation in Siberia

Video: the best grape varieties for the Urals and Siberia

The best grape varieties in Ukraine

The mild, southern climate and long, hot summers allow growing a variety of varieties of middle, early and late grapes for fresh use, making wine, juices, stewed fruit, candied fruits. Arcadia, Libya, Delight, Julian, Codryanka - ripen in mid-July. Maria Magdalene, Sphinx, Charlie with large dark purple bunches are popular ultra-early varieties; followed by hybrids with light green fruits - Bogatyanovsky, Aramis, Vanyusha, Lancelot, Lyubimy. In early August, the Odessa souvenir, Sigma, Romeo, Strashensky ripen. And at the end of summer, a rich harvest of dessert varieties Zagrava, Sentyabrina, Moldova is harvested; wine hybrids - Rodnichok, Isabella, Alpha.

Photo gallery: the best grape varieties for Ukraine

The best grape varieties in Bashkiria and Udmurtia

The famous hybrids of Sharov, Memory of Dombkovskaya and Korinka Russian are distinguished as the very first for the zone of risky agriculture in Bashkiria and Udmurtia. Super-early and medium-ripening varieties fully ripen and do not suffer from recurrent frosts: Super extra, Alladin, Saratov's Gift, Baikonur, Libya, Monarch. Not uncommon - Radiant Kishmish, Rumba and Early Violet. Working varieties are considered to be fruitful hybrids of Codryanka and Charlie.

Photo gallery: some of the best varieties of Bashkiria and Udmurtia

To prevent the berries from peeling and crumbling in the harsh Bashkir climate, it is imperative to treat the vine with various biostimulants (for example, Gibberellin)

Reviews

Working on new and better varieties, breeders take into account the demand for berry forms and their adaptation rates to different climatic conditions; and the development of winemaking forces amateur gardeners to work on the yield of technical and universal varieties. In any case, the most delicious and harvestable grape hybrids are those that are grown with their own hands on a personal garden plot. If you work tirelessly, even an ordinary universal grape variety will give you berries of amazing taste and aroma that will appeal to any gourmet.

Mena's name is Oksana. Graduated from the MESI branch, faculty of accounting and audit. I love to travel and appreciate the sincerity in people.

Winegrowers claim that the best wines come from technical grape varieties. Since the berries of these varieties contain a large amount of juice.Harvesting of early technical grape varieties begins in early September. The medium ripening varieties are in the middle of September. In the article we will tell you about the best technical grape varieties, give their description and characteristics.

Berries of technical varieties contain up to 95% of the juice of the total weight of the berry.

For the preparation of red wine, raw materials are used from the berries of blue and red technical varieties of grapes. Berries with peels and seeds are suitable for red wine, as they add aroma and astringency. Consider the main varieties for making red wine:

• Cabernet Sauvignon;
• Pinot Noir;
• Sangiovese;
• Syrah;
• Carmenere;
• Grenache.

In the table, we will consider the main characteristics of technical varieties for making red wine:

Name	Characteristics
Cabernet Sauvignon	Ripens from 140 to 160 days. Resistant to mildew and gray mold. It is not damaged by phylloxera and leafworm.
Pinot Noir	Ripens from 140 to 150 days. Resistant to mildew and gray mold. Not damaged by phylloxera and leafworm.
Sangiovese	Ripens from 120 to 130 days. Resistant to a wide range of diseases.
Syrah	Ripens from 120 to 130 days. Medium resistance to mildew and powdery mildew. Not damaged by phylloxera and leafworm.
Carmenere	Ripens from 130 to 140 days. Relatively resistant to mildew and gray mold. It is not damaged by phylloxera and leafworm.
Grenache	Ripens from 140 to 160 days. Resistant to mildew and gray mold. It is not damaged by phylloxera and leafworm.

All technical grape varieties for making red wine have a pleasant aroma of fruits and strawberries.

Technical varieties for the production of white wines

For white wines, I use grape varieties whose berries are white or pink. When making wort from such grape varieties, the skin is removed. That is why white wines have a more graceful, soft, delicate taste and aroma. Consider the main types of technical varieties that are used to make white wines:

• Muscat;
• Sauvignon Blanc;
• Pinot Blanc;
• Chenin Blanc;

The geographical location of the vineyards and climatic conditions affect the taste of the wine produced. White wines have a delicate fruity aroma. Read also the article: → "Review of the best non-covering grape varieties for gazebos, trellises, for wine."

White wines last longer due to their high acidity

Winter-hardy technical grape varieties

• Olympic - vigorous late ripening grape variety. The fruits are deeply dark blue. Frost resistance down to -26 ° C.
• Ovidiopolsky - medium-sized grape variety. Abundant fruiting. The berries are light yellow in color, covered with an abundant waxy bloom. Frost resistance down to -25 ° C.
• Allegro - vigorous grape variety. Abundant fruiting. Fruits are black and blue with a waxy coating. Frost resistance down to -27 ° C.
• Sparkle - medium-sized grape variety, with an early ripening period. Fruiting by volume is average. The fruits are white. Frost resistance down to -25 ° C.
• Bianca (Bianca) - medium-sized grape variety, with an early ripening period. Abundant fruiting. The fruits are white with a green tint. Frost resistance down to -27 ° C.
• Johaniter - medium-sized grape variety, with an early ripening period. High yield percentage. The berries are white with a green tint. Frost resistance down to -25 ° C.
• Decent - medium-sized grape variety, with an early ripening period. High yield percentage. The berries are dark blue. Frost resistance down to -25 ° C.
• K-131 - vigorous grape variety, created by breeders when crossing grapes Kabasma, Saba Zhemchug, Amursky. The yield from one grape bush is average. The berries are small, white. Frost resistance down to -27 ° C.
• Crystal - medium-sized grape variety, with an early ripening period. High yield percentage. Berries are yellow-green in color with a white bloom. Frost resistance down to -30 ° C.
• Lada - vigorous grape variety with an average ripening period. High yield percentage. The berries are dark blue. Frost resistance down to -28 ° C.

The table shows the ripening time and purpose of winter-hardy grape varieties:

Winter hardy grape varieties	Ripening terms(in days)	Production
Olympic	150-159	Dessert wine.
Odiopolis	140-145	White blended wine and juices.
Allegro	141-150	Rose and red wine, vintage juice.
Sparkle	130-140	Table white wine and vintage juice.
Bianca	110-120	Semi-sweet, dessert white wine.
Johaniter	110-120	Semi-sweet, dessert white wine.
Worthy	120-130	Dry wine.
Outdoor furniture-131	110-115	Semi-sweet, dessert white wine.
Crystal	100-110	Dry table wine.
Lada	110-115	Red table wine.

Tip # 1. The following technical grape varieties with relative frost resistance should not be used for cultivation in regions with cold snowless winters - Abovyani, 40 years of October, Kukanovsky, Kabasie, Zenith.

According to the leading institutes of viticulture, the above-mentioned frost-resistant grape varieties have different resistance to the most common and dangerous diseases. In the table, we will consider the resistance of each grape variety to a specific type of disease. Explanation of symbols in the table: (B) - high stability; (C) - average resistance; (H) - low stability:

Variety	The most dangerous diseases of grapes
	anthracnose	white rot	mildew	oidium	gray rot	black spot
Olympic	WITH	WITH	WITH	H	H	IN
Odiopolis	H	WITH	IN	H	WITH	IN
Allegro	WITH	WITH	IN	IN	WITH	WITH
Sparkle	WITH	WITH	WITH	IN	WITH	IN
Bianca	IN	WITH	WITH	IN	WITH	IN
Johaniter	WITH	WITH	IN	IN	IN	WITH
Worthy	WITH	IN	H	IN	IN	WITH
TO -131	WITH	WITH	WITH	WITH	WITH	WITH
Crystal	WITH	IN	IN	IN	IN	WITH
Lada	WITH	IN	WITH	WITH	WITH	H

The most common grape diseases are mildew, oidium, black spot and anthracnose.

Technical grape varieties for the production of cognac

Cognac is included in the group of alcoholic beverages, the strength of which is at least 40%. This alcoholic drink is made from white table wine with a harmonious taste of Muscat. White table wines, in turn, are made from white and rosé varieties grown in areas with calcareous, stony or clay-calcareous soil. White table grape varieties for cognac are grown on well-moisturized soils, since dry soils prevent the formation of aromatic substances.

When choosing white and pink grape varieties, it is important to consider the ripening period of a particular variety. Overripe berries or berries that did not have time to collect the required amount of sugar are unsuitable for the production of cognac. The signs of ripeness of white and pink grape varieties are:

• Uniform color of berries: pink for pink varieties; yellow color of berries for white varieties;
• When the berries are crushed, the consistency of the pulp is soft and sticky;
• Seeds darken easily move away from the pulp;
• The skin on the berries is thin, easily separated from the pulp;
• The comb of the bunches becomes dark brown, becomes rough, lignified.

The above signs are subjective. The most accurate method for determining the ripeness of grapes is chemical analysis. The varieties of grapes suitable for the manufacture of cognac include varieties of medium early ripening, with high frost resistance. Read also the article: → "The best early and mid-season grape varieties for the Moscow region."

Consider the traditional grape varieties that are grown in our country:

• Aligote is the best variety for making white table wines. This variety ripens early, around the beginning of September. Resistant to a wide range of diseases, except for mildew diseases;
• Sylvaner is a high-yielding variety that ripens in the first half of September. The berries are light green with brown specks. Does not suffer from drought, frost-resistant, does not require shelter for the winter. Resistant to mildew and powdery mildew.
• Cleret is a medium-yielding variety with an average ripening period of 160 to 170 days (ripens in early October). Berries with a greenish-yellow tint, when fully ripe, the berries acquire a golden hue. The yield is average. High resistance to mildew and powdery mildew. It is not affected by leaf rollers and spider mites. High frost resistance to drought and moisture resistance.
• Swim is a vigorous variety. The yield is average. Ripens in 150-160 days. The berries are white with a greenish tinge. Frost resistance down to -23 ° C. Affected by mildew, moderately resistant to other diseases. Not affected by phylloxera and spider mites.
• Semillon is a medium-sized variety, medium-late ripening period from 130 to 150 days. Berries are golden yellow in color with a waxy bloom. Low frost resistance. It is affected by mildew, oidium and gray rot.
• Kunlean is a vigorous, medium late variety. Ripens in the second half of September. The berries are white. High resistance to diseases and pests. Frost resistance down to -26 ° C.
• Grushevsky white - vigorous, with a late ripening period. Ripens in 145-150 days. The berries are greenish-white. Frost-resistant variety down to -29 ° C. High resistance to diseases and pests. The only drawback is low heat resistance.

Tip # 2. It is not recommended to use isable grape varieties for the production of cognac. The pulp of isabella varieties is distinguished by a viscous and slimy structure. For the preparation of cognac, a must from a transparent and spreading pulp is used.

White grape varieties are left to ripen on the trellis until early October to fully ripen and accumulate the required amount of sugar

The best grape varieties for transportation and storage

Not all technical grades are suitable for long-term storage and long-distance transportation. There are several grape varieties suitable for storage between 20 ° C and 24 ° C and for long distance transportation.

• Samur is a vigorous variety, early ripening period - from 120 to 125 days. The berries are yellow with a greenish tinge.
• Terbash is a vigorous variety, medium late ripening period from 145 to 150 days. Berries are yellow-amber in color with a waxy coating.
• Hamburg Muscat is a medium-sized variety, ripens in 150 days. The berries are blue-violet, covered with a thick waxy bloom.
• Ag-raisins is a medium-sized variety, ripens in 148-150 days. The berries are yellow-green.
• Premier is a medium-sized variety, ripens in 150 days. The berries are white.
• Early Russian is a vigorous variety, ripens from 135 to 140 days. The berries are pink.

An early Russian variety, one of the most winter-hardy varieties

In the table, we will consider the resistance to diseases and winter low temperatures of the above grape varieties:

Grape varieties	Disease resistance	Frost resistance
Samur	Mildew, oidium, gray rot	down to -22 ° C
Terbash	White rot, anthracnose, black spot	down to -26 ° C
Muscat of Hamburg	—	down to -19 ° C
Ag-raisins	Mildew, oidium, gray rot, white rot, anthracnose, black spot.	down to -22 ° C
Premier	Mildew, oidium, gray rot	down to -25 ° C
Early Russian	Mildew, oidium, gray rot	down to -23 ° C

Serious mistakes when choosing technical grape varieties

1. Cultivars with low disease resistance are selected. These varieties are usually treated with chemicals that affect the quality of the crop.
2. For cultivation in cold regions, technical varieties with late ripening are chosen. Berries of such varieties do not have time to ripen and accumulate a sufficient amount of sugar in the berries. Read also the article: → "Description and comparison of new grape varieties for different regions."
3. They grow varieties that do not tolerate storage and transportation over long distances.

Frequently asked Questions

Question number 1. What varieties of technical grape varieties do not tolerate transportation and storage well?

Biruintsa table grape and Pineapple isabella table grape.

Question number 2. How to choose seedlings when buying technical grape varieties?

Seedlings of technical grape varieties are best purchased in special nurseries. To check the quality of the proposed seedling, you can ask the berries of the mother bush for chemical analysis.

Question number 3. How to store technical grape varieties before planting?

There are 2 ways - to wrap the seedlings in paper and store them in the refrigerator or in the cellar until planting. The seedlings can be stored in moist vermiculite on the bottom shelf of the refrigerator.

Question number 4. Received grape seedlings by mail, how to store such seedlings before planting?

Saplings must be soaked in snow water for about a day indoors. After that, pour sand into plastic bags and place the cuttings there. Store the packages with cuttings in the basement.

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Grapes are ideal raw materials for making homemade wine. However, not all varieties of this culture grow well in the middle lane and are suitable for processing.

Technical (wine) grapes are not as beautiful as table grapes. But on the other hand, it is less whimsical, and the berries are distinguished by a high sugar content (19-26%) and a high content of juice (75-88%), which makes them ideal raw materials for winemaking. Wine grapes are also used for the preparation of juices, compotes, soft drinks, etc.

Despite the fact that grapes are a thermophilic crop, good harvests of sweet berries can be harvested even in the middle lane. The main thing is to plant the "correct" varieties on the site, the berries of which will ripen by the end of September.

We offer 5 technical (for wine) grape varieties that are not afraid of cold winters and are excellent for growing in the middle lane.

Alpha is a high-yielding wine grape variety

This variety is very popular among winegrowers, because it is high-yielding, is not afraid of pests and is not susceptible to fungal diseases. In addition, it perfectly tolerates frosts down to –22-24 ° С.

The berries are round, medium-sized, black or red-purple in color, covered with a specific waxy bloom.

The flesh of the berries is fleshy, dark green, with a large number of seeds (4-6), the taste is sweet and sour, with a slight strawberry tint.

Appointment	Sugar content (%)	Bunch weight (g)	Berry weight (g)	Ripening period	Trimming (eyes)
technical	15-16	100-150	1,9-2,2	end of August	8-10

Kristall is an excellent grape for making dry wine

Super early grape variety. Very productive, has increased frost resistance (up to 29 ° C below zero). Not susceptible to diseases, including gray rot.

What culture fears is drafts. Therefore, it is better to plant it along a high fence or near the southern wall of the house.

The average weight of the bunches is 170-200 g. The berries themselves are also not very large, oval, yellow-green or white with a slight waxy coating.

The pulp is very juicy, acid and sweetness are harmoniously combined in it.

Crystal grapes are ideal for making dry table wines.

Appointment	Sugar content	Bunch weight (g)	Berry weight (g)	Ripening period	Trimming (eyes)
universal	17-18	170-200	1,5-2,1	second half of August - early September	4-6

Platovsky is the ideal grape variety for dessert wine

Differs in high productivity. Bunches of medium size, ripen very quickly (110-115 days after the beginning of the growing season). Not afraid of frost (29 ° C below zero), has an average resistance to diseases and pests.

Rounded white berries with a pinkish tinge are also not distinguished by their outstanding size, but they are very juicy and sweet, with a slight musky aftertaste.

The most delicious table and dessert wines are produced from Platov grapes.

Appointment	Sugar content (%)	Bunch weight (g)	Berry weight (g)	Ripening period	Trimming (eyes)
technical	20,2	200	2	beginning of September	3-4

Odessa Muscat is one of the most sugary grape varieties

Variety of early middle ripening period (the crop can be harvested 130-140 days after the beginning of the growing season). Disease resistant, tolerates severe frosts well. The yield is average.

The bunches are small. Berries of medium size, yellow-green amber color, with a thin firm skin.

The juicy pulp has a rich nutmeg aroma. That is why Odessa Muscat is ideal for making white table, dessert wines.

Appointment	Sugar content (%)	Bunch weight (g)	Berry weight (g)	Ripening period	Trimming (eyes)
technical	18,6-22,0	130-190	1,8-2	September	3-4

Augusta is an early ripening and fruitful grape variety for wine

The variety attracts winegrowers with its high yield, resistance to frost and disease, as well as early maturity (ripe bunches can be removed already in late August - early September).

The clusters are small and loose. The berries are small, rounded, dark blue in color, sweet and sour in taste, with a slight musky aroma. Delicious table and dessert wines are obtained from this grape variety.

Appointment	Sugar content (%)	Bunch weight (g)	Berry weight (g)	Ripening period	Trimming (eyes)
technical	23	120	1,3	End of August - beginning of September	3-4

There are many other grape varieties that grow well in the middle lane and are used as raw materials for making aromatic homemade wine. Having decided to plant one of them on your site, be sure to clarify the data on the timing of its maturation and resistance to major diseases.

Good harvests of grapes and aromatic homemade wine!

Technical grape varieties and their characteristics

Technical varieties of grapes, in comparison with table varieties, have a fairly large percentage of juice in fruits. Technical grapes are not picky about growing conditions and care. Usually it is grown in spacious areas, mechanized for the purpose of winemaking.

Since grapes of technical varieties are intended for processing, its main distinguishing feature is the juice content

White Muscat grapes

Wine has an identical name. The grape variety White Muscat is used for the preparation of juices, dessert and table wines. Berry flavor with a nutmeg flavor. Their pulp is juicy with seeds.

Leaves with pronounced serration with light green veins. Their edges are lighter. The yield can be 60-100 centners per hectare. Bunches are medium in size, cylindrical in shape. One brush weighing from 100 to 450 grams, with a length of 13-17 cm.

The grapes ripen in 140 days and are classified as medium-late.

Its advantages are as follows:

• high capacity of sugar in berries;
• subtle aroma that gives off nutmeg odors;
• excellent raw material for the preparation of different types of wines;
• suitable for fresh consumption.

White Muscat also has its drawbacks:

• low resistance to disease;
• insufficient frost resistance;
• predisposition to peas.

White Muscat achieves the best quality on the southern coast of Crimea on moderately dry, slate, well-warmed slopes

Carefully choose a place for planting White Muscat. The terrain must be protected from cold winds, the land must be sufficiently moist with the ability to accumulate snow.

In autumn, plant seedlings in late September or early October. The seedlings should have a good root system and a mature vine. In the spring, plant only after the ground has warmed up to +12 degrees. This is usually the end of April.

To get high fruiting, pollination is additionally carried out. It is better to use rootstock pollen. So that the bushes are not thickened, they break off excess young shoots and control the growth of grafted vines, preventing them from moving to their root system. For this, they make catarovka.

Aligote grapes

Aligote grapes have a common taste, but this does not make it any less valuable technical variety for winemakers.The distinctive external characteristics of the variety are dark green leaves with slightly curved edges. The petioles and processes are wine-red in color. Fruiting from 90 to 140 centners per hectare. The length of the brush is 15 cm, the width is 10 cm, and the weight reaches 105 grams.

Due to its good flavor ratio, Aligote is ideal for making table wine, juices, champagne

Ripe berries of yellow-green color interspersed with brown. Ripening of fruits occurs after 130 days - this is an early-middle period. The harvest ripens in late August and early September. Aligote grapes contain up to 78% juice.

The disadvantages include:

• possible disease with gray rot, mildew;
• medium resistance to frost;
• transportable properties are low.

A good place to plant is near the forest belt. Where snow lingers, where moisture is better retained. In such places, bud opening is delayed. Light soils with good water permeability are good for this grape. In foothill areas, they are used for planting in the ground with an admixture of rocky debris.

Agliote can be planted in the fall before frost or in the spring when the soil warms up. The shredding is best done in early spring before the buds have blossomed, because the grapes in question open their buds earlier than other species.

Isabella grape

This is a very famous grape variety, one of the favorites of home winemakers. The shape of Isabella's bunches is cylindrical, not thick. The color of the berries is dark blue with a well-visible waxy bloom.

The peel of the berries is dense with a strawberry flavor. 70 centners of fruits are harvested from one hectare. On average, the weight of a bunch is 130-150 grams. The bunches ripen in 150-180 days.

Isabella's bushes grow strongly and require support.

In addition to the ability to endure all the hardships of winter, such grapes have a high immunity to dangerous fungal diseases

This type of grape rightfully occupies a leading position among technical types for a long time. It has the following advantages:

• unpretentiousness in the choice of land;
• good frost resistance (it is allowed not to cover for the winter);
• disease resistance;
• has a large number of nutrients for the human body.

In some countries, Isabella is forbidden to grow as a raw material for cooking, as they have revealed a large percentage of the capacity of methanol. But this opinion is controversial. There is a judgment that this is a special trick of the competitors. No matter what they say, grapes have a good market sales. Many people prefer wine only from this grape variety.

Isabella reacts negatively to an excess of limestone, therefore it is recommended to plant it in lands with a low content of this substance. For Isabella, too much moisture is better than drought.

With a lack of water, leaves fall and the percentage of fruitfulness decreases. But also in the lowlands, where constant moisture should not be planted grapes. Isabella does not feel well in places with insufficient ventilation (near fences).

Planting time is the same with other species.

Important:

1. Systematically loosen the soil near the bush.
2. Apply mineral fertilizing three times per season.
3. Apply organic fertilizing once every two years.
4. Mulch the ground with peat and sawdust for the winter.
5. To systematically carry out the procedure for pruning the vine, so the variety is very vigorous and thickens.

Chardonnay grapes

A distinctive characteristic of Chardonnay grapes are medium-sized leaves with embossed wrinkles. Ripe berries are small (16 mm in diameter), have a white-green color and thin skin. With a pleasant taste, juicy pulp.

Chardonnay gives an average yield of 50-70 centners per hectare. The weight of one bunch is no more than 90 grams, about 13 cm long and up to 10 cm wide. Fruits ripen 140 days from the moment the buds bloom.

The variety has excellent taste.

Chardonnay is an internationally renowned technical grape that has given its name to many of the wines produced from it.

But Chardonnay has its drawbacks:

• prone to defeat mildew and oidium;
• if the summer is rainy, there is a chance of rotting;
• no high resistance to frost;
• kidneys develop early, may freeze.

The described variety prefers lime-clay soil. When disembarking, it is advisable to choose an elevated area or western slopes.

It is recommended to plant in early spring, after the last frost or in the middle of autumn, before frost appears. It is important not to allow the vines to thicken and not to overload the shoots. Leave 10 to 12 eyes during trimming.

It is important to model the bush so that there are four fruit links available. Growing uncovered grapes, they make stems from 120 cm in height.

Cabernet Sauvignon grapes

Many types of red wines are associated with this name. Winemakers rate Cabaret Sauvignon as one of the best technical varieties. A distinctive feature is the leaves of a dark green with five lobes and pronounced dissections and triangular teeth.

The variety appeared in the process of natural crossing of grape varieties such as "Cabernet Franc" and "Sauvignon Blanc"

The berries are round, dark blue in color with a prominent waxy sheen. Their skin is dense, the taste of the pulp resembles currant, which creates a distinctive astringency of the wine. Productivity from 60 to 90 centners per hectare.

The bunch has an average weight of 70 grams, with a length of 12-15 cm and a width of up to eight cm. The wine variety ripens in 165 days. This grape variety is endowed with high resistance to gray rot, mildew. Cabernet Sauvignon has excellent taste.

But sometimes there is a shedding of the ovary and the smallness of the berries.

The variety is moderately frost-proof. It is good to grow it in warm or temperate climates.... The palatability of the fruit improves under these conditions.

These grapes develop very well on sloping terrain. But the Cabernet Sauvignon bush is not picky about the ground. The time for disembarkation is the same with other species: early spring, mid-autumn.

By pruning one-year-old shoots, the fruiting of the lower eyes is improved.

When growing grapes for vintage wines, they shorten the length of the fruit-bearing arrows and reduce the stress on the bush. It is better to form high-stemmed bushes with a slightly hanging young growth. To do this, the width between the rows is left 3-4 meters, and one-year processes are cut off by 5-6 eyes.

Wine grape varieties: a description of popular cultivars

Technical (wine) varieties can be local or introduced. Each region has its own varieties, from which popular vintage wines are prepared. For example, on the Don - Tsimlyansk grapes, in Georgia - Rkatsiteli, in the Crimea - Kefesia. Many "pristine" varieties of wine grapes have a specific recognizable flavor and aroma.

Berries in wine grapes can be white, black, pink, red. When breeding technical cultivars, breeders are guided by other tasks than when breeding canteens. For technical grapes, beauty is not important, the main thing is a high content of juice, a thick skin and an active accumulation of sugars, which are converted into ethyl alcohol in wine.

The cultivation of wine and table grapes is also different. When you are in an industrial vineyard, you can easily tell if wine or table varieties are grown there.

Technical ones are fixed on vertical trellises, dining rooms - on horizontal ones.

The horizontal arrangement of the trellis allows the tassels not to touch each other, as a result, each bunch is evenly illuminated by the sun and the berries acquire a high quality.

Not only wine is made from technical varieties, but also juice, compote, marinades and cognacs. Wine berries can be used to make dried fruits, eaten raw.The best wine grapes contain 20 percent or more of sugar and a large amount of pigments that give the wine color and flavor.

Popular wine grape varieties

a feature of industrial cultivars is a high content of juice (up to 85% of the weight of berries) and a low ratio of the weight of berries to the ridge.

For a technical cultivar, the appearance, size and beauty of the bunch and berries do not matter, but the fur and chemical composition come to the fore.

The composition of the berries can be influenced by changing the cultivation conditions, which is why the same variety grown in different areas gives juice of different quality.

Chardonnay

This is a white grape variety with bunches weighing 100 g and a high level of berry pigmentation. Homeland - France, but now Chardonnay is grown in Italy, Moldova, Georgia, Australia and the United States.

Chardonnay is a versatile variety that can be used to make many types of wines. Depending on the climate and soil characteristics, wine berries can acquire an apple, lemon, peach or oak aroma. The cultivar is commercially successful, grown in almost all regions associated with winemaking, including Russia.

The main feature of the variety is poorly dissected, large-wrinkled leaves and rounded greenish-white berries with a fragile skin. The berries ripen in 140 days from the beginning of sap flow. At the latitude of Odessa, this happens at the end of September.

The variety is affected by fungal diseases, "does not like" rainy weather. Due to early budding, it can be damaged by spring chills. The berries contain 74% juice, sugar content up to 22 g per liter. Chardonnay is used to improve champagne and produce high quality dry wines.

Isabel

The most common wine red variety. Because of its cold resistance, it is grown as a non-covering. The berries are used to make wine, and the plants are suitable for arbor culture.

American variety with high productivity. Due to the specific "fox" taste, wine from Isabella is not very high quality, but has high nutritional and medicinal properties.

In the description of the Isabella grape variety, it is noted that it contains many mineral salts, including potassium, which are useful for cardiovascular diseases.

In industrial winemaking, Isabella is used to enrich the taste of red and rosé wines.

The berries ripen late. The color is dark purple to black, the skin peels off easily. The vines are unpretentious, resistant to fungal diseases and phylloxera.

Lydia

Traditional variety for wine production. This cultivar can hardly be called the best for winemaking, since it has a small yield of juice and too much mucus in the pulp, but along with Isabella Lydia is one of the most popular varieties. Sometimes he is called "Pink Isabella".

The cultivar is widespread in southern Russia, Ukraine and Moldova. It gives high stable yields and can be used as an ornamental plant for decorating gazebos. Belongs to the group of "isabel" cultivars, has a specific taste.

Unlike Isabella, Lydia's berries are not dark, but light pinkish with a purple tint. The variety is used mostly for wine production. It has a size typical for wine varieties (berries do not exceed one and a half centimeters in diameter), a pronounced taste and a peculiar smell that interrupts all other aromas in blended wines.

The variety is extremely unpretentious, high-yielding and resistant to diseases that are the scourge of grapes. One of his parents is an American grape, from which Lydia inherited resistance to phylloxera and fungal pathogens.

Contains a lot of sugar - about 19%, flavonoids, polyphenols and potassium mineral salts. Grape juice from Lydia is useful for patients recovering from surgery and heart disease, but it is harmful for diabetes mellitus and people with problems in the gastrointestinal tract.

friendship

One of the most delicious wine varieties, but, unfortunately, can only be grown in a cover culture.Belongs to the group of superearly, ripens earlier than Shastla Severnaya. Bred in Novocherkassk, in Rostov-on-Don, ripens in the last decade of August.

The mass of the brush is up to 300 g, the fruits are white, spherical, large. On the palate, a nutmeg shade is clearly traced. By September, this variety has accumulated up to 21% of sugar. Another pleasant feature of the variety, in addition to its excellent sugar content, is its resistance to fungal diseases.

Despite the high frost resistance of the variety (up to -23), even on the Don it has to be covered. Friendship is used for fresh consumption and for the preparation of quality drinks with a nutmeg flavor.

Crystal

A high-yielding wine variety with a very early ripening period of 110-115 days. The cultivar was bred in Hungary, suitable for cultivation in the south of Russia, Ukraine, Moldova and Georgia. In a covering culture, it can be grown in the middle lane, withstands a drop in temperature to -20. Sugar accumulates at least 18%.

The berries are white, spherical, the mass of the bunch is up to 200 g. It is almost not damaged by gray rot, but it is unstable to mildew and oidium. The crystal needs good lighting. With a lack of light, for example, when the bush thickens, the berries crumble and the yield drops. The variety is suitable for making sherry.

Crystal can rightfully be called a problem-free variety. It is recommended for planting in hobby and industrial gardens. Disease-resistant and winter-hardy, Crystal is able to please not only with wine, but also with delicious berries. Lightly tanned white fruits are covered with a slight waxy coating, which makes them especially appetizing in appearance.

Experts say that the berries of the Crystal are juicy and tender, as if they have no pulp at all. The variety is so sweet that fingers stick together when harvesting. It propagates well by cuttings without the use of root stimulants.

Wine grape varieties of Ukraine

In Ukraine, all the varieties listed above are massively grown - Isabella, Crystal, Lydia. In addition, the country's climate allows many excellent technical cultivars to be grown.

• Aligote - one of the best varieties for white table wine. In Ukraine, it is mainly grown in the Odessa, Nikolaev and Kherson regions. Aligote has small, round, slightly flattened berries with many brown specks on a thin peel due to the tightness in the brush. Ripens in September. The accumulation of sugars is more than 18%. Fine wine and fantastic grape juice are made from Aligote.
• Bastardo Magarachsky Is a quality technical variety with dark blue round berries and thick skin. Remaining on the bush, by October it accumulates up to 30% of sugar. Suitable for making dessert wines.
• Cabernet Sauvignon - one of the world's best varieties for making red wine. In Ukraine, it is grown in Odessa, Nikolaev and Kherson. The berries are small, round, almost black with a thick waxy coating. The juice from the berries is colorless. The variety is easily recognizable by its lacy "punched" leaves and the nightshade taste of berries. Cabernet is a late variety; in Ukraine it ripens not earlier than mid-October.
• Kopchak - very tasty grapes that can be used as table grapes. Widely distributed in the south of Ukraine and Moldova. In Moldova, it is sometimes called Golden Muscat. Suitable for the preparation of high-quality red wines, sugar content reaches 20%.
• White Muscat - average in terms of ripening, by the time of harvesting in early October it manages to accumulate sugar up to 27%. They are used for making dessert wine, but can also be used as table wine. Needs additional pollination.
• Muscat pink - an analogue of white nutmeg, differing in the color of the berries: dark pink, almost black.

Wine grapes of the Moscow region

Growing grapes in Russia is more difficult than in Ukraine and Crimea, but the complexity does not stop the gardeners of the Moscow region, because the more difficult it is, the more interesting it is.Moreover, the climate of the middle zone allows the cultivation of many excellent technical varieties.

Wine grape varieties for the middle lane:

• Crystal - see description above;
• Prim (Palatine) - Hungarian white variety for universal use, sugar content 18-19%, frost resistance -24;
• Platovsky - Novocherkassk white-fruited cultivar for technical purposes, very early;
• Golden nutmeg - a white-fruited variety from the USA for universal use;
• August - red grapes, bred in Novocherkassk, dates uncolored juice with a sugar content of 23%;
• Dobrynya Is another red grape from Novocherkassk that grows well in the Moscow region. It differs from other technical varieties in very large berries (up to 15 g), bunch weight up to 800 g.

White varieties of technical grapes in the north grow better than red ones and gain the sugar content necessary for making white wine 17-19%. Red wine is more valuable than white wine, but grapes for its production must collect at least 20% sugar, which is difficult to achieve in cold climates.

The characteristics of the variety always indicate the required sum of active temperatures required for successful ripening and accumulation of the required amount of sugar. When choosing a variety, one should take into account that in the Moscow region in recent years, the sum of active temperatures was in the range of 2.000 - 2.400.

Wine grapes of Crimea

Vineyards in Crimea occupy large areas. About 30 cultivars for technical purposes are grown on the territory of the peninsula. Most Popular:

• Gars Levelu and Furmint - Hungarian varieties used for the production of dessert Tokaj wines;
• Muscadelle - goes to the production of white dessert wine;
• Pinot - the name of the variety is translated as "cone", since its clusters have a cone-like shape, the berries are used to make vintage sweet dessert drinks;
• Albillo - Crimean white grapes, which improve the taste of port;
• Cabernet Sauvignon;
• Riesling - German variety with white berries, suitable for making light table wines. The best Rieslings in Crimea are grown on the state farm "Zolotaya Balka".

In addition, wines in Crimea are made from dessert varieties (most of all from White Muscat). The best Muscat wine is obtained from grapes grown in the Livadia, Massandra and Gurzuf microdistricts.

Wine grapes in Belarus

In Belarus, the following varieties of technical purpose grow well and gain varietal and taste characteristics:

• Crystal;
• Isabel, which in Belarus is called "Brest blue";
• Platovsky;
• Citron Magaracha - bred in Crimea, sugar content 25-27%, the famous Muscatel White wine is made from this variety.

Unfortunately, despite the possibility of growing its own varieties, the Belarusian industry operates mainly on imported Italian raw materials, since its own industrial viticulture is not developed in the republic.

Wine grapes in Siberia

In the harsh climate of Siberia, even Isabella, not to mention high-quality and delicate varieties, needs to be removed from the trellis and covered for the winter. Despite these difficulties, Siberian gardeners successfully grow technical cultivars bred on the basis of the winter-hardy Amur grapes that can withstand frosts up to 40 degrees.

The cultivars of Sharov's selection, obtained by crossing table varieties with selected forms of Amur grapes, are reliable and easy to care for. These are two dozen varieties wintering under the snow without shelter:

• Amethyst,
• Amursky 1,
• Amursky 2,
• Very early white,
• Pinocchio and others.

Wine grapes of Georgia

In Georgia they say: "If you are sad after drinking, then you are not Georgian." Wine grapes are of enormous importance in Georgia. Many indigenous varieties are grown in the country, from which world-class wines are made. You will not find such varieties in Europe, and only in the Russian south, some companies in Krasnodar grow Saperavi.

So, here they are - the famous grape varieties of sunny Georgia:

• Saperavi - this variety is used to make red wines Saperavi and Kindzmarauli, a variety with an opaque beetroot-burgundy juice;
• Rkatsiteli - in the USSR, it was cultivated throughout the entire Black Sea basin, white grapes used to make the Kakhetian "Rkatsiteli", "Tibaani" and "Gareji";
• Mtsvane - green berries up to full ripeness, one of the most valuable technical white varieties.

Now that you know the main grape varieties suitable for making wine, you will be able to accurately select the vines suitable for your site.

Source

Everything about grapes - wine, technical, dining, super-early, early varieties + video

It is difficult to overestimate the importance of grapes in the life of a modern person and all of humanity.

He became one of the first agricultural crops, wine and vinegar from ancient times played a significant role in the development of trade and navigation. Many historical facts and events are associated with grapes.

It is impossible to tell everything about grapes, but the mere fact that a whole science is engaged in plant and its cultivation - ampelography, deserves attention and respect.

According to the works of N.I. Vavilov, the Asian region and the Middle East became the birthplace of this culture and the center of the development of viticulture. It is here that the largest number of still poorly studied wild-growing species of grapes still grows. Here, in Georgia, evidence of the existence of winemaking was found dating back to the VI millennium BC.

Since then, the zone of distribution of the heat-loving culture has expanded significantly. And today the vine cannot be found except on the Antarctic continent.

In total, more than 10 million hectares are allocated for wine and table grapes in the world.

With the development of breeding and industrial technologies, grape varieties are becoming increasingly important not only for winemaking, but also for fresh use, for the production of juices and raisins.

Classification of grapes: types and origin

In total, in the genus Vitis, according to the existing classification, there are more than seven dozen species, distributed in three groups:

• European-Asian;
• East Asian;
• North American.

The European-Asian group is, in fact, a species of Vitis vinifera, the cultivated subspecies of which gave the largest number of technical and table grape varieties that exist today. They, according to the classification of A.M. Negrul, are divided into three geographical groups:

• orientalis - oriental;
• occidentalis - Western European;
• pontica - originating from the Black Sea coast.

Of the 28 species that make up the American group, three are well known and cultivated. At the same time, Vitis labrusca is not only the ancestor of most American varieties, but also a species whose descendants, due to their unpretentiousness and productivity, are the most widespread in the world.

Berries of this type are easily recognizable by their peculiar taste, which is often called "fox" or strawberry.

An example of the most common natural hybrid of the European and American type is the technical grape variety Isabella, whose history goes back almost two centuries.

The largest East Asian group of grapes includes 44 species, of which only one has been studied and used in viticulture. This is Vitis amurensis - Amur grape.

Today, in professional and amateur farms, bushes are grown, giving round and elongated berries of all shades from almost black and purple to amber yellow and greenish.

Moreover, white grapes are also the result of selection work, but carried out by nature itself. All wild-growing species of grapes produce dark berries, but as a result of a spontaneous mutation, which has successfully established itself, some of the plants have lost the ability to produce anthocyanin coloring fruits. This is how white grape varieties appeared.

However, grapes are not only a plant that produces juicy berries, but also a spectacular decorative liana.

Therefore, certain species, for example, Amur and maiden grapes, as well as Isabella are actively used in landscape design and gardening. There are even indoor grapes.

This is a distant relative of the cultural representatives of the genus Vitis - cissis, in the shape of the leaves and the appearance of the bush, resembling their fruit-bearing counterparts.

Modern grape varieties and selection of new varieties

If we talk about the existing grape varieties, whose berries have long and firmly entered human life, then there are more than 20 thousand of them in the world, and the overwhelming majority are hybrids, in the genotype of which there are European cultivated grapes, American Labrusca and Amur species.

Each of this species has its own advantages and disadvantages, therefore, breeders are actively working to highlight the best features and obtain new table and technical grape varieties:

• with high winter hardiness;
• with a large, sweet or seedless berry;
• with earlier ripening periods;
• with abundant regular harvests;
• with good resistance to diseases and pests.

Back in the middle of the last century, Michurin was able to obtain stable hybrids of winter-hardy Amur grapes and unpretentious American varieties, many of the early varieties of grapes used and still used, which made it possible to significantly expand the boundaries of viticulture in the Soviet Union.

More than half of the regions where grapes are grown in Russia are classified as zones with a sharply continental climate.

This means that the vine must withstand:

• harsh winters;
• frosts, inevitable in spring and autumn;
• lack of moisture in the spring and summer months;
• early rainy season, during ripening or harvesting.

On the basis of the varieties obtained in the Soviet years, such frost-resistant grape varieties as Codryanka, Vostorg, Original, which themselves have already become "parents" for several generations of fruitful hybrids, have been bred.

Ripening terms of grapes

The most important problem is considered to be the problem of obtaining grape varieties for wine and dessert purposes, with a short growing season.

There is an opinion that the ability of a plant to quickly form a crop depends on many factors, the main of which is genetic predisposition. However, in different climatic and weather conditions, grapes of the same variety can yield a harvest with a time difference of 1–2 weeks.

In addition, there are significant differences in phenotype between varieties of northern and southern origin.

For example, an early grape variety of northern origin not only gives a sweet berry in a short time, but also has time to prepare for winter. During the growing season, its vine ripens.

Southern varieties with the same ripening periods often cannot boast of such a property, their vine ripens after harvesting the bunches. And in ripe berries, unformed seeds are often visible.

The period from the moment when the buds burst until the onset of ripeness of berries in varieties of different maturity is:

• very early ripening 105-115 days;
• early ripening 115–125 days;
• medium ripening 125–130 days;
• medium late ripening 130–140 days;
• late ripening 140-145 days;
• very late ripening more than 145 days.

True, there are already very early grape varieties that, under favorable growing conditions, are ready to please with a harvest in 90–95 or even 85 days.

Frost resistance of grapes

But even when growing varieties with short growing periods, it is impossible to get any significant harvest if the plants do not possess the required winter hardiness and are not able to survive during seasonal frosts and winter cold weather. Frost-resistant grape varieties are indispensable in Russian conditions with a continental climate, where, along with hot summers and in the southern regions, winters are rather harsh.

According to the accepted classification, varieties are divided into four groups:

• weakly resistant, wintering at temperatures from –15 to –17 ° C;
• moderately resistant, withstanding cold from –18 to –22 ° C;
• with increased resistance, surviving in frosts from –23 to –27 ° C;
• very frost resistant, withstanding temperatures from –28 to –35 ° C.

Interestingly, the ability of grapes to withstand cold can change over the course of the year.

During the period of intensive growth, a sudden cold snap to –3 ° C can completely destroy the bushes of even frost-resistant grape varieties, which practically lose this property in the summer.

The shoots at this time are watered with juices, lignification is insignificant, and the plant does not have protective substances and reserves. By autumn, winter hardiness grows and reaches a maximum by January. At the same time, perennial wood is more protected than annual shoots.

And the place where the scion and rootstock grow together is the most sensitive.

When growing non-covering grape varieties, it must be borne in mind that the buds on the bush also have a different degree of protection from the cold:

• Dormant kidneys are safer.
• In second place are the replacement, lateral kidneys.
• The central buds most often suffer from frost and winter chill.

Frost resistance of grape varieties depends not only on meteorological conditions, but also on the location of the vine in a particular area, its age, the degree of readiness for winter, damage by diseases and pests.

Table grape varieties

The most active selection work goes towards obtaining new varieties, the berries of which are used fresh. It is table grape varieties that today hold the first place in popularity among both amateur gardeners and professional winegrowers.

From the total mass of table grapes, it is easy to distinguish according to a number of characteristics:

• the size and attractive shape of large brushes;
• beautiful color, shape and size of berries;
• pronounced aroma and taste of ripe fruits.

When breeding such varieties, much attention is paid to reducing the acidity of berries, yields and obtaining large fruits and filled brushes. A number of agrotechnical measures are also aimed at this, which are not carried out on grape varieties for wine purposes. Among these techniques:

• artificial pollination;
• rationing of brushes and inflorescences;
• thinning berries on bunches;
• removing shading brush leaves.

The yield and quality of the berries of table grape varieties also depend on the climate, relief and soil on which the vine grows.

If earlier the harvest of table grape varieties was practically not stored, today there are varieties, both for local consumption and withstanding transportation and very long storage.

Seedless grape varieties

The growing popularity of winegrowers is enjoyed by seedless grape varieties, the berries of which are either completely devoid of seeds, or have only their rudiments.

Such berries are in demand not only fresh, juices are made from grapes, seedless raisins are especially appreciated.

The lack of seeds is a serious factor in attracting consumers, therefore, until recently, a small group is rapidly expanding, replenishing with hybrids and varieties of pink, black and white grapes of different ripening periods and purposes.

It is generally accepted that seedless grapes are represented by two types:

• raisins belonging to the eastern group of grapes;
• korinka belonging to the group of the Black Sea basin.

It is Kishmish that is considered one of the most massive varieties in the world. But if on store shelves grapes with rather small, but extremely sweet berries are still more often found, today breeders are already offering boneless early grape varieties with large fruits of black, white and pink.

Technical grape varieties

Since grapes of technical varieties are intended for processing, its main distinguishing feature is the juice content.

The amount of juice obtained from the berries of technical or wine grape varieties can reach 75–85%.The second important indicator is the ratio of the mass of the comb and the weight of the berries on the brush.

The denser the brush and less weight on the comb, the more valuable the raw material.

At the same time, the appearance of the bunch, the harmony of color and the size of the fruit are not so important. Much more attention is paid to the mechanical and chemical composition of berries, sugar content and acidity, on which the type and quality of the resulting product will depend.

Getting a decent harvest on technical grapes depends not only on the genetic and biological characteristics of the plant, but also on the growing conditions.

It is not without reason that there are vineyards that have been around for several centuries and are famous for their excellent wine.

Connoisseurs are well aware that the quality of wine and its bouquet, in addition to the geographical and climatic aspect, is influenced by the specific location of the vine.

For example, the color saturation of the berries of wine grape varieties directly depends on the illumination, the direction of the rows and the geometry of the slope on which the bushes grow.

Thanks to the unique characteristics of individual varieties, for example, the flavor shade, like Cabernet, or the aroma, like existing varieties and hybrids of Muscat, winemakers manage to get interesting, unlike other wines and drinks.

If table grape varieties are usually not tied to any particular locality, then for technical varieties, the division into indigenous and introduced is relevant. Moreover, local varieties of technical grapes are highly valued and are raw materials for the manufacture of sometimes unique brands of wines, whose production in another area is simply impossible.

about promising grape varieties

Grape varieties for wine - wine varieties in cold climates +

Foreword

Many people believe that all grape varieties for wine production grow exclusively in the south, but even in Altai today, many owners grow strong healthy vines with large clusters of juicy berries.

Harvests from most fruit crops are intended for direct consumption, whether raw or after heat treatment.

But there are also individual plants that are bred for industrial processing, that is, in fact, raw materials. For winemaking, for example, special technical grape varieties are used.

Let's see what is their difference from canteens, especially since both of them can be eaten.

On the table, we are used to seeing large brushes with large juicy berries. As for the latter, preference is given to the most fleshy, thin-skinned, preferably pitted.

On the palate, the berry can be both tart and sour, but always sweet, since fruits are usually served for dessert. sugar in these grapes is usually in the range of 13-17%.

The table variety is the more appreciated, the more fruits on the clusters, the larger the berries themselves. It is logical that grapes require a lot of sun for full ripening and accumulation of juice.

Quite different requirements for technical varieties, which, by the way, can also be eaten. Their main and main difference is the size of berries and brushes, which are much smaller than those of table varieties.

When breeding such grapes, special attention is paid to juiciness and taste, as well as the amount of sugar, which should be in the range of 18-20% or more. The berries should contain a lot of coloring, as well as extractives that affect the color saturation of the wine, as well as the bouquet of taste and smells.

It is these substances that make some varieties unsuitable for human consumption, since they give the berries an unpleasant aftertaste.

Grape varieties for private wine making

In fact, wine can be made from any fruit and berry, as long as the sugar content is high enough. However, the taste of wine largely depends on the mineral and vitamin composition of the fruit pulp.

If we take grapes as an example, it becomes clear that some varieties can give home wine only an exceptional sweetness, there may be some astringency, but not a rich bouquet of flavors.

That is why many owners try to grow not only dining rooms, but also grape varieties for winemaking.

It should be remembered that industrial crops require the same amount of space as conventional fruit crops, but their yield can be quite low.

When growing table varieties, it is productivity that is most appreciated, that is, the number of bunches from each bush, while wine varieties should have a high sugar content of berries, and not the yield of the vine..

In areas close to the north, where the sum of active temperatures rarely exceeds 2000–2200 (in particular, in the conditions of the Moscow region), only early ripening frost-resistant varieties ripen.

But even from grapes bred specifically for the north, the berries would not have gained sugar with a large number of clusters on one bush. With low solar activity, the metabolism in the vine is somewhat slowed down, due to which the distribution of trace elements in the hands may be insufficient.

Realizing this, experienced gardeners carry out pruning twice a season, which is called normalization. The first is carried out when the berries reach the size of a pea, at this time up to 50% of the brushes should be removed. The second pruning is performed at the end of July, leaving only 1-2 brushes on each shoot, depending on the size of the vine.

If this is not done, the quality of the grapes will be poor.

The best early wine grape varieties for the Moscow region

In regions where the frost-free period lasts from 130 to 150 days, the vine should yield no later than 110-115 days from the moment the eyes open..

Few varieties have such early maturity, and most of them are among those that grow in the south, but they cannot be grown in the north, they will not take root.

For many years now, work has been going on to ensure that vineyards appear in the Moscow region and in cold latitudes, from the harvests of which the best wines could be made.

Today, white grape varieties are considered the most adapted to the conditions of the north, such as Elegy, Golden Muscat, Hungarian Crystal and Prim, Odessa Muscat, Pineapple, Magaracha's Gift.

But red wine is healthier, and therefore dark frost-resistant cultures appeared: Yubileiny, Livadia black, Fortuna, Germanic Rondo, Rubin Golodrigi and December.

The latter variety is universal and can be used directly for food, as well as for obtaining fresh juices, due to the fact that it has large fleshy berries.

Each of these grapes is able to withstand fairly low temperatures and even short-term severe frosts. In particular, the Gift of Magarach perfectly tolerates the cold when the thermometer shows -33, even if the cold lingers.

But Elegy and Yubileiny, with prolonged frosts, can lose significant amounts of buds, of which no more than 10% sometimes remain frozen.

Most other frost-resistant varieties, without careful covering, lose all buds if the low temperatures are delayed for a couple of weeks.

In the conditions of the Moscow region, among others, uncovered grape varieties are grown, that is, those that tolerate even significant cold snaps quite easily, and, remarkably, are practically not susceptible to diseases.

These include Sukribe, Saperavi North, as well as the Amur breakthrough. The latter, along with such varieties as Triumph, Malinovsky and Amethystovy, belongs to the Amur hybrids, bred by domestic breeders for the conditions of the north.

These crops are able to withstand frosts down to -32 (Marinovsky) and up to -40 (Triumph).

How to grow grapes for wine?

If you have such a spacious plot that, in addition to an orchard and vegetable garden, there is a place for a vineyard, try to leave the southern side of the plot free. It is there that the vine will receive the most solar heat for active metabolism.

As a last resort, you can set aside a strip of land under the southern wall of a residential or outbuilding. In no case do we plant bushes from west to east, then only one side of the vine will be constantly in the shade. The rows of the vineyard should stretch strictly from south to north.

Under the seedlings, we dig a 60x60x60 hole or a trench with the same depth and width, depending on whether you have one or several bush. At the bottom we place a small layer of brick battle (about 20 centimeters).

When filling the hole, be sure to add manure and compost to the soil, you can have a little peat, and be sure to sand and fine gravel in small quantities.

At the corners of the pit or along the trench on both sides with a step of 60 centimeters, we bury half-meter plastic pipes so that 5 centimeters rise above the ground. Through them we will water and feed the vines.

It is preferable to plant grapes with a closed root system in early spring after frosts, if with an open one, then planting can be carried out from spring to autumn.

In order for the vineyard to be fully provided with sunlight, it is not recommended to plant densely bushes. The minimum distance between plants is 2 meters, as for the space between the rows, its width should be at least 3 meters.

30 centimeters west of each row we dig in trellises, from which the growing vine should be easily removed for shelter for the winter.

In order for the vineyard to endure the cold with minimal losses, metal arcs are installed over the shoots laid along the rows, onto which a vapor-permeable covering material is stretched.

It is necessary to insulate grapes in the Moscow region gradually, until nothing portends frost, it is better to leave the ends of the greenhouse open. After closing the shelter, you can throw more snow on top.

At the end of March, when the snow melts and the ground begins to warm up, we gradually begin to open the bushes. In the afternoon, when the weather is sunny, we remove the covering material, but even before sunset we pull it on again so that at night the plants are protected from possible spring frosts.

We return the shoots to the trellises when it becomes completely warm, and no cold snaps are expected.

• Mikhail Malofeev

Grapes are a long-known and beloved fruit crop. Due to the large selection and variety of varieties, it is used fresh as a source of vitamins and a delicacy, as well as a raw material for making wines of exquisite taste and natural juices. It is not difficult to prepare a unique homemade wine from your own sun-grown berries. You just need to choose the right technical variety and grow grapes.

Features of technical grape varieties

Currently, more than twenty thousand table and technical varieties of grapes have been bred.

The characteristic features of table grapes are as follows:

1. Large, attractively colored berries, collected in heavy bunches.
2. Fruits have a dessert taste, balanced sweetness and acidity, firm crunchy flesh.
3. Frost resistance of table varieties varies from medium to high.
4. Resistance to diseases and pests is average and above average.
5. Table varieties are grown mainly in a covering culture.
6. The fruits are used primarily for fresh consumption.

Technical (wine) grapes have their own characteristics, including the following:

1. Small size, evenly colored fruits, with a thin skin, discreet appearance.
2. The bunches are medium in size and mass.
3. High and very high frost resistance (up to -40 ° C), which allows you to grow grapes both in covering and in open form.
4. High resistance to fungal diseases and pests.
5. Unpretentious care.
6. From technical varieties, the raw material is obtained for the production of wines and wine materials, cognacs, juices, soft drinks. The fruits are also processed into raisins and raisins.

A separate group is also distinguished by universal grape varieties, which successfully combine the main qualities of table and technical varieties. These grapes are in high demand for both food and processing.

Bekmes, halva, churchkhela, sherbet, grape honey, syrup, jam, marinade and other valuable dietary and food products are prepared from grapes. Part of the technical grapes is processed into wine. The waste of grape and wine processing is widely used, from which alcohol, enanthic ester, oil, vinegar, tartaric acid, enotanine, fodder yeast, enoc dyes and other products and compounds are produced.

The main difference between technical varieties from all others is considered to be a very high content of sugars (up to 30%) and juice (70-90% of the mass of one berry) in fruits. Moreover, the berries of each variety have a unique taste and aroma inherent only to them.

The most famous grape varieties that gave the name to the corresponding brands of excellent wines: Chardonnay, various Muscat varieties (Pink, Black, Odessa, Aksaysky), Isabella, Merlot, Aligote, Cabernet Sauvignon, Saperavi, Riesling, Rkatsiteli.

The high sugar content of the fruits, their strictly defined chemical composition, the ratio of the total mass of berries in a bunch and the mass of the comb - all these indicators determine the quality of future grape wines. Of great importance for obtaining high-quality raw materials are:

• conditions for growing grapes,
• soil composition,
• annual sum of active temperatures.

Video: growing industrial grapes

Unpretentious care allows the cultivation of technical grape varieties in an industrial way on large plantations. In this case, the planting of seedlings, soil cultivation (fertilization, watering, loosening) and harvesting are carried out using mechanized installations.

Planting seedlings (the most time-consuming process in growing grapes) is greatly facilitated by the use of agricultural machinery

There are also known wine varieties specially designed for home gardening, in particular:

• Alievsky,
• Manych,
• Stirrup,
• Zelenolugsky Rubin,
• Citron Magaracha.

Technology of growing grapes of technical varieties

In general terms, the technology of growing grapes of industrial varieties does not fundamentally differ from the cultivation of other varieties.

Planting grape seedlings

Grapes of technical varieties, as well as table ones, prefer light, warm, loose soils with a neutral or close acid reaction (pH 6.5-7.0). It is desirable that the soil contains crushed stone and sand. This gives it such properties as good water and air permeability. It is noticed that juices and wines from grapes grown on stony soils of tectonic origin have a more delicate harmonious taste, while the varietal bouquet is enhanced, the transparency and the ability of the wine to mature, and juices to long-term storage, increase. Although the experience of growing grapes on acidic soils shows that even under such conditions, high-quality wines and juices are obtained from it. In this case, the varietal characteristics of the plant play an important role. For example, the Riesling, Sylvaner and Traminer pink grape varieties prefer soils with a pH of 4–5. In an acidic environment, the roots absorb microelements more actively, and in soil with a neutral or close reaction to it, macroelements.

Warmer areas should be allocated for grape varieties of late ripening periods, as well as for varieties with a higher sugar content of berries (table, raisin-raisin) and, conversely, colder ones - for varieties of early ripening periods, as well as varieties whose harvest is intended for production of champagne and light table wines with low sugar content and high acidity.

The site for planting grapes should be flat or with a slight (5-8 degrees) slope, well lit throughout the day. To protect plants from cold winds, it is recommended to place rows of the future vineyard along a structure, a high fence, or adult fruit trees forming a solid wall.

Vineyards need good lighting throughout the day.

Being a highly drought tolerant crop, grapes cannot tolerate wet, waterlogged and saline soils. When determining the site for planting, one should take into account the standing groundwater level - it should not be less than 1.2–1.3 m from the ground surface.

For planting, we select annual seedlings with a height of 0.4–0.5 m with five to seven buds and a trunk diameter of about 4–8 mm. In a seedling with an open root system, the roots should be carefully examined: they should be white, clean, without thickening and mold.

Seedlings prepared for planting should be healthy, without damage and have 5-7 developed buds

If the seedling is purchased in early spring, it should be planted in a container with a volume of two to five liters (depending on the size of the root system) and stored in a warm place (+ 20-25 ° C) until the time of planting in the ground. In the middle zone, the best time for planting grapes in a permanent place in the garden is considered the end of May - the beginning of June, when the soil warms up steadily to + 12-15 ° C. In the southern regions, the grape planting date is postponed a month earlier, to April-May.

There are various ways of planting a grape seedling: in a hole, under a shovel, on an earthen mound. Depending on the planting time and the growing region, the most suitable method is chosen. Experienced growers, planning a spring planting, prepare a planting pit in the fall, fill it with humus or compost and leave it until spring. If there are no such conditions, then in the spring it is advisable to dig a hole in advance, about a month before planting the seedlings.

It is advisable to plant seedlings with an open root system in the spring, so that before the onset of autumn the bush has time to root well and prepare for wintering

The soil in the growing area can be poor, infertile. In this case, 20–40 g of mineral complex fertilizer (nitroammofosk, azofosk, nitrofosk) and 10–20 g of ammonium nitrate per 10 liters of water should be added to the water for irrigation (settled, warm + 20–28 ° C).

Planting a seedling with a closed root system (ZKS) in spring is as follows:

1. At the bottom of the finished pit, you need to fill up two buckets of fine (5–12mm) granite crushed stone, gravel or expanded clay for drainage.

   A drainage layer of rubble will protect the root zone of the bush from stagnation of water

2. A nutritious soil mixture is prepared in advance: 2 liter cans of wood ash, 2 buckets of humus or compost, 1 bucket of sand and 2 buckets of turf (garden) soil, in total you should get 4–5 buckets of the mixture.
3. Pour half of the prepared soil on top of the drainage, make a small mound in the middle of the hole and plant a seedling, having previously released it from the container. In this case, the roots of the seedling should be located at a depth of approximately 0.45 m from ground level.
   

   The seedling must be carefully released from the container and, turning its top to the north, put together with an adjacent clod of earth in the center of the planting pit

4. For the convenience of watering and feeding, a drainage pipe (a plastic tube with a diameter of 8-10 mm with a perforated surface) is installed next to the seedling. After filling the hole, the pipe must be cut at a height of 10 cm from the ground.
   

   A plastic tube 60-70 cm long of a suitable diameter with holes drilled along the surface is installed next to the seedling

5. Then the seedling is watered with warm, settled water and, after absorbing the water, it is covered with the remaining soil up to 1/2 the height of the seedling.
6. The surface of the soil around the bush is mulched with humus or peat, dry grass.
   

   When the planting process is finished, the soil around the bush is covered with a layer of mulch to retain moisture and good root survival.

7. In the fall, a pit with a young seedling must be filled up to the top with the formation of a mound above the bush with a height of 20-30 cm

Video: planting a grape seedling in open ground

For technical grape varieties, it matters how the soil between the rows of bushes is covered. You can mulch it with dry grass, compost or sow green manure. But experienced growers recommend covering the soil between the rows with a layer of coarse gravel, which will be a good conductor and heat accumulator.... This will prevent the soil surface from compaction and will also prevent rainwater from flowing out and evaporating. This will create more favorable conditions for the growth and development of grapes.

Top dressing and watering grapes

When growing grapes of technical varieties, a stable and high yield of appropriate quality can be obtained only if all the rules of agricultural technology are observed, including the regular use of fertilizers and dressings at certain stages of plant development. The main fertilizer is applied to the planting pit once in spring or autumn, depending on the planting time. After planting for two to three years, the seedlings do not need fertilization.

Adult grape bushes are fertilized with organic matter (manure, humus, compost) once every three to four years at 3-4 kg / m² (on poor soils - 6-8 kg / m²). As mineral fertilizers, simple (ammonium nitrate, urea, superphosphate, potassium salts) and complex fertilizers (nitrophoska, azofoska, ammofoska, nitroammofoska) are used.

In the spring, fertilizers applied in liquid form are better absorbed, in the fall - in granular or in the form of a powder.

According to the method of delivery of nutrients to various parts of the plant, top dressing is subdivided into root and foliar. Roots are introduced into the soil under the bushes, foliar - by spraying the leaves of the grapes.

When caring for grape bushes, they are fed at the root at least four times during the growing season:

1. In the spring (two weeks before flowering) - urea, superphosphate and potassium salt. The amount of dressings applied depends on the grape variety and growing conditions and is determined by the instructions. Nitrogen and potassium fertilizers are used in liquid form, phosphorus fertilizers - in dry form.
   

   Urea can be replaced with ammonium nitrate.

2. After flowering, when the berries reach the size of a small pea, the feeding is repeated with the same composition, but the proportion of the nitrogen component is halved.
3. In June-July, during the period of filling and ripening of berries, feeding is carried out using only superphosphate and potassium salt, nitrogen compounds are excluded.
4. After harvesting, in September-October, it is time for the last feeding. At this time, the grape bush should be given nitrogen in the form of organic matter (humus or compost) and mineral fertilizers in the composition of superphosphate, wood ash and ammonium sulfate. All components of top dressing are introduced into the soil between the bushes for deep digging. Due to the fact that plants receive a supply of nutrients for the winter, their winter hardiness increases, the vine ripens better.

Video: fertilizing and feeding grapes

In late summer or early autumn, after harvesting, it is very useful to treat grape bushes with mineral compositions containing trace elements (MicroMix Universal, Polydon Iodine) in accordance with the instructions.

Foliar dressing of grapes activates the flowering process, allows you to get full-fledged ovaries and further improve the quality of berries, their taste and sugar content, and increase the yield from the bush. The time for foliar feeding, as well as root, depends on a certain period of plant development. Spraying is done one week before flowering, two weeks after flowering and three weeks before harvest. For this type of feeding, use an infusion of wood ash or ready-made preparations:

• Plantafol,
• Kemir,
• Novofert,
• Master.

To get a good result, you need to strictly follow the instructions for use of each drug.

The optimal weather conditions for foliar processing of grapes is considered to be a cloudy day with an air temperature of about 20 ° C (not lower than 15 and not higher than 25 degrees).

Video: foliar feeding of grapes

Industrial grapes belong to a culture that is quite drought-resistant and unpretentious in care. Therefore, watering the bushes, which is also part of the growing process, is carried out as needed, taking into account the amount of natural precipitation. During the first year after planting in a permanent place, the seedling needs watering once a week. In case of hot weather in summer, watering is allowed daily or every other day.

In the future, in the process of caring for grapes, irrigation is, if possible, combined with top dressing, the water consumption for one bush is 4–6 buckets (40–60 l). You can not water the bushes in spring during flowering, in summer watering is stopped two to three weeks before the berries are fully ripe.

For better ripening of the vine and activation of root growth in the fall, after leaf fall, the last (moisture-charging) watering is performed. It can significantly increase the winter hardiness of the bushes.

Video: watering the grapes correctly

Pruning vines

Pruning of grapes of technical varieties for covering and non-covering crops differs in terms of timing. In any case, the shoots should be cut during the dormant period of the plants, before the start of the growing season. For non-covering technical varieties with high frost resistance, the bushes are cut in the autumn-winter period, 15–20 days after leaf fall, and continue throughout the winter (on frost-free days) until the buds open in the spring. The limitation for the pruning process is only a temperature drop below minus five degrees.

For covering grape varieties, pruning is carried out in two stages:

• preliminary (autumn) - before the onset of cold weather and shelter of bushes for the winter. Pruning is carried out on a ripe vine to form new fruit links.
• main (spring) - after the opening of the bushes in early spring, before the buds begin to open. At the same time, the number of undamaged fruit buds (eyes) is determined and the required load of the bush is established. During spring pruning, all damaged, weak and fattening shoots, old sleeves without fruiting vines are removed.

The load of the bush with shoots (eyes) is the number of fruit buds that remain on the bush after pruning. It provides a high yield without reducing the vigor of the bushes in subsequent years.

There are the following pruning methods: short, up to 4 eyes - on queen cells, capitate and cordon formations, replacement knots; medium, up to 7–8 eyes - when pruning fruit vines of most varieties in the covering zone; long, from 9 to 14 eyes - on vigorous varieties and in arbor culture. In most areas of viticulture, mixed pruning is used - short and medium

For technical grape varieties, there is a generally accepted system for determining the approximate length of the vine pruning in the covering growing area:

• up to 4–5 eyes - weak shoots with a diameter of 5–6 mm;
• from 8 to 10 eyes - early varieties (Aligote, black Muscat varieties);
• from 2 to 14 eyes - medium and late varieties (Cabernet Sauvignon, Traminer, white Muscat varieties).

Video: grape pruning technique

Treatment of grapes from diseases and pests

Taking into account varietal characteristics, all technical varieties for resistance to diseases and pests can be divided into three groups:

• comprehensively stable;
• varieties with medium resistance;
• not resistant to fungal diseases and phylloxera.

The first group includes varieties, as a rule, with high indicators of frost resistance, which are successfully cultivated in the northern regions and the middle climatic zone. These are Kristall, Platovsky, Rubin AZOS, Stanichny.In addition, the varieties Zelenoluchskiy Rubin, Stremennaya, Cabernet Sauvignon are immune to fungal diseases, and Platovskiy, Cabernet AZOS, Krasnostop AZOS, and Podarok Magarach are tolerant to phylloxera. Under favorable growing conditions, grapes of these varieties can be treated with fungicides for prevention. One or two sprays are made during the growing season.

For safe processing, use ready-made preparations of Kemir, Fitosporin with the addition of Zircon, as well as a solution of potassium permanganate. In early spring, it is advisable to spray the bushes with a 3% Bordeaux mixture (300 g of a mixture per 10 l of water) or a 5% solution of ferrous sulfate (500 g per 10 l of water).

Video: seasonal treatment of grapes for fungal diseases

Grape varieties of medium and low resistance to fungi are subject to fungicide treatment during all periods of plant development. For spraying bushes, stronger and more effective means are used than when carrying out preventive work: Ridomil Gold, Champion, Quadris 250, Acrobat, Sumileks. According to the rules of agricultural technology, grapes are processed five times per season:

• when bushes open in early spring;
• when the buds open and at the beginning of the opening of the leaves;
• before flowering (7-10 days);
• after flowering (20-30 days before harvesting);
• after the autumn pruning of the vines before the shelter for the winter.

When determining the concentration of a fungicide solution for spraying, the requirements of the instructions for use of the drug should be strictly observed. Processing should be done in calm weather, in the morning or evening, observing safety rules (goggles, gloves, long sleeves).

Video: protecting the vineyard from disease

The insect pests that most often infect grapes include grape aphids - phylloxera, spider and grape mites, as well as leafworm butterflies (grape and grape). Strong and well-groomed bushes are little affected by pests. The key to good resistance to them is the regular weeding of the soil from weeds, top dressing and watering, good ventilation of the bushes, as well as resistance to pests, inherent in the varietal qualities of the grapes.

Video: phylloxera - grape aphid

Phylloxera are destroyed by repeated treatment of the bushes with dichloroethane or solutions of insecticides Actellik and Kinmiks... When the vineyard is severely affected by aphids, the bushes are cut down at the root and burned. With an insignificant amount of the pest, parsley is sown as a "folk remedy" along the perimeter of the vineyard and in the aisles, the smell of which repels aphids.

To combat ticks, insecticidal preparations Tiovit Jet, Phosphamide and a 2% solution of colloidal sulfur (200 g of sulfur per 10 liters of water) are used. Safer use is provided by means of biological action on pests - Aktofit, Gaupsin, Fitoverm. Leafworm is destroyed by spraying grapes with insecticides Arrivo, Fastak, Fufanon, Karbofos, Aktara. With a large number of leafworm caterpillars, a good result is obtained by treating the shoots with a biological agent Bitoxibacillin.

Video: processing grapes from grape mites (itch)

The best technical grape varieties

The determining factors when choosing a technical variety are the ripening period of the fruits, high stable yield, resistance to fungal infections, and a sufficient level of frost resistance. In the climatic conditions of the middle zone, northern regions, the Urals and Siberia, it is advisable to grow early grape varieties... The early ripening period allows the fruits to collect the required amount of sugars before the end of the season, and the vine to fully ripen and prepare for wintering. In the southern regions, medium, late and very late varieties are cultivated, which are damaged by frost and require a large amount of heat (with an annual sum of active temperatures of more than 3000 degrees).

Video: the best wine grape varieties

Early grape varieties

For the regions of northern viticulture, varieties with a short growing season, early ripening of berries and high frost resistance are of the greatest value:

• Aligote,
• Bianca,
• Muscat black and pink
• Crystal,
• Sharov's riddle,
• Platovsky,
• Gift of Magarach,
• Rkatsiteli Magarach and a number of others.

The best varieties for a specific choice are those that are zoned in a given area.

If in the region the priority direction of viticulture is winemaking, then grape varieties corresponding to their certain brands are used for the production of wines.

Video: grape variety Sharov's Riddle

Table: characteristics and features of early technical grades

* The varieties are recommended by the State Register of Breeding Achievements, approved for use for cultivation in a backyard economy.

Video: Platovsky grape variety

Photo gallery: early wine grape varieties

Late grape varieties

Late technical varieties are characterized by a long ripening period (from 135 to 160 days), which allows harvesting in late September - early October. Such conditions are created by the climate of the southern regions with a long warm autumn. Mostly grapes are grown here in a non-sheltered culture. Late varieties are used mainly in winemaking.

Table: characteristics and features of late technical grades

* The variety is recommended by the State Register of Breeding Achievements Admitted to Use for Growing in Home Garden Conditions.

Photo gallery: late wine grape varieties

Video: Aliberne grape variety

Homemade grape wine made with your own hands from your favorite varieties of sunny berries - what could be tastier and more enjoyable! There are many brands of wonderful wines from everyone's favorite Cabernet Sauvignon, Isabella, Merlot, Aligote, various varieties of Muscats. Have you tried blended wine? Each wine variety has its own advantages and disadvantages: one has an unusual taste, but low sugar content, the other, on the contrary, has a lot of sugars, and the taste is unpretentious. I want to share the memories of my youth, how my grandfather prepared blended wine. He had many recipes, like grape varieties, but he had one, the most beloved. Which could be drunk without getting drunk, and during the feast he "flew away" in the first place. In autumn, Saperavi grapes ripened before anyone else on the site - his grandfather called him “Georgian”. I didn't like it - it was too sour and tasteless. When at the end of September the Saperavi berries were gaining their wonderful deep blue color, the grandfather cut the clusters from the bush, doused them lightly with water and put them in a "wine press" - a huge earthenware vessel. The berries were crushed with a large wooden pusher - a "bulldozer", as my grandfather called it. After grinding the grapes, a little sugar was added to the resulting gruel, the vessel was covered with a piece of cloth and sent to the kitchen, to the warmest place in the house. There she stood for several days. My grandfather stirred the gruel in the morning and in the evening until it began to bubble and rise to the top of the pot. A pink foam appeared on the surface of the gruel, and the kitchen smelled of sourness. After that, the gruel, which winemakers call pulp, was squeezed out and filtered through a sieve. Sugar was added to the resulting light pink liquid, poured into a large bottle, and a rubber glove was put on top of the neck. A week later, the glove on the bottle became like a human hand - swollen from fermented grape yeast. The grandfather gradually added sugar to the fermenting liquid three times and put the glove on the bottle again. A month passed in this way, and one fine day the glove stopped inflating, dropped, drooped, and the grandfather said: "Done!" The cloudy pinkish liquid was filtered from the sediment and put into a cold cellar for a month for settling and clarification.While my grandfather was engaged in wine from Saperavi, about a week later the Black Opiana grapes ripened - my favorite, with juicy, sweet berries of a very dark, almost black color. I especially liked the freshly squeezed juice from this grape, with a very pleasant, light nutmeg taste. Black Opian Berries went through the same process as Saperavi. A week - ten days after opian, grandfather was harvesting the latest variety in his vineyard - Odessa black. I also liked this variety for the unusual taste of berries - it strongly resembled the taste of cherries. When young wine was ready from Odessa black, as well as from the previous varieties, it was already deep autumn in the yard. Grandfather took out all the bottles of wine from the cellar and real witchcraft began. He took a little of each wine and mixed them in a certain proportion. I tried it, shook my head in displeasure and mixed again. “The sweetness and aroma of Odessa and Black Opian should not overwhelm the sourness of Saperavi, but should be harmoniously combined with it. So that the wines do not interrupt, but complement each other's unique taste, ”my grandfather loved to say. When the blending process was over, the finished wine masterpiece was poured into glass bottles and sent to the cellar for final maturation and taste design. On New Year's Eve, the ready-made "drink of the gods" was served on the table. Merging in an incomparable taste, the harsh shades of plum and cherry were smoothed out by delicate nutmeg, and the sparkling ruby ​​color of the wine created a truly festive mood.

Technical grape varieties in Ukraine

Given the presence of various climatic zones on the territory of Ukraine, almost all grape varieties discussed above are suitable for growing in the local conditions of a particular region. In the northern regions of Ukraine, frost-resistant varieties with an early ripening period should be planted, in the central and southern regions - medium and late varieties, in a covering culture.

The grapes of the wine varieties Chardonnay and Rhine Riesling belong to the middle and middle late varieties, respectively. Berries of each type have their own varietal taste and a very thin delicate shell. Both varieties are relatively frost-hardy, withstand cold temperatures down to -18–20 ° C, but require shelter for the winter. Grapes are susceptible to infection with fungal infections (especially oidium), therefore, they require regular processing from diseases and pests. In winemaking, the Rhine Riesling and Chardonnay varieties are used to make dry white wines.

Video: Rhine Riesling and Chardonnay varieties

The heat-loving grape variety Merlot is of French origin, but has long and firmly established itself in the vineyards of southern Ukraine. The berries of a dense blue-black color are distinguished by a delicate taste with an original nightshade flavor. The clear juice of this grape is used in the production of table and dessert red wines.

Video: Merlot wine variety

The good old Isabella variety is already considered a "classic of the genre". Probably, there is no such summer cottage or garden plot either in the North or in the South, where the dark blue grapes so familiar to many with an unusual taste of wild strawberries, which is unusual for this culture, do not grow. Sometimes Isabella is confused with the Lydia grape, also wine, but with burgundy berries. The uncovering form of cultivation, combined with high winter hardiness and disease resistance, makes it possible to use Isabella grapes for decorating gazebos, arches and for decorating the walls of the house. Unpretentious care and the ability to make good homemade wine from berries makes it possible even for a novice gardener to plant this variety and get a good harvest of fragrant berries.

Video: Isabella grapes

Winegrowers reviews

Based on the variety of technical grape varieties, each amateur gardener chooses the one that best suits his preferences. Unique homemade wine, fragrant and sweet grape juice, raisins, churchkhela - this is not a complete list of yummy that can be made from your own grapes.

My name is Valeriya. Electrical engineer by profession. I really enjoy writing articles on various topics of interest to me: nature, pets, travel, cooking. Over time, it turned into a hobby. Rate the article:

(1 vote, average: 5 out of 5)

Some gardeners manage to make wine from almost every available grape variety. However, the technology of wine production involves the use of certain varieties of culture, filled with a whole bunch of aromas. The most popular white and blue wine varieties are discussed in this article.

The best wine grape varieties

The grapes from which juices and wine are made are called technical. The characteristic of the bunches looks modest in comparison with the table species:

• medium to small size with densely packed fruits;
• the average weight of the hand is 120-150 grams;
• high content of juice (75-85% by weight of the berry);
• the sugar content index exceeds 18%.

Wine grapes bear fruit well and consistently. This is facilitated by the increased resistance of plants to fungal infections and pest attacks. Next, we will find out which variety is best suited for winemaking.

The best white varieties for winemaking

Chardonnay

Chardonnay is a world-famous technical grade of Western European origin. It is not possible to thoroughly find out the pedigree, but there is an opinion that the variety appeared thanks to the crossing of Pinot noir and Gue blanc.

Berries are processed to produce wines with different flavor notes and fruity aromas. Also, part of the harvest is annually sent for the manufacture of wine materials, which are subsequently used as a champagne flavor enhancer.

Brief characteristics of the plant:

• the bush is medium-sized, although strong-growing lashes are also found;
• the growing season lasts 130-140 days;
• flowers are bisexual, which ensures good pollination;
• conical clusters are loose, weight reaches 900-1000 grams;
• white-green berries are set off with a golden tint;
• fruit shape - rounded slightly elongated;
• grape weight - 12-15 gr., each contains 2-3 seeds;
• sugar content - 18% with an acidity of 8-12 g / l;
• yield - 8-12 t / ha;
• the culture is frost-resistant, withstands temperatures up to minus 20 °.

Chardonnay tolerates drought, with an excess of humid environment, the fruits can rot. Resistance to mildew and powdery mildew is moderate.

Chardonnay variety

Bianca

Wine material from Bianchi has an unrivaled taste with notes of vanilla and almonds. For the production of table, semi-sweet and other wines, blending with other juices with a low sugar content is used. This helps to avoid the sweetness that is characteristic of this grape.

The grape was bred in Hungary, the parents are Villars Blanc and Chasselas Bouvier.

Brief characteristics of the plant:

• early ripening, growing season - 110-120 days;
• medium-sized bush;
• cylindrical brushes, weight 90-120 gr .;
• fruits are small and medium, weight 1.5 g .;
• the shape of the berries is round, slightly elongated, the color is greenish-yellow;
• the skin is thin, the taste is harmonious, filled with a bouquet of aromas;
• the crop does not lose its presentation on the vine after the onset of full maturity;
• sugar content - 20-28% with an acidity of 7-9 g / l;
• there is a high resistance to mildew, gray rot, oidium, tolerance to phylloxera;
• frost resistance - up to minus 27 °.

Bianca on the vine does not lose its appearance even after full maturation

Muscat

Medium-early ripening muscat with a growing season of 130-140 days. Muscat is one of the oldest varieties originating from Syria, Arabia and Egypt. The peculiarity of the culture is the ability to accumulate a high level of sugar (up to 25% with an acidity of 6.5-7 g / l).

A brief description of:

• medium-sized bush;
• the weight of a conical bunch is 100-450 grams;
• berries sit tightly on the brush, the weight of one is on average 4 grams;
• the taste is saturated with nutmeg;
• yield - 66-109 c / ha;
• disease resistance is low.

Excellent marketability and taste outweighs poor survival in adverse climatic conditions. Grapes immediately react to a lack of moisture and its excess, does not have resistance to low temperatures, and requires potassium dressing.

Muscat close up

Sauvignon Blanc

The variety was obtained by crossing Chenin Blanc and Taminer. Thanks to its excellent taste, balance of sugar and acidity, grapes are recognized all over the world. The peculiarity of the culture is the timely harvest. When overripe, the berry loses its properties and taste, becomes unsuitable for winemaking.

A brief description of:

• growing season 130-135 days;
• bushes are medium-sized, but powerful enough with a developed root system;
• clusters of small size, weight is 75-120 grams;
• the berry is small, the color is greenish-white with a waxy coating (each contains 2-3 seeds);
• low yield;
• sugar content - 18-23% with an acidity of 6.7-11 g / l.

The culture shows weak resistance to powdery mildew and gray mold, tolerance to mildew. In growing conditions with high humidity, shedding of flowers is noted. Soils are preferable with the content of clayey interlayers, as well as gravel and sandy inclusions.

Sauvignon Blanc - the main thing is not to wait for the berries to ripen so as not to spoil the wine

Riesling

The variety, donated by nature itself, is considered the king in winemaking. High-quality wines are made from berries with excellent taste, which are filled with different notes and shades.

A brief description of:

• growing season - 140-150 days;
• dense clusters, weight 80-100 gr.;
• berries are yellow-green with a bluish tinge, weight 1.3-1.5 g., rounded shape;
• the skin is dense, but thin;
• frost resistance up to minus 20 °;
• full ripening of fruits occurs in October-November;
• sugar content 18% with acidity 9-11 g / l;
• disease resistance is low.

Fruiting grapes on different soils, but the more acceptable is the land with a lime content.

Riesling has low disease resistance

Pinot Blanc

The representative of the Pinot family is characterized by multifaceted taste, it is used to make still, sparkling and dessert wines. Burgundy is the birthplace of the plant, but today almost all European countries and other regions can boast of high yields.

A brief description of:

• growing season - 140-150 days;
• clusters of medium density weighing 85-150 grams;
• berries of a round shape, yellow-green color, weight 1.4-1.7 g;
• the average sugar content reaches 20%.

The peculiarity of the variety lies in the low content of acid and aromatic substances, as a result of which Pinot Blanc is recommended for making wine, which should be consumed by young people.

Ripening period Pinot Blanc - 150 days

What are the best varieties for red wine

Pinot noir

Black fruitful grapes ripen in 141-151 days. There is no reliable information about the origin, but Traminer and Pinot Meunier are considered the likely parents. The bush is medium-sized with an unusual color of the lower leaves (green with a red tint). The flowers are bisexual, there are no problems with pollination. A bunch of small sizes, weighing 66-120 grams, the shape is often cylindrical. The berry has a pleasant taste, colorless juice, balanced sugar content. Its shape is round, the color is dark blue.

The yield of Pinot Noir is 50-60 c / ha. The plant is vulnerable to phylloxera, tolerance to gray rot, powdery mildew is manifested.

The grapes do not develop well on flat and low terrain.

Pinot noir is vulnerable to phylloxera and gray rot

Saperavi

A very old Georgian grape variety with dark blue berries. Saperavi vegetation period is 150-160 days, harvesting begins in late September - early October. The bush is beautifully hung with wide-conical bunches with small grapes, the weight of one is 90-100 gr. The berry is very juicy with a harmonious taste, its weight barely exceeds 1 g. Each contains 2-3 seeds.

The plant has a weak resistance to mildew, oidium, at high humidity it is affected by gray rot. In comparison with other varieties, it is less likely to be damaged by a leafworm.

The yield of Saperavi is 90-110 kg / ha. The culture is frost-resistant, survives the winter without shelter at a temperature not exceeding -20 °.

Saperavi is a frost-resistant variety

Cabernet Sauvignon

Cabernet Sauvignon berries are very juicy with a balanced taste, shaded by a hint of currant. The variety was bred in France, but is now cultivated in many countries of the world. Technical ripeness occurs in 143-165 days. The bunch has the shape of a cylinder, the weight is 70-80 grams. Each berry contains 1-3 seeds. The skin is dark blue in color of medium density, which ensures good preservation and transportability of the fruit.

Productivity - 55-60 c / ha. There is an increased resistance of the culture to mildew and gray rot. In comparison with other varieties, it resists phylloxera, leafworm attacks better.

Cabernet Sauvignon is ideal for winemaking

Cabernet Franc

Technical ripeness occurs in 145-160 days. The unusual taste of berries is filled with different notes, in which you can feel raspberries and blackberries. Cylindrical bunches have a dark blue color, the weight does not exceed 70-90 grams. The yield is low (35-40 c / ha), but this is compensated by the good resistance of the plant to mildew, phylloxera.

Cabernet Franc variety

Merlot

The Merlot variety was bred in France, the intended parents are Cabernet Franc, crossed with Magdalene and Noir de Charente. Bunches of medium size and density, have a dark blue color with a characteristic waxy bloom, weighing 110-150 grams. The taste is balanced with a touch of nightshade.

The grapes ripen in 152-164 days. The plant shows average resistance to powdery mildew, phylloxera, mildew. Frost resistance - up to minus 15-17 °.

Merlot has medium frost resistance and can withstand temperatures down to -15

Sangiovese

Italian thermophilic technical grape with a vegetation period of 145-160 days... The bushes are medium-sized, the flowers are bisexual, the clusters are cylindrical of medium density, weighing up to 100 grams. There are many clones that have slightly different parameters of the berries (0.7 - 1.3 grams). The flavor of the fruit, saturated with different notes, adds sophistication to any drink.

The heat-loving Sangiovese variety

Syrah

The variety is resistant to cold and high temperatures, but does not tolerate strong winds and drought. Taste qualities meet the requirements of technical varieties of grapes, however, it cannot boast of a high yield (30 c / ha). The juice of the fruits of mature plants is saturated with a beautiful dark purple hue and density. Fruit ripening period is 145-158 days. The weight of a broad-conical bunch is within 80-120 gr.

Syrah is very capricious to weather conditions and requires a lot of light and heat.

late-ripening Syrah grapes

Carmenere

The grape belongs to the old French varieties with a growing season of 152-165 days. Currently, it is widely cultivated mainly in Chile, it is considered the pride of the country. The bushes of the plant are vigorous, the bunch can be in the form of a cylinder, broad-conical and shapeless, the weight is 75-100 grams.

A medium-sized berry barely weighs 1 g, but the pulp is very tasty, sweet, but without sugary. The beautiful dark purple color makes it possible to produce wines from pink to dark in color.

Carmenere is very sensitive to weather conditions, cold, shows low resistance to diseases. However, the grapes survived the phylloxer.

French Carmenere

Mourvedre

A late-ripening plant native to Spain. The bushes are well developed, have a strong vine and root system. Leaves are medium in size with a characteristic three-lobed shape. Dark blue berries are often rounded, but can take on a slightly oval shape, the parameters are average. Productivity with low watering is up to 60 kg / ha, but with regular irrigation it can significantly increase. The bunches are formed in the form of a cone or cylinder, the berries are tightly pressed against each other.

The culture has a weak resistance to fungal infections, but it tolerates prolonged drought rather tolerably, and high requirements are not imposed on the type of soil when planting.

Dense Mourvèdre berry

Grenache

A versatile variety, but most often the fruit is used to make grapes and juice. The variety is one of the most abundant on the planet due to the versatility of the vine. The grapes are very thermophilic, easily tolerate drought and heat. There are also no high requirements for the soil when planting seedlings. Productivity in dry conditions is high - up to 20 kg / ha. Features of berries: low acidity, juiciness, ruby ​​color, rich aroma.

Drought-resistant Grenache variety

Each variety has unique qualities that give the wine a unique shade and aroma. Before choosing a variety, it is necessary to clarify the compatibility of the wine material with juices of other varieties, then at home you can create an exquisite drink, and most importantly - an exclusive one, the taste of which will remain in your memory for a long time.