Drills for wood: varieties, description of how to use

Purpose and characteristics of crowns

It is worth starting with such a useful product as a ring crown for wood. It is easy to recognize it by its appearance: around an ordinary rod there is a metal (or bimetallic, that is, consisting of two layers of different metals or alloys) glass with teeth at the end. Also, the design of the crown contains a special element designed to remove chips from the working surface.

When the crown rotates, the cutting teeth, interacting with the workpiece, cut a circle of the required diameter on its surface. Crowns are sold in sets, and there can be up to twelve of them in one set. It is recommended to use them when it is necessary to drill holes of large diameter (up to 15 cm) and depth (up to 11 cm) in wood products.

One of the advantages of using wood drill bits is that they allow you to achieve a high accuracy of the holes made. Moreover, it is not even necessary to center and re-drill the surface beforehand. And at the end of the work, the master is relieved of the need to remove burrs.

By the way, drill bits for wood drilling can be used not only on drills, but also on hammer drills and machine tools (turning, drilling and even milling). One of their varieties can be considered a circular (hole) saw. This is a saw bent into a ring, or a special drill with brackets on which the knives are fixed. The universal drill bits allow you to drill in almost any material.

Impact drill versus hammer drill

Impact drills and rock drills are both excellent for drilling masonry. Although, of course, hammer drills are more powerful tools, and they have a special mode of operation, when only chiselling the surface is carried out without drilling it. They are usually equipped with an SDS cartridge, which is better suited to the impact mode.

Of course, you can drill a couple of holes in a concrete wall with an ordinary drill, using a masonry drill, but if you are faced with the task of making many holes in 50-year-old concrete, then you will probably want to find more convenient and efficient equipment option. In this article, you will learn all about the differences between a hammer drill and a hammer drill and be able to figure out which one of these construction tools is right for you. We'll also walk you through the most essential accessories and share some helpful tips on how to get the most out of these great tools.

All impact drills and hammer drills are equipped with an impact function that makes them extremely effective in masonry work. In parallel with the rotation, both tools hammer the drill into the masonry surface. These two instruments differ from each other in the mechanism that provides the percussion function.

On an impact drill, this mechanism consists of two toothed discs pressed against each other (see figure A). When one disc, rotating, clings with its teeth to the teeth of the second disc, then it rises and falls, as a result of which the chuck produces an oscillatory (shock) movement. If there is no pressure on the chuck (when the drill is not pressed against the surface), then the discs are disengaged and the hammer mechanism stops. This prevents premature tool wear. Most impact drills can be used like a regular drill by simply turning off the impact function.

Figure A. Inside a hammer drill: the blow is produced by two toothed discs

In the hammer drill, the impact is produced by a hammer piston driven by a crank shaft (see figure B). The piston-striker performs forward and reverse movements in the cylinder and, when moving forward, creates air pressure, which activates the striking mechanism. Rock drills have a much higher impact power than impact drills. They are much more durable and are the main tool for professionals for this type of work. Another undoubted advantage is that most rock drills can work in three modes: drilling mode, hammer-drilling mode and chiseling mode, so in some cases they can even be used as a jackhammer. Of course, they are more expensive than an impact drill, but we will return to this issue a little later.

Figure B. Inside the hammer drill: a piston compresses air to produce a blow

Drill types for metal

In total, there are 4 types of drills for metal:

1. Spiral - universal, suitable for any type of hole;
2. Tapered - characterized by an even tapered shape, suitable for holes of any diameter. They need constant supervision by the master;
3. Stepped - also tapered, but make the process of drilling holes of a certain diameter easier due to the presence of steps of different sizes;
4. Core cutters (annular cutters) - for holes with a diameter of 12 to 150 mm, multilayer materials. They are characterized by low cutting force, give high roughness values, which cannot be achieved with drills of other types. Suitable even for conventional drills. The shank must be strong and powerful to prevent slippage in the chuck. They are chosen depending on what kind of work is being carried out and with what type of steel. They differ from wood drills in the sharpening angle and in the presence of two longitudinal grooves that divert the chips to the side.

Options in the photo

Professionals identify 5 points of general criteria for choosing a drill for metal:

1. The type and characteristics of the metal you are going to work with, including the steel grade;
2. Depth of "penetration";
3. Drilling type (through or penetrating);
4. Hole diameter;
5. What tool do you use (hand or electric drill, varieties - perforator, screwdriver or drill), its general characteristics.

Manufacturers

Each well-known brand offers a reliable tool of a certain quality that you can trust. Among all manufacturers, the following can be distinguished:

• Quality at a reasonable price from Ruko;
• The best drills from the famous Bosch brand;
• High power titanium alloy drills of the Haisser trademark;
• Reasonable price, excellent quality from the Russian Zubr brand.

When buying drills, you need to think about how long they will be used, what material you will have to work with. Chinese fakes are definitely not the best choice. But so does an expensive set that will gather dust on a garage shelf.

Based on expediency, needs, financial capabilities, you can always find a good tool that will last for many years!

How to sharpen?

Like any working drill, a pen tool needs to be sharpened from time to time, since in the process of drilling the blades at the working part of this product become significantly dull and can no longer make accurate holes. This can be done without resorting to the use of complex technologies - sharpening a drill in the form of a feather is performed with an ordinary flat file or a small machine with an emery wheel is used

In the process of turning a tool, it is important to maintain the angle of the cutting blade, as well as the shape of the cutters of the working part of the drill. In addition, it is important to maintain the location strictly in the center of the tool, its tapered protrusion.

If the pen drilling tool was severely deformed during operation, you will not be able to fully restore its geometric proportions without special equipment.Therefore, the time and effort put into the process, if you edit the drill by hand, will not pay off - such a tool is no longer suitable for work, it will have to be thrown away. The cost of a pen drill is not so high, so the easiest way in such a situation is to purchase a new product for yourself.

For an overview of the Irwin Blue Groove brand, see below.

How to replace the drill bit in a Makita drill

How to replace the drill bit in a Makita drill? The question is simple, but it requires due attention, because if the drill is not properly fixed, then problems can arise: a broken or uneven hole, the probability of the drill falling out of the tool with injury, as well as other troubles. Let's first look at how to insert a drill into a drill.

For correct operation, the drill must be secured to the chuck of the electric drill with a shank. Most drills are equipped with a jaw chuck. These parts have a cylindrical body. A ring or sleeve rotates along their surface, and cams are placed inside the cylinder, which, when the ring rotates clockwise, approach each other, compressing the drill. Counterclockwise rotation moves the cams apart, thereby relaxing the drill press. This allows it to be replaced or removed. It is necessary to relax the cams with some margin so that it is easy to insert the drill. The principle of operation of the cams makes it possible to mount drills of any diameter. Ordinary household drills are produced with a standard gap of the drill diameter - 0.8-10 millimeters, some models may have an interval of 1.5-13 millimeters.

There are two clamping methods: quick-clamping and key clamping. In the first option, the rotation of the sleeve occurs manually. In electric drills with such a clamp, blocking elements are often used to limit the pulling force. In the second version, the adjusting sleeve moves due to the presence of a key. There is a hole on the side of the chuck where you can insert a key with teeth. Sometimes there are several such holes (up to three), each of them must be loosened by turning the key counterclockwise once or twice. Then they begin counterclockwise rotation of the chuck, thereby increasing the diameter of the hole for the nozzle. Now insert the drill and clamp first the chuck and then the nests.

To change the drill, you must first pull it out. Let's take a look at how to remove the drill bit from the drill. This process is quite simple, but you should be more careful, as you can damage the drill itself or the cartridge.

The procedure is as follows:

The equipment must be turned off first. The drill must be carefully removed from the chuck using special keys.

Pay attention to which cartridge is installed. If it is key, the key itself must be installed in the hole intended for it.

Then the key is scrolled counterclockwise until the clamps disperse. Further, the drill can be easily pulled out, and a new one can be installed in its place. If a keyless chuck is used, then you need to rotate the sleeve with the keys until the drill comes out (this requires an effort, the drill must be held in your hand). Hit the cartridge with a casual palm. If the drill is not tightly clamped, then it can be easily removed after such a movement.

If the drill is jammed, use force to remove the drill.

This must be done carefully, otherwise the instrument may be damaged. The work is done as follows:

1. The equipment must be turned off first.
2. Then you need to gently tap the chuck with a hammer so as not to damage it. Place a plate between the hammer and the chuck.
3. Tap the chuck until the drill shank comes out.

If an electric drill works only with metal chucks, then two gas keys are required to pull out the jammed drill. They are needed to clamp the sleeve, then the chuck must be rotated counterclockwise. This method can also be used for a plastic cartridge, but there is a risk of damage.If none of the methods helps, it is worth removing the cartridge from the equipment.

The blade of the drill may remain in the material that has been cut. You can tell if the drill is stuck by the characteristic sound. In such a situation, you must immediately turn off the tool and then release the chuck.

The drill may not come out. In this case, take a new chuck and then gently pry off a small area near the stuck element with a drill. The "damaged" equipment is removed quite easily, for this it needs to be slightly rocked. If none of the measures helps, then contact the service center. Do not make great efforts, as the equipment may break.

Replacing a drill at a Makita drill is not so difficult, even if it is jammed during operation, you just need to choose the right models and cartridges. It is enough to do this work once in order to do it later without errors.

Wood drill sharpening is a useful skill

Intensive use of the tool on wood leads to the loss of its cutting properties. Such a tool does not have to be sent for recycling, its ability to work can be restored by competent sharpening. In the absence of experience and small volumes of tools, it is possible to contact special workshops that provide sharpening services. For self-study of the process, you must start with an unused drill, in case of damage, which can be safely scrapped.

Obtaining a result is possible only if several conditions are met. The process is carried out manually, using a suitable file or using a grinding machine. In the latter case, it is necessary to observe the temperature regime of the product, constantly pouring it with a stream of water or oil

Overheating will lead to a loss of strength of the metal, unimportant work, if it is not possible to provide constant cooling, you just need to dip the product in a glass of water or oil every couple of seconds. Only compliance with the factory geometry parameters will make it possible to work with a cutting set, as in a new state

Drill types depending on the shape of the working surface

Screw or spiral. The most demanded drill, used for drilling a variety of materials. The twist drill can be up to 28 cm in length and 80 mm in diameter.

Flat or feather. It is used for drilling mainly deep, large-diameter holes. The working part has the shape of a blade, in the center of which there is a protruding point for centering. The blade can be made integral with the shank or be replaceable and attached to the rod using a holder or boring bar.

Deep hole drill. It is intended for making holes, the depth of which is at least 5 times greater than the diameter. The deep hole drill has two screw channels through which a cooling emulsion is fed into the cutting zone. The channels can be located inside the drill or in soldered tubing.

Single-sided drill. It is used for drilling holes, which are subject to increased requirements in terms of accuracy. Single-sided drills have a reference plane and two cutting edges on one side of the center.

Bit or core drill. It looks like a hollow cylinder. Cutting is carried out by the cylinder wall on which the cutting edge is located. Drilling is obtained in the form of a ring, inside which there is intact material (core). After drilling, it usually remains in the crown, you just need to shake it out.

Center drill. With its help, drilling (basting) of the center is performed.

Step drill. A relatively new type of instrument. They are convenient for drilling sheet material, especially in cases where you need to get a large hole in diameter - up to 3.5 cm or more.

According to the shape of the resulting hole, the drills are divided into conical, cylindrical and stepped.