Forklift truck: technical characteristics, device and lifting capacity

Technical characteristics of the Amkodor wheel loader

In order to visually present the technical characteristics of front loaders, it is advisable to take as an example such a unit model that is in greatest demand among consumers.

The choice of a loader from the Belarusian brand Amkodor with serial number 332B, which is included in the middle category of carrying capacity (3.4 t), in this case is fully justified.

Amkodor 332V is a front-end loader on an automobile chassis, equipped with a six-cylinder diesel engine with gas turbine supercharging from the Minsk Motor Plant. The engine power, measured in kW, is 90.4, in hp. with. - 123.

This is quite enough for the effective use of this unit both on a regular construction site and on loose deposits of the mining industry.

The hydromechanical transmission and 4-speed gearbox provide optimal adjustment of the required intensity of the actions performed.

The maximum travel speed of this loader is 36 km / h.

The 332B has a nominal working bucket capacity of 1.9 cu. m, which allows the machine to capture and transfer impressive volumes of cargo.

The loading equipment operating on this unit in a Z-pattern provides a maximum breakout force of 10,500 kg.

An important technical property of any forklift is the loading height. For the machine in question, this figure is 2 800 mm

This property has become a determining factor in a number of technical indicators, since this type of loading unit was created specifically for filling cargo into high-sided machines.

Bucket edge overhang - 900 mm. The characteristic that is responsible for the mobility of equipment on the construction site is the radius of the outer turn. For Amkodor 332V, it is 5,600 mm.

This allows you to operate the equipment even in confined spaces.

The presence of a wide range of attachments significantly expands the scope of this machine. The loader configuration includes the following mounted elements:

• 3 buckets of various capacities (1.5 cubic meters, 2.3 cubic meters, 3 cubic meters);
• jaw grip;
• dozer blade;
• rotary blade for snow removal;
• cargo forks;
• device for throwing stacks;
• paw grip.

The availability of such a wide range of equipment provides the versatility of this loader in construction, loading and unloading bulk and lumpy cargo, in agriculture and public utilities.

The manufacturer also took care of the convenience of the cab, providing it with protection systems against rollover and mechanical damage that can be caused by falling objects. Comfortable work is guaranteed by a large glazing area, ventilation and heating.

The overall dimensions of the 332B loader are characterized by the following indicators:

• length - 7 100 mm;
• width - 2 100 mm;
• height - 3 400 mm.

The total weight of this machine is 10,500 kg.

Based on the figures given, it would be quite natural to conclude that the considered front loader demonstrates the optimal ratio of compact size and high performance.

And the affordable cost, favorable terms of purchase and a wide range of rental offers make this model of special equipment the most frequent participant in work on almost any construction site.

Features and Benefits

Loader XCMG LW300F

The first thing consumers look at is the cost of technology and its quality.In this ratio, the XCMG LW300F loader is the ideal machine, it also combines functionality, reliability and excellent performance.

During the design process, the developers paid special attention to the safety of the operator and his comfort when working with equipment. The economy of the machine has not been ignored either.

Foreign specialized equipment such as Liebherr, Caterpillar and ThyssenKrupp were used as prototypes.

The main advantages of the XCMG front loader include:

• high functionality;
• excellent performance;
• ease of maintenance and repair;
• aesthetic appearance;
• maneuverability;
• small dimensions;
• strength;
• reliability.

Such advantages have become possible thanks to the development of a completely new kind of specialized equipment.

Front loader XCMG LW300F. Side photo

The unusual position of the engine (at the rear) and the articulation of the frame make the technique special. Another indisputable advantage is the ability of the loader to work in difficult climatic conditions.

This is especially important for the northern regions of the country. The performance characteristics of the XCMG LW300F model are similar to those of other global brands, but its cost is much lower.

Initially, the XCMG LW321F model existed, but it has become somewhat outdated. Therefore, it was replaced by a new development - the XCMG 300 loader. The new model has increased productivity and power, as well as the operating period. The controls for the equipment were modified - levers appeared in the cabin, and the cabin itself is now made of a single sheet of metal, which is covered with an anti-corrosion coating. This also has a positive effect on the service life of the machine.

How does a forklift work and work?

In the working cycle, the load is fixed with a lifting device, the lifting device of the mast moves to the required position and is transported to the place of unloading, storage or loading. Lifting operations are usually carried out using a hydraulic system.

Forklift device

There are several classes of cars:

• class I — lift trucks with an electric battery power drive;
• II - equipment specialized for working in narrow aisles in warehouses (reach trucks, onboard loaders);
• III - electric stackers and trolleys;
• IV — units with internal combustion engines equipped with solid tires;
• V - cars with internal combustion engines equipped with pneumatic tires;
• VI - aggregates moving loads;
• VII - off-road loaders (all types of machines working on difficult road surfaces).

Lifting devices are equipped with:

1. Several types of forks:
   • with lateral movement of the forks;
   • rotating;
   • fixed.
2. Grab for rolls and barrels, including swivel.
3. Pin grip.
4. Gripper with pushing device.
5. Less commonly, special grips are used:
   • tire (wheel stripper);
   • furnace loader;
   • bucket for loading snow and bulk materials;
   • clamping type for moving single loads.

By design, the loader mast is:

• DLFL - of two sections, lifting the forks only by moving the mast (carriage without freewheel);
• DFFL - of two sections, the primary lifting of the forks is possible with a carriage, regardless of the mast (free-wheeling carriage of the forks);
• TFFL - three-section, freewheel fork carriage.

Truck Wheels and Tires

1. Pneumatic type - wheel rim, rubber tire, pneumatic tube. Durable and well cushioned on uneven surfaces.
2. Solid type - molded rubber compound. Wear-resistant, ensure the stability of the machine. They do not possess depreciation properties.
3. Polyurethane version - placed on warehouse machines used on flat surfaces
4. Bandage type - a thin rubber protector is applied to the steel disc for shock absorption during movement.

Pneumatic wheels, if necessary, are equipped with snow chains.

Loader power plant

A gasoline and diesel engine, an electric motor powered from a network or accumulators are used as a drive.

Internal combustion engines running on diesel fuel provide the truck with:

• sufficient power;
• autonomy combined with high mobility;
• operational efficiency.

But the presence of hazardous substances in the engine exhaust requires special measures for ventilation of closed warehouses where such machines operate.

Electric network loaders are rarely used, accumulator units with compact dimensions are more widespread, providing:

short preparation time - a discharged battery is simply changed to a charged one;
operating time on a charged battery up to 9 hours;
low level of noise loads;
no harmful emissions, which is important for closed storage facilities.

Mounted universal bucket

Homemade KUHN for a mini tractor is one of the types of front loaders. It is irreplaceable when you need to transport or load somewhere large volumes of bulk (and not only) materials, such as sand, gravel or grain.

The mini tractor itself differs in size from a full-fledged tractor. The use of a bucket makes it possible to turn a simple tractor into a universal technique for a variety of types of work.

Front loaders have a number of advantages:

• easy maintenance;
• reliability;
• ease of installation and dismantling of equipment;
• serious carrying capacity for a small tractor;
• simplicity of control due to the reinforced hydraulics.

Bucket making

You can buy a bucket for a mini tractor at any hardware store, but this is not the cheapest pleasure, so it's easier to make it yourself. No special knowledge or materials are needed here. To work, you need to stock up on drawings, a grinder, a welding machine and the material itself.

Advice! A metal sheet with a thickness of 6 mm and more and pipes of various diameters are best suited for these purposes.

1. First you need to make fasteners. It is welded to the box and the engine; a metal corner is welded to the bottom for reinforcement.
2. The KUHN itself is made from pieces of sheet metal. It makes no sense to bend the sheet into a bucket shape. It is much easier to cut rectangles of the desired size and weld them together so that you get a bucket. The durability of the product depends on the quality of the seams. It is better to use pipes with a diameter of 100 mm as racks, and for rods - 50 mm.
3. The next step is to install the power steering. For greater mobility, it is recommended to use a pipe with a diameter of 30 mm (it should not be more than 50 mm, otherwise the pipes will not move well inside each other).
4. Now the support is welded to the front of the tractor and combined with the racks, for reinforcement, "kerchiefs" are used.
5. A cylinder is used to control the rotation of the bucket. It is usually installed to the right of the bucket.

Bucket Safety

It is not very difficult to make a bucket for a mini tractor, the main thing is to have knowledge and experience in working with welding, to be able to work with drawings. In order for the attachment to work correctly, you need to take a responsible approach to work and do everything strictly according to plan, otherwise the result may not meet expectations, and the mini-tractor with KUHN itself will pose a danger to the operator.

Advice! If you have any doubts about the success of the event, you should refrain from making KUHN yourself and purchase it in the store.

To ensure safety during operation, it is worth following the operating rules:

• KUHN can only be used for its intended purpose;
• when working, you should carefully monitor the bucket;
• when driving with a loaded bucket, keep it in a lowered state, that is, near the ground.

Excavator bucket

You can make a mounted excavator for a mini tractor by analogy with a front loader. The main difference is the shape of the bucket, as well as the boom, which will consist of two parts.

To make an arrow, you will need two square metal pipes connected to each other in the shape of the letter L. The pipe on which the bucket will be attached must be longer than the pipe attached to the tractor. A hydraulic lift is connected to the ledge, which is located on top - it will move the boom on which the bucket is fixed. The second lift provides movement of the boom attached to the mini tractor. The third is responsible for the movement of the bucket itself. It can be made stationary, but for greater efficiency during earthmoving, you need to be able to control not only the booms, but also the bucket.

The bucket itself differs from the front loader in size - it should be narrower and stronger, since it has to blow up the ground

For manufacturing, you can use sheet metal with a thickness of 6 mm, it is important to firmly weld the pins to loosen the earth. In general, this assembly should be more massive than a loader bucket.

Homemade loader on a mini tractor with your own hands. Loader with your own hands on a mini tractor

When purchasing any agricultural machinery, every owner quite reasonably seeks to use it for a wide range of tasks. Mini tractors have become extremely popular today, which allow you to perform a variety of work, from land to construction. However, it is far from always possible to buy such a mini tractor complete with a loader, the cost of which is quite high individually. In this case, making this part on your own can be a real salvation, since it will allow you to use a vehicle to move various bulk building materials.

Where to begin?

In order to independently make a loader for a homemade mini tractor, you should take into account the model of the vehicle itself, since the weight of the attached unit will depend on this. In addition, it is necessary to find a diagram that reflects the mechanism for raising the bucket to a certain height and controlling it from the tractor cab.

Given the sufficient complexity of such a mechanism, this task should be approached very responsibly, having carefully thought out the design on paper.

In order not to reinvent the wheel, it is most correct to take as a basis the lifting mechanism, which is used on many models of domestic tractors. The design itself consists of 3 main parts:

1. The actual bucket.
2. Hydraulic lifting mechanism.
3. Systems for attaching the loader to the mini-tractor and the output of controls inside the cab.

Phased production of all structural elements

To begin with, you need to make a loading bucket (1), which can be made of several steel plates, at least 6 mm thick, welded at the desired angle. According to the specified dimensions, it is necessary to weld the side elements, and along the lower longitudinal part - the ridges, which will well capture bulk building materials of various fractions. After we proceed to the implementation of the most complex mechanism - the hydraulic lifting system, for which we need the following elements:

• 4 levers (2) - here it is best to use a square pipe of a suitable section, in which it is necessary to make holes for the connecting sleeves;
• boom (4) - is made of a U-shaped channel and is attached on one side to the lower part of the bucket, and on the other to the frame of the minitractor;
• hydraulic lifts (5,6) - they are best purchased ready-made, which can be found on the market of transport parts for tractors.

In addition, for this mechanism, you will also need bushings, pins, brackets, adapters and connecting pins, which should be sequentially assembled and fastened to each other.

It is very important that a homemade front loader for a mini tractor has the correct center of gravity, which will avoid accidental overturning due to overweight. The sketch under the number 3 indicates the location of the vehicle wheel, which will allow you to correctly orient yourself in the system of the location of the loading mechanism relative to the tractor itself

Key findings

When performing the entire range of works, it is very important to observe the required proportions, since the slightest inaccuracy can lead to the inoperability of the mechanism. To do this, from the very beginning, you should carefully approach the project, accurately calculating the dimensions of all parts

The elements used should be made of durable materials, which it is desirable to treat with anti-corrosion compounds. Thus, it is quite possible to make a loader for a mini tractor with your own hands, for which you only need care and skills in working with locksmith and welding tools.

Classification principles

For a better orientation in the variety of front loaders, it is necessary to have an idea of ​​their division into different categories, depending on the technical characteristics or features.

So, according to the type of chassis, loaders are distinguished on wheeled (self-propelled) and caterpillar tracks. Vehicles with tracks installed as chassis are particularly stable on soft soils, where the capabilities of self-propelled vehicles are limited.

However, during transportation, crawler-mounted loading units require special transport equipment. Examples of this type of machine are loaders Liebherr LR632B, Caterpillar 973, John Deer 755C.

Hereinafter, we will talk about truck-mounted forklifts, as the most demanded class of this type of equipment. The most important criterion for the classification of the type of machines under consideration is still precisely the parameters of their carrying capacity.

And such indicators as the type of engine, attachments tend to be more inclined to include them in a number of additional characteristics. In terms of carrying capacity, front loaders can be divided into 3 groups:

• mini-loaders with lifting capacity from 300 kg to 2000 kg (Caterpillar 242B3, Komatsu SK 510-5);
• small and medium-sized machines of carrying capacity, whose ability to handle loads fits in the range from 2,000 to 5,000 kg (Amkodor 320, SDLG 936);
• high-capacity equipment operating with loads weighing 5,000 kg and more (LG 968, Caterpillar 986H).

The type of engine used in front loaders can be electric, diesel, gasoline, gas. The most popular are internal combustion engines powered by diesel, gasoline or gas fuel.

Electric forklifts, due to the nature of the mains supply, have a narrow field of application and not so widespread. Engine power is the determining factor in the performance of a particular loading unit.

The nature of the attachment mounted on the front loader determines the functionality of the machine. So, units with the ability to install forks, a jaw bucket and other devices are characterized by increased versatility compared to models where the bucket is not removable.

Combined front loaders, in fact, accumulate the capabilities of several machines, enclosed in one unit.

Manufacturing firms and classification

For the first time vehicles of this type appeared in the United States of America, in 1932, but after the outbreak of the Second World War, their production was curtailed and resumed only years later.

Forklift manufacturer company

Currently, companies in many countries of the world are engaged in the production of forklifts, but the most famous and demanded of them are Japanese, Korean and North American brands such as Toyota, Komatsu, Doosan, Caterpillar, Maximal, Nacco Industries, Crown, etc.

Forklift trucks over 60 HPare divided into the following types, a brief description of which is presented below:

• 1 class. It includes devices with an electric drive system.
• Grade 2. Special vehicles operating in tunnels and limited areas.
• Grade 3. Electric cars and stackers.
• 4th grade. Gasoline or diesel forklift trucks with solid tires.
• Grade 5. Diesel vehicles with pneumatic tires.
• 6th grade. Devices with a lifting mechanism up to 2 meters.
• 7th grade. SUVs capable of operating in poor quality pavement conditions.

Power supply

The forklift battery is the most important part of this machine. Various types of batteries can act as a battery, as well as a three-phase current network (AC and DC). The most widely used batteries are those consisting of multiple batteries. Their number can reach several dozen. The batteries are acidic and alkaline, depending on the manufacturer of the truck. But it is the alkaline elements that are more applicable. In addition to batteries for the forklift, an alternating current can be used as a power source, connected using a cable. It is a flexible cable with a length of 20-30 meters.

Power point

An electric motor is used as a power unit in these machines. The torque is transmitted to the front drive axle. The engine is bolted securely to a flange located on the steel casting of the drive axle housing. A bevel gear is installed at the end of the motor shaft by means of a keyed connection. It meshes with a gear, which is riveted to the differential housing. The differential housing is mounted on two bearings. Inside the differential there are two bevel gears with shanks, as well as satellites in the amount of two pieces. They both sit on one finger.

There is a slotted hole in the shank of the gear - a semiaxis is inserted into it. At the other end of the semiaxis (also on the splines) a gear is fixed - it has internal teeth. It is riveted to a massive cast iron wheel.

When the operator turns on the electric motor of the electric forklift, the torque is transmitted through several gears to the drive pair of wheels. The wheels are mounted on tapered roller bearings securely mounted on a fixed axle. This axle is pressed into the axle housing. The bearings are hidden under a cast iron cover. The brake discs are mounted on the side flanges of the front axle. Many models use a double row spherical bearing as a support for the drive shaft. It is installed in a stationary disc.

Homemade loader mini tractor with your own hands. 1 Features of homemade forklifts

As a guide, you can take the T 40 or MTZ tractors. They are most often found in domestic agriculture, and are also equipped with a rear and front linkage with a power take-off and a hydraulic system that ensures the movement of attachments.

The main advantages of such a homemade device is the low cost with the necessary materials and tools. In addition, based on the technical characteristics of the equipment, you can make a homemade mini loader for the rear hitch with the most suitable volume and boom length.

As for the negative aspects, there are two of them:

Homemade tractor loader

1. Lack of material can lead to its purchase, which at a cost can be much more expensive than the purchased option. In this case, it will be more cost effective to take a used tool.
2. If there is no necessary equipment and experience in working with metal structures, there is no technology, this can affect the quality of the device being manufactured. Poor joining of metal elements leads to a lack of strength of the truck. Incorrect calculation of the balance and length of the device can lead to overturning of the equipment.

If you have everything you need and the decision to make a device with your own hands has already been made, you should decide on the type of loader you need. The most common options are:

• rear hitch loader;
• front loader;
• skid steer loader .

1.1 Loader-homemade on the rear hitch of the tractor

Such a loader is used on T 25 and T 40. This is a simpler option than a front loader in terms of calculating the dimensions and installation on a tractor.

Homemade tractor loader

The first step in the manufacture of a loader for the rear of the tractor will be to find or independently produce the correct drawing. The proportions and dimensions of the main metal parts must be clearly maintained in it.

Next, you should prepare the necessary materials.

For the simplest model of a loader you will need:

1. First of all, you need metal sheets and a profile, which will be used as the basis of the kosh. The thickness of the metal is selected based on the dimensions of the bucket.
2. Based on the drawing and calculations of the load on the loader, cylindrical articulated joints are selected.
3. You should also prepare three cylinders from the old machinery hydraulic system. Two cylinders will be responsible for tilting the bucket. One larger one will raise the arrow.

As for the tool, you will need:

• a grinder or gas cutter, which will provide the most accurate cutting of metal profiles;
• powerful welding machine;
• hammer, bolts, washers, pliers and other small tools.

The most "heavy" representatives of the species and their characteristics

As a rule, the average carrying capacity of this equipment is 1.5 - 3.0 tons, but in large warehouse complexes and industrial enterprises with large production areas, a 5-ton forklift is more in demand.

Check the lifting capacities of your front loaders here.

Doosan D50SC 5

Doosan D50SC 5 forklift truck with the following technical characteristics is among the popular models with large payloads used in enterprises of various specializations:

Doosan D 50SC 5

It is used for loading operations with high intensity in open areas and inside warehouses for unloading trucks, railway wagons and containers. The package includes a low-emission powertrain. Has an economical fuel consumption. The price of this "heavyweight" is about $ 58,000.

About another powerful truck, namely the largest mining dump truck in the world, is written in this article.

TVEX VP 05

It can be completed with a glazed and non-glazed type cab. Equipped with hydrostatic transmission. Possesses good maneuverability. Has a variety of attachments, including a boom hook bucket, grapple-tilt and 4-fork grapple, to handle long loads.

Its parameters:

Its price is about $ 30,000.

Features of the loader on the video.

Maximal FB50

In the warehouses of large industrial enterprises and shopping malls, American forklifts of 5 tons are also used, for example, specialized electric vehicles from Maximal, the main technical parameters of which can be viewed in the following table:

The price of such a forklift starts at $ 7,000.

Maximal FB50

Since the cost of vehicles with a high carrying capacity is quite high (new forklifts cost at least 20,000-30,000 dollars), the most rational solution for completing industries that need to organize loading and unloading operations from time to time is to rent a forklift, an agreement on which can be concluded with suppliers for favorable grounds. Find out if it is possible to rent Russian-made wheel loaders and what the cost will be.

Toyota

Toyota forklifts are in stable demand, the line of which includes equipment with various carrying capacities, equipped with diesel, gasoline and electric engines.

Manitou loaders also have a wide range of models.

5FD50

"Five-toners" under this brand represents the 5FD50 model, with the following parameters:

Price for this forklift: about $ 10,000.

Compare with the prices of a Volvo backhoe loader - in this article.

FG1

Popular model with a lifting capacity of 1.5 t Toyota FG15 with characteristics:

Its price in good condition is approximately 470,000 Russian rubles.

Homemade mini loader

The mechanism, according to the principle of its operation, is similar to that of large-sized equipment. However, due to the limited capabilities of the mini loader, it will be necessary to carry out detailed calculations of the device parameters.

Homemade mini tractor loader includes a main bucket for work, hydraulic drive and system control.

Then the hydraulics are done. For the boom, you need a channel that resembles the letter P in profile. They are attached to the bucket and plates on the frame itself.

Further, levers are prepared from the pipe. Fix them with fittings. For them, recesses are preliminarily prepared. A shallow lever is attached closer to the center of the boom. Second lever to the remaining end of the first and the bucket. A similar construction should be done on the other side.

The final step is to prepare the hydraulic rods. Two rods are attached between the frame and the support. The other two combine the vertical supports and the untouched end of the main arm.

Specifications

Most of the technical characteristics, including performance and dimensions, depend on the chassis used, however, one can single out the part that relates directly to the attachment along with the removable bodies.

Video review of the KUHN-10 loader:

Dump

The blade for a mini tractor is another indispensable unit when working on a small farm. It can be used to level the area, remove snow and perform many more different tasks.

A homemade dump can be made from a piece of steel pipe with a diameter of at least 70 cm and with a wall thickness of 8 mm, an old heating boiler or barrel is also suitable. To make a dump for a mini tractor, you need to cut the pipe longitudinally, but you need to do this not in the middle, but about three quarters of the full circle. This creates a perfect grip curve.

When making a shovel for a mini tractor, you need to take into account its power and dimensions in order to choose the right width. It is not recommended to make the blade wider than the tractor by more than 20 cm on each side.

To strengthen the blade, it is necessary to make a longitudinal stop, for which a square pipe with a size of 4 * 4 cm is ideal. In addition, it is recommended to make vertical stops in the amount of 4-8 pieces. It is best to attach the longitudinal stop just below the center of the shovel, and provide its lower edge with a rubber casing to protect it from damage when it comes into contact with a hard surface, such as asphalt or concrete. Another important element is the knife, which is welded to the bottom edge. It can be made from a metal plate 5 mm thick and length corresponding to the width of the shovel. To attach the cuff, holes with a diameter of 5-6 mm should be drilled every 10 cm.

You need to install the shovel on a welded structure that resembles the letter A. In the place where the middle jumper is located, a special bracket should be welded to attach the hitch to the tractor. Lifting the shovel will provide a hydraulic unit that is best purchased straight from the store.