Psatirella chestnut

Morphology

The fruiting bodies are small or medium-sized, with a central stem position.

The cap is thin, hygrophane, at first spherical, bell-shaped or cone-shaped, can open up to flat, the edges are often grooved, the color is from whitish to various brown shades.

The pulp is thin, fragile.

The stem is long and thin, brittle, fibrous, with a cavity, usually the same color as the cap or lighter in color. The surface can be felt or scaly.

The plates are adherent or loose, at first light, then darken and become brown, violet-brown or black, usually with a lighter edge.

The remains of the bedspread are noticeable on the surface and especially along the edges of the cap, cobweb or filmy, the ring and volva are usually absent, there is rarely a ring on the leg.

Dark brown, purple or almost black spore powder.

Spores are dark purple to black, usually smooth, with occasional germination. There are cheilocystids, their shape can be varied: bottle-shaped, saccular, clavate, with a coracoid outgrowth, sometimes inlaid with crystals.

Accepted views

• Psathyrella aquatica J.L. Frank, Coffan, & Southworth 2010
• Psathyrella ammophila (Durieu & Lév.) P. D. Orton 1960
• Psathyrella asperospora (Cleland) Guzmán, Bandala & Montoya 1991
• Psathyrella atomatoides (Peck) A. H. Sm. 1972
• Psathyrella atrolaminata Kits van Wav. 1981
• Psathyrella badiovestita P. D. Orton 1960
• Psathyrella bifrons (Berk.) A. H. Sm. 1941
• Psathyrella bipellis (Quél.) A. H. Sm. 1946
• Psathyrella borgensis Kits van Wav. 1987
• Psathyrella candolleana (Fr.) Maire 1913 - Psathyrella Candolle
• Psathyrella canoceps (Kauffman) A. H. Sm. 1941
• Psathyrella caput-medusae (Fr.) Konrad & Maubl. 1948
• Psathyrella cernua (Vahl) M. M. Moser 1984 - Fragile drooping
• Psathyrella chondroderma (Berk. & Broome) A. H. Sm. 1941
• Psathyrella clivensis (Berk. & Broome) P. D. Orton 1960
• Psathyrella conopilus (Fr.) A. Pearson & Dennis 1949 - Fragile conical, or Psatirella blackish
• Psathyrella coprophila Watling 1971
• Psathyrella corrugis (Pers.) Konrad & Maubl. 1948 - Fragile wrinkled
• Psathyrella cotonea (Quél.) Konrad & Maubl. 1949
• Psathyrella dennyensis Kits van Wav. 1987
• Psathyrella dunensis Kits van Wav. 1985
• Psathyrella echinata (Cleland) Grgur. 1997
• Psathyrella fatua (Fr.) P. Kumm. 1949 - Tasteless fragile
• Psathyrella fibrillosa (Pers.) Maire 1938 - Psathyrella fibrillosa
• Psathyrella flexispora T. J. Wallace & P. ​​D. Orton 1960
• Psathyrella friesii Kits van Wav. 1977
• Psathyrella frustulenta (Fr.) A. H. Sm. 1941
• Psathyrella fusca (Schumach.) M. M. Moser 1952
• Psathyrella gordonii (Berk. & Broome) A. Pearson & Dennis 1948 - Psatirella Gordon
• Psathyrella gossypina (Bull.) A. Pearson & Dennis 1948 - Cotton Psathyrella
• Psathyrella gracilis (Fr.) Quél. 1872 typus - Psatirella graceful, or Fragile slender
• Psathyrella hirta Peck 1897
• Psathyrella incerta (Peck) A. H. Sm. 1972
• Psathyrella laevissima (Romagn.) Singer 1969
• Psathyrella leucotephra (Berk. & Broome) P. D. Orton 1960
• Psathyrella longicauda P. Karst. 1891
• Psathyrella lutensis (Romagn.) M. M. Moser 1955
• Psathyrella macquariensis Singer 1959
• Psathyrella maculata (C. S. Parker) A. H. Sm. 1972
• Psathyrella marcescibilis (Britzelm.) Singer 1951
• Psathyrella microrhiza (Lasch) Konrad & Maubl. 1948 - Half-covered fragile woman
• Psathyrella mucrocystis A. H. Sm. 1972
• Psathyrella multipedata (Peck) A. H. Sm. 1941 - Psatirella centipede, or Fragile many-legged
• Psathyrella murcida (Fr.) Kits van Wav. 1985
• Psathyrella narcotica Kits van Wav. 1971
• Psathyrella noli-tangere (Fr.) A. Pearson & Dennis 1948
• Psathyrella ocellata (Romagn.) M. M. Moser 1967
• Psathyrella olympiana A. H. Sm. 1941
• Psathyrella panaeoloides (Maire) M. M. Moser 1967
• Psathyrella pannucioides (J. E. Lange) M. M. Moser 1967
• Psathyrella pellucidipes (Romagn.) M. M. Moser 1978
• Psathyrella pennata (Fr.) A. Pearson & Dennis 1948
• Psathyrella phegophila Romagn. 1985
• Psathyrella piluliformis (Bull.) P. D. Orton 1969 - Psatirella water-loving, or Hydrophilic fragile
• Psathyrella ploddensis Kits van Wav. 1987
• Psathyrella polycystis (Romagn.) Romagn. 1982
• Psathyrella populina (Britzelm.) Kits van Wav. 1985
• Psathyrella pseudobifrons Romagn.
• Psathyrella pseudocasca (Romagn.) Kits van Wav. 1982 - Psatirella is oldish
• Psathyrella pseudocorrugis (Romagn.) Bon 1983
• Psathyrella pseudogordonii Kits van Wav. 1985
• Psathyrella pseudogracilis (Romagn.) M. M. Moser 1967
• Psathyrella pygmaea (Bull.) Singer 1951 - Psatirella pygmy
• Psathyrella romseyensis Kits van Wav. 1987
• Psathyrella rostellata Örstadius 1986
• Psathyrella sacchariolens Enderle 1984
• Psathyrella sarcocephala (Fr.) Singer 1951 - Chestnut fragile
• Psathyrella solitaria (P. Karst.) Örstadius & Huhtinen 1996
• Psathyrella spadicea (Schaeff.) Singer 1951 - Psatirella brown-red
• Psathyrella spadiceogrisea (Schaeff.) Maire 1937 - Psatirella brown-gray, or Fragile chestnut-gray
• Psathyrella sphaerocystis P. D. Orton 1964
• Psathyrella sphagnicola (Maire) J. Favre 1937 - Psathyrella sphagnum
• Psathyrella spintrigera (Fr.) Konrad & Maubl. 1949 - Psatirella striped ring
• Psathyrella spintrigeroides P. D. Orton 1960
• Psathyrella stellata (Romagn.) Romagn. 1983
• Psathyrella stercoraria (Kühner & Joss.) Arnolds 1972
• Psathyrella tephrophylla (Romagn.) M. M. Moser 1955
• Psathyrella trepida (Fr.) Gillet 1878
• Psathyrella typhae (Kalchbr.) A. Pearson & Dennis 1948
• Psathyrella umbrina Kits van Wav. 1982
• Psathyrella vinosofulva P. D. Orton 1960
• Psathyrella vyrnwyensis Kits van Wav. 1987

Psatirella wrinkled description and photo, edibility, how it looks, where it grows

Psatirella wrinkled: photo, is it possible to have

This mushroom is found all over the world. The first mentions of him are found in the writings of the 18th-19th centuries. Psatirella wrinkled is considered inedible, there is a high risk of confusion with toxic mushrooms. Even biologists cannot always find out exactly in appearance such a species.

The Latin name of the mushroom is Psathyrella corrugis (from the Greek "psathyra" - brittle, Latin "rugis" - wrinkles, "con" - excessively). In Russian, it is also called Fragile wrinkled. You can also meet definitions:

• Agaricus caudatus;
• Agaricus corrugis;
• Coprinarius caudatus;
• Coprinarius corrugis;
• Psathyra gracilis var. corrugis;
• Psathyrella gracilis f. corrugis;
• Psathyrella corrugis f. clavigera.

Where the wrinkled psatirella grow

These mushrooms ravage mixed forests. Appear closer to autumn. They are saprotrophs, in other words, they feed on the organic remains of living things.Therefore, Psatirella wrinkled grows on:

• wooden remains;
• rotting branches;
• forest litter;
• soil with compost;
• grassy areas;
• sawdust;
• wood chips.

It can be found in Canada (on the island of Nova Scotia), Norway, Denmark, Austria, the United States (states of Idaho, Michigan, Oregon, Washington, Wyoming). In Russia, he prefers the northern regions. For example, the forests of St. Petersburg.

How wrinkled psatirella look

On Psatirella wrinkled with a lack of moisture, wrinkles appear. Because of this specificity, it acquired a similar name. Young mushrooms are distinguished by their pallor and smoothness.

Has the shape of a blunt cone. It becomes flatter with age. The radius is 1-4.5 cm. The color is light brown, clay, mustard. It can be smooth or ribbed-wrinkled. The edge is wavy, but not curled. The flesh of the cap is pinkish-white.

There are several tiers. The plates are placed close to each other. Approximately 25 of them affect the legs. Painted in all shades of gray. The edge of the lamellae of young mushrooms has a shade of red.

White, acquiring a brown tone over time. Superfine, brittle, hollow in the middle. Height 4-12 cm, thickness 1.5-3 mm. The upper part of the leg is sometimes darkened due to the ingress of spores. Valum is missing.

Very large. Are elliptical or ovoid. Size 11-15x6-6.6 microns. Spore print of Psatirella, wrinkled, dark chocolate color. The apical pore stands out. Basidia 4 spore.

Is it possible to have Psatirella wrinkled

It looks like a small mushroom with a neutral aroma. Do not eat.

In the BBC film Wild Food, Gordon Hillman recounted how he accidentally ate a poisonous mushroom called Psatirella. The man washed it down with a glass of beer. There was a reaction in the body, as a result, the vision became monochrome (blue-white). This was followed by memory impairment, difficulty breathing. Negative symptoms disappeared after gastric lavage.

How to tell the difference between Psatirella wrinkled

The genus that owns this mushroom includes more than 400 species. Their representatives are similar.

Psatirella wrinkled is distinguished by the following features:

• long thin leg;
• big disputes;
• a shade of pink in the middle;
• reddish color of the edges of the ribs of the hymenomorph.

It is similar to individual representatives of other genera.

Foliotin wrinkled

The hat is hygrophilous. The leg is thin. The painting is also similar. It stands out as a rusty spore powder. Velum is available, but sometimes disappears. There is a possibility of poisoning with amatoxin contained in the twin of Psatirella wrinkled. This substance irreversibly destroys the liver.

Enteloma collected

An inedible, poisonous mushroom. The leg is slightly widened towards the base. It smells mealy. The edges of the cap are tucked away with age, making it flat-curved. The imprint is pink.

Paneolus limb

Has a large amount of psilocybin, a psychoactive substance. Therefore, it belongs to the category of inedible. It is the most farmed hallucinogenic mushroom in the world. In America, it is even called a weed.

Thicker than Psatirella wrinkled. His hat is always smooth, capable of bending. Spore seal black. Grows in open landscapes (lawns, dung heaps, fields). Velvety to the touch.

Conclusion

Psatirella wrinkled does not have a refined taste, is inedible, it is easy to confuse with toxic specimens. There is no point in exposing health to danger. It is safer to refuse to eat the mushroom altogether, without conducting gastronomic experiments.

It is important to use the gifts of nature intelligently

Psatirella gray-brown, Psathyrella spadiceogrisea

Hat: Diameter 3-6 cm, hygrophane, hemispherical in youth, rather compact, with age it opens up to almost prostrate; in older specimens, the edges of the cap, at first picturesquely overgrown with a light fringe (the remnants of a private bedspread), often crack, especially in dry weather. The central tubercle is far from always manifested, mainly in thin-fleshy specimens.The color of the cap, like that of many members of this genus, is highly variable and easily varies depending on weather conditions. The mushroom, in accordance with the name, can take on almost all shades from the gray-brown palette, in dry weather and completely fade to clay-yellowish. The zoning of color is pronounced. The flesh of the cap is relatively thick (for psatirellas), whitish, rather damp and fragile, with a pleasant mushroom smell.

Plates: Adherent, frequent, relatively wide, light cream in youth, with age, as the spores mature, quickly darken to brown, almost black.

Spore powder: Dark brown.

Leg: Height 4-8 cm, thickness - 0.5 - 0.8 cm (rather thick compared to other members of the genus Psathyrella, cylindrical, mostly hollow, even, whitish, covered with scales of the same color. The flesh of the leg is brittle, whitish.

Distribution: Psatirella gray-brown appears one of the first of its kind, even somewhat earlier than Psathyrella candolleana - in the first decade of May. It grows on decaying wood in groups, relatively scattered, rarely forming dense intergrowths. Fruiting in compact "waves", the last of which is, apparently, in late September-early October. However, this is not certain.

Similar species: The genus Psathyrella has a huge number of species of extremely variable appearance, it is absolutely impossible to understand all this. Nevertheless, in May, the gray-brown psatirella can be identified with a high degree of certainty: there is too little competition. Another widespread mushroom of the same genus, Psathyrella piluliformis, is characterized by a weaker constitution, darker caps, and a tendency to form intergrowths. Judging by the literature, during the fruiting period of other similar fungi, there can be no question of a reliable determination of Psathyrella spadiceogrisea outside the laboratory.

Edible: According to the literature, it is an unconditionally edible mushroom.

Author's notes: Bright, large, catchy representatives of this species are a delight to the eye in the spring, while jogging through the forest in search of local foci of any morel-line vermin. At these moments, the gray-brown psatirella looks like a genius poet, hopelessly ahead of his time and doomed to misunderstanding and rapid oblivion. And it's true: in summer and autumn, when the forest is full of other bright, large and catchy mushrooms, the gaze on these grebes, as a rule, does not linger.

Description of the species

The cap has a diameter of 3-6 cm, sometimes up to 9 cm, at first bell-shaped, later convex, later convex-outstretched. A distinctive feature of the species is at first a whitish-yellowish, later with purple edges, a cap with white flakes along the edge and an even white-cream leg. In addition, thin radial fibers are often visible on the surface of the cap.

The stem has a height of 3-8 cm, a thickness of 3 to 7 mm, fibrous, slightly widened near the base, brittle, white-cream with a weak flocculent bloom in the upper part.

Pulp: at first whitish, later yellowish, in young specimens without a special smell and taste, in mature and old mushrooms - with an unpleasant odor and bitter taste.

The plates are adherent, frequent, narrow, at first whitish, later gray-violet, gray-pink, dirty brown, gray-brown or dark purple.

Variability. The cap color can range from cream-white to yellowish to pinkish-cream in juveniles and yellow-brown and purple-edged in mature specimens.

Similar species. Psatirella Candolla in shape and size is similar to the golden yellow plyute (Pluteus luteovirens), which is distinguished by a golden yellow cap with a darker center.

Conditionally edible, since only the youngest specimens can be eaten and no later than 2 hours after collection, in which the color of the plates is still light. Mature specimens produce black water and a bitter taste.

Psatirella candolla - description, where it grows, the poisonousness of the mushroom

Psatirella belongs to the Psatirella family and the Psatirella genus. The edibility of the fruit bodies of this variety has long been debated. Some consider them unsuitable for eating, others conditionally classify them as edible. The second option suggests that when carrying out a long and thorough heat treatment, the specimens can be tried. However, experienced lovers of quiet hunting are not advised to collect this variety, so as not to risk it.

Description

1. Psatirella Candolla is considered a conditionally edible fruiting body, as mentioned earlier. The top grows up to 10 cm in diameter, maximum, is painted in beige or cream tone. It is fragile, changes over the course of the life cycle, becoming not round, but almost flat. Young specimens are sometimes endowed with a brown scaly structure. The edges of the apex are uneven, wavy, all with cracks. There is a bump in the center of the hat.
2. The plates on the back of the hat are located next to each other, they stick to the base and are pigmented from light to dark brown. It all depends on the age of a particular fruiting body. The leg grows up to 10 cm in height, it is smoothed and white. May be brownish on rare occasions. A seal is seen at the bottom. The leg itself is weak and often breaks.
3. The soft part of the whole mushroom is painted with a whitish tone. A subtle aroma emanates from it. This type of mushroom has a twin called brown-gray psatirella. This twin is dark, growing next to trees in the grass. The Candoll mushroom is not used in folk medicine. It has other names, such as fragile or false froth.
4. Growth begins at the end of the spring season and continues until mid-autumn. The nature of the growth is colonial, but the groups are not too voluminous. It is necessary to look for mushrooms in North America and Eurasia. Fruit bodies grow directly on tree trunks and stumps. Often found in larch trees, as well as parks, courtyards and gardens. Heat treatment after harvest is very difficult, so the mushroom is practically not consumed as food.

This variety has distinctive characteristics. The cocoon, which remains after birth, is on the hat of the fruiting body. If these remains of the blanket are not present, then it is necessary to study the place of growth. Mushrooms settle on dead areas of trees, in particular on stumps. Also, there is no ring on the base.
If we compare Candoll, for example, with Agrotsibe, then the following should be said. Our variety has a darker spore powder. And this variety differs from other psatirella in its large size and light tone.
Also, the peculiar variability of Candoll should not be overlooked. External data may change depending on climatic conditions, temperature conditions in the morning and evening hours. Age and habitat are of no small importance. But you should know for sure that you will not confuse this species with edible mushrooms.

Water-loving psatirella

1. This type of fruit has a cap no more than 7cm in diameter. It can often be light brown or yellowish in color. You can also see a small bump on it. The hat in most cases has a cracked structure and uneven edges.
2. The mushroom is shaped like a bell. As the fruiting body ages, the hat becomes almost flat. It can be said to be smooth and dry to the touch. The leg can be up to 11 cm in height. It is distinguished by a lighter color, in contrast to the hat. The leg is hollow, curved and quite dense. A mealy coating is present along the entire length. It is velvety to the touch.

The discussed fruiting body belongs to rather interesting mushrooms. Such a specimen is very rare. In addition, depending on weather conditions, it is able to change its appearance. This mushroom is not recommended for consumption. It requires special handling. There is also a high probability that you can pluck a poisonous or simply inedible double.

Description of psatirella gray-brown

At a young age, these mushrooms have hemispherical caps. The hat of the gray-brown psatirella is rather compact. As it grows, it opens up and becomes almost prostrate. Its diameter ranges from 3 to 6 centimeters. In young mushrooms, the caps are overgrown with a light fringe, which is the remnants of the bedspread. In dry weather, the edges often crack.

In mushrooms with thin-fleshy caps, a small tubercle is very rarely seen in the center. The color of the surface of the cap is variable, like that of many members of the genus. The color of the cap depends on the weather conditions and can be easily changed.

The surface of the cap can take on various shades of brown and gray. And in dry weather, the cap, in general, fades to a yellow or clay color. The zoning of color is clearly visible.

The flesh of gray-brown psatirella is thick, watery and brittle. The color of the pulp is whitish. The pulp has a pleasant mushroom aroma.

The plates are rather wide, often adherent. The color of the plates in young specimens is light cream. In adult mushrooms, spores mature, and therefore the plates become dark - brown or even black. But the edges of the plates remain light. The spore powder is dark brown.

In comparison with other representatives of the genus, the leg of the gray-brown psatirella is rather thick. Its height ranges from 4 to 8 centimeters, and its diameter reaches 0.8 centimeters. The shape of the leg is cylindrical, inside it is most often hollow. The color of the leg is whitish. The leg is located in the center of the cap. Its base is wavy-pubescent, white, and closer to the blades, there is a mealy white bloom. The surface of the leg is scaly.

Areas of growth of gray-brown psatirella

These mushrooms begin to meet in early May. Psatirellas bear fruit in gray-brown waves, the last peak is observed in mid-October.

Gray-brown psatirella grow on rotting wood. They settle in rather scattered groups, sometimes they can form dense clusters.

Other mushrooms of this genus

There are a huge number of species in the Psatirella genus, and the appearance of all these mushrooms is very changeable, so it is very difficult to understand them. The easiest way to identify the gray-brown psatirella is that there is little competition during this period.

Psatirella globular, or water-loving - an inedible mushroom. Young mushrooms have hemispherical or bell-shaped caps, then they become semi-spread. Scraps of bedspread are often visible along the edges of the cap. The diameter of the cap is 2-6 centimeters. The structure of the cap is hygrophane, that is, it absorbs moisture.

In wet places of growth, the color of the caps is chocolate, and in dry places it is creamy. The leg is hollow, smooth, no more than 8 centimeters high and 0.7 centimeters thick. The color of the leg is whitish. There is a false ring at the top of it.

Psatirella globose grows on woody remains, also settles on stumps, and on the soil around them. These mushrooms grow in large colonies, forming bundles. Fruiting occurs in June-October. This mushroom is not considered poisonous, but it is also not edible.

Psatirella cotton is an inedible mushroom. At a young age, the shape of the cap is conical or hemispherical, but over time it becomes prostrate. The surface of the cap is variegated, cracking. The skin covering the cap is brownish-gray. Remnants of the bedspread are visible along the edges of the cap. The leg is cylindrical, scaly, its length is 3-6 centimeters. The upper part of the stem is white and the lower is darker.

These mushrooms are not found too often. They mostly grow in dry spruce forests. You can find them in the middle of autumn. Quilted psatirella settle in heap groups. There is no information about their edibility.