Tuberous polypore

Results

232 new sequences (), which including 29 ITS, 29 nLSU, 36 EF1-Î ±, 33 mtSSU, 25 β-tubulin, 22 RPB1, 23 RPB2 and 35 nSSU, were generated for this study. Other 45 related sequences (including 23 ITS, 18 nLSU, 2 RPB2, 1 EF1-Î ± and 1 RPB1) used in phylogenetic analysis were downloaded from GenBank and listed in. The partition homogeneity test indicated all the eight different DNA sequences display a congruent phylogenetic signal (P value = 0.999). Thus, an 8-gene concatenated dataset resulted in an alignment with 7270 total characters (including 682 ITS + 1364 nLSU + 600 EF1-Î ± + 738 mtSSU + 482 β-tubulin + 1245 RPB1 + 1053 RPB2 + 1106 nSSU nucleotides) was carried out. Among these characters, 4876 of them were constant, 488 variable characters were parsimony-uninformative and 1906 characters were parsimony-informative. In the MP analysis, 63,166,858 rearrangements were tried and two equally most parsimonious trees (length = 8184, CI = 0.481, RI = 0.622, RC = 0.299, HI = 0.519) were retained. While in the ML analysis, 33,295 rearrangements were tried and the best obtained tree scored 46291.85109. ML analysis used the GTR + I + G model and had an identical topology with the Bayesian trees. Topology from ML analysis was presented along with ML-BS (above 50%), MP-BS (above 50%) and BPPs (above 0.95) values ​​(, TreeBase submission ID: 18703).

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Fig 1. Phylogeny of Polyporus and related genera inferred from ITS + nLSU + EF1-Î ± + mtSSU + β-tubulin + RPB1 + RPB2 + nSSU data.

Topology is from ML analysis with maximum likelihood bootstrap support values ​​(â ¥ 50, former), parsimony bootstrap support values ​​(â ¥ 50, middle) and Bayesian posterior probability values ​​(â ¥ 0.95, the latter). The bold species are new from China.

The phylogenetic tree () shows that all sampled species within Polyporus group Melanopus were divided into two distinct clades:

1. The picipes clade: Besides the three species of Picipes, Pi. badius, Pi. melanopus and Pi. tubaeformis, nine Polyporus spp. (including P. admirabilis Peck, P. americanus Vlasák & YC Dai, P. austroandinus Rajchenb. & YC Dai, P. conifericola HJ Xue & LW Zhou, P. fraxinicola LW Zhou & YC Dai, P. rhizophilus Pat., P. submelanopus HJ Xue & LW Zhou, P. taibaiensis YC Dai and P. virgatus Berk. & MA Curtis) and four undescribed Picipes species are contained in the well supported picipes clade (100/98 / 1.00). Among these species, P. rhizophilus, which was morphologically treated as a member of group Polyporellus, is closely related to P. austroandinus (85/65 / 1.00), while P. admirabilis of group Admirabilis strongly clusters with P. fraxinicola (100 / 100 / 1.00). The four undescribed species are well supported as new species of Picipes.
2. The squamosus clade: Polyporus squamosus strongly clusters with P. dictyopus, P. guianensis Mont., P. leprieurii, P. subvarius C.J. Yu & Y.C. Dai and P. varius in the squamosus clade (96/79 / 1.00). Species in this clade usually produce stipes with black cuticle at the lower or entire part, although P. squamosus was morphologically treated as a member of group Polyporus.

The phylogenetic topology also shows four other clades with high supports:

The well supported core polyporus clade (94/77 / 1.00) contains P. hapalopus H.J. Xue & L.W. Zhou, P. tuberaster (Jacq.ex Pers.) Fr. and P. umbellatus (Pers.) Fr. It shows that Polyporus spp. in the core polyporus clade have closer relationships with species in squamosus clade. Polyporus tuberaster was selected as the lectotype species of Polyporus by Donk [] and accepted by most succeeding researchers. Morphologically, P. tuberaster was treated as a members of group Polyporus along with P. squamosus, however P. umbellatus was put into group Dendropolyporus [].

Favolus clade and neofavolus clade are well supported as monophyletic lineages respectively (both 100/100/100 for Favolus and Neofavolus). These two clades are separately composed of species from genera Favolus and Neofavolus.

Polyporellus clade, which is composed of P. arcularius (Batsch) Fr., P. brumalis (Pers.) Fr. and P. ciliatus Fr. is well supported as a distinct group phylogenetically separated from other Polyporus (100/100/100).

Growing at home and in the country

Scaly polypores can be easily grown on their own both at home and in the country. This will require a substrate of sawdust, shavings and branch bark. The growing process consists of the following stages:

1. Pour boiling water over the substrate, wait until it cools down to room temperature.
2. Squeeze the resulting mixture and place the wet substrate in a plastic bag, adding the mycelium.
3. Make an incision on the bag and leave it in a room where the humidity will be at least 70-80%, and the temperature is maintained at +20 degrees.
4. The first crop will appear in 30-40 days.

Hemp or bars can act as a substrate on the site. You need to make cuts in them with any convenient hand tool. Place the mycelium in the incisions. The substrate must contain a sufficient amount of moisture, therefore, it must also be soaked in water beforehand.

False doubles of polyporus

The tinder fungus, like most mushrooms, has false counterparts. The differences between these species can be seen most clearly in the photo.

Cellular polypore is an edible relative of the scaly one. The difference lies in the brighter color of the cap - in the honeycomb tinder fungus, it is reddish-orange. Also, this mushroom, even at a young age, has a very tough fruit body, the flesh of a honeycomb tinder fungus has a very faint smell and an expressionless taste.

Liver mushroom - edible, with a delicate taste and a strong sour aftertaste. It usually grows in the lower part of the trunk or at the roots. It is distinguished by an unusually bright color of the pulp, reminiscent of meat with whitish veins.

Dangerous doubles are clearly described in the table:

Polyporus the black-footed (Polyporus the black-footed): photo and description

The black-footed polypore is a representative of the Polyporov family. It is also called the Blackfoot Pitsipes. The assignment of a new name is due to a change in the classification of the fungus. Since 2016, it has been attributed to the Picipes genus.

Description of blackfoot tinder fungus

The black-footed tinder fungus has a thin, elongated leg. The diameter of the cap ranges from 3 to 8 cm. It has a funnel shape.As the mushroom matures, a depression forms in its middle. The surface of the black-footed tinder fungus is covered with a glossy, cloudy film. The color ranges from brown to dark brown.

The fungus has a tubular hymenophore, which is located on the inside. The pores are small and rounded. At a young age, the flesh of the black tinder fungus is quite soft. Over time, it hardens and begins to crumble. No liquid is released at the fracture site. Contact with air does not change the color of the pulp.

In nature, the black-footed tinder fungus acts as a parasite. It destroys decaying wood, and then utilizes the remains of organic matter as a saprophyte. The Latin name for the mushroom is Polyporus melanopus.

When collecting, the fruit bodies are not broken, but carefully cut with a knife at the base

Where and how it grows

Most often, black-footed tinder fungi are found in deciduous forests. They are considered annual mushrooms, which are located near alder, birch and oak. Single specimens are localized in conifers. The peak of fruiting occurs from mid-summer to November. In Russia, pitsipes grows in the Far East. But it can also be found in other areas of the temperate forest belt of the Russian Federation.

Is the mushroom edible or not

Polyporus black-footed is classified as inedible. It has no nutritional value and taste. At the same time, it does not have a toxic effect on the human body.

Doubles and their differences

In appearance, polyporus can be confused with other polypores. But an experienced mushroom picker can always tell the difference between them. The black-footed pizipes has a distinctive brown slender leg.

Chestnut tinder fungus

The surface of young specimens is velvety; in more mature mushrooms, it becomes smooth. The leg of the chestnut tinder fungus is located on the edge of the cap. It has a gradient shade - dark at the ground and light at the top.

The chestnut tinder fungus is ubiquitous in Australia, North America and western Europe. On the territory of Russia, it grows mainly in Siberia and the Far East. Often it can be found near the scaly tinder fungus. The peak of fruiting occurs from the end of May to October. This species is not eaten. The scientific name is Pícipes badius.

When it rains, the surface of the tinder fungus cap becomes oily.

Polyporus changeable

Fruiting bodies are formed on thin fallen branches. The diameter of the twin's cap can reach 5 cm. There is a small notch in the middle. In young mushrooms, the edges are slightly tucked down. As they grow older, they open up. In rainy weather, radial stripes appear on the surface of the cap. The pulp of a polyporus is elastic and soft, with a characteristic aroma.

The features of the fungus include a developed leg, which has a black color. The tubular layer is white, the pores are small. The changeable polyporus is not eaten, but this mushroom is not toxic either. In Latin it is called Cerioporus varius.

Fruit bodies are unsuitable for human consumption due to too tough pulp

Conclusion

The black-footed tinder fungus is found not only in single specimens, but also in fruits that have grown together with each other. It can be found on dead wood and rotting branches. For mushroom pickers it is of little interest due to the impossibility of eating.

Polyporus the black-footed

Blackfoot tinder

Polyporus black-footed (Polyporus melanopus, obsolete) is a mushroom from the Polyporov family. Previously, this species was attributed to the genus Polyporus, and in 2016 it was transferred to a new genus - Picipes, therefore the current name is Picipes melanopus.

External description

A polyporus mushroom called Polyporus melanopus has a fruiting body, which consists of a cap and a leg. The diameter of the cap is 3-8 cm, according to some sources up to 15 cm, thin and leathery. Its shape in young mushrooms is funnel-shaped, rounded.

In mature specimens, it becomes reniform, has a depression near the base (in the place where the cap joins the leg).

The top of the cap is covered with a thin film with a glossy sheen, the color of which can be yellow-brown, gray-brown or dark brown.

The hymenophore of the black-footed polyporus is tubular, located on the inner side of the cap. In color, it is light or white-yellow, sometimes it can go down a little down the mushroom leg. The hymenophore has small rounded pores, 4-7 per 1 mm.

In young specimens, the flesh is loose and fleshy, while in ripe mushrooms it becomes hard and crumbles.

The stem comes from the center of the cap, sometimes it can be slightly eccentric. Its width does not exceed 4 mm, and its height is no more than 8 cm, sometimes it is bent and pressed against the cap. In structure, the leg is dense, to the touch it is soft velvety, in color it is more often dark brown.

Sometimes you can see several specimens fused with each other.

Season and habitat of the mushroom

Black-footed polyporus grows on fallen branches and foliage, old dead wood, old roots buried in the soil belonging to deciduous tree species (birch, oak, alder). Individual specimens of this mushroom can be found in coniferous and fir forests. Fruiting of the black-footed polyporus begins in mid-summer and continues until late autumn (early November). The species is widespread in regions of Russia with a temperate climate, up to the territories of the Far East. You can rarely meet this mushroom.

Similar types and differences from them

Polyporus blackfoot cannot be confused with other varieties of mushrooms, because its main difference is a dark brown, thin leg.

Mushroom photo Polyporus the black-footed from questions in recognition:

Description and characteristics of the conditionally edible mushroom

Scaly tinder also bears the name Tinder fungus, Pestrets, Hare, Elm. Latin names: Cerioporus squamosus, Polyporus squamosus, Melanopus squamosus, Polyporellus squamosus. The mushroom belongs to the Polypore family, genus Cerioporus and is conditionally edible.

The Tinder fungus is, in fact, a parasite that feeds on the sap of trees. It penetrates into weakened trunks in the form of spores and grows there, forming a mycelium.

The cap is in the shape of a kidney, and as the fetus matures, it becomes flat and outstretched. In diameter it can reach 30 cm. Very fleshy and thick, may be slightly depressed at the base. The surface of the cap is leathery, yellow in color, covered with dark brown scales. The scales are placed on its surface in symmetrical circles. The edges are fan-shaped, thin. The caps on the fruiting bodies are arranged according to the type of shingles.

Hymenophore - the lower part of the cap, tubular, yellowish. The tubular layer has large angular pores.

The pulp is juicy, dense, whitish-cream in color, has a pleasant aroma, similar to the smell of unbaked baking, sometimes the smell exuded by the mushroom resembles honey. In old pestles, the flesh becomes stiff.

The scaly tinder fungus has a thick lateral leg, which is sometimes eccentric. Its width can reach four centimeters, and its length is ten. The surface of the leg, like the cap, is covered with brown scales, the base is darker, and the lower part is lighter, with a mesh pattern.

A bit of history

Research on the genus Cerioporus began at the end of the 19th century. The mushroom was first described and given the binomial name by William Hudson in 1886. Information about the species increased gradually, and in the forties of the twentieth century, mycologist Oleg Svotsky for the first time added Scaly Tinder to the systematization, describing its characteristics.

Chestnut tinder fungus (Polyporus badius)

Current title

Systematic position

Etymology of the species epithet

Badius, a, um, chestnut, bay (horse color, color).

Synonyms

• Boletus badius Pers., Syn. meth. fung. (Göttingen) 2: 523 (1801)
• Grifola badia (Pers.) Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. (London) 1: 644 (1821)
• Polyporus badius (Pers.) Schwein., Trans. Am. phil. Soc., New Series 4 (2): 155 (1832)
• Polyporellus badius (Pers.) Imazeki, Colored Illustrations of Mushrooms of Japan, Vol. 2 (Osaka): 136 (1989)
• Royoporus badius (Pers.) A.B. De, Mycotaxon 65: 471 (1997)

Habit

Fruit body: Cap and stem (agaricoid)

Hymenophore: Tubular, porous

Fruiting body

Fruit bodies are annual with a central or lateral peduncle, solitary or accrete, fleshy-leathery, elastic, hardening over time, brittle when dry, 4-12 cm in diameter, very thin, funnel-shaped or fan-shaped.

Hat

The surface of the cap is glabrous, smooth, often almost shiny, first brownish, brownish or reddish-brown, later chestnut, lighter along the edge and almost black in the center. The edge is sharp, wavy, often lobed.

The hymenophore is tubular. The tubules are white or pale ocher, darker colored than the tissue, 1–2 mm long, usually slightly more descending on one side of the leg. The pores are rounded to angular, 5 - 7 (8) by 1 mm, with thin, fringed-incised edges in old age.

Leg

The leg is dense, of various lengths (usually 2 - 3 cm), 0.5 - 1.5 cm in diameter, dark brown or almost black at the base, slightly pubescent at first, naked in old age, slightly shiny.

Pulp

The pulp is white or brownish, hard-fleshy, later corky, hard and brittle.

Microscopy

The hyphal system is di- or trimitic. Generative hyphae are thin-walled, with simple septa, 3 - 5 µm in diameter, numerous. Skeletal hyphae are thick-walled, without septa, rarely branching, 2–7 µm in diameter. Skeletal hyphae are thick-walled, without septa, tree-like branched, 3 - 5 µm in diameter, branch ends 1.5 - 2 µm in diameter. Gleopleurid hyphae are found in the tissue.

The skin of the cap consists of glued, slimy, more or less parallel, tightly woven hyphae, 2 - 4.5 µm in diameter.

The peel of the pedicle consists of expanding at the apex up to 5 - 7 microns, located perpendicular to the surface of the hyphae.

Spores 5 - 9 × 3 - 4 (5) µm, elongated-ellipsoidal, almost cylindrical, often somewhat fusiform, with granular contents.

Basidia are thin-walled, clavate, 15 - 25 × 6 - 9 μm.

In the hymenium there are thin-walled spindle-shaped cystidiols, 17 - 20 × 5 - 7 microns.

Ecology and distribution

Substance: Woody plants (living trees, bark and dead wood)

On trunks and stumps of various deciduous species, as an exception on conifers.

Medicinal properties and contraindications, benefits and possible harm

Eating polyporus in food helps to restore the body after poisoning with poisons and heavy metals. Also, the beneficial properties of this mushroom are recognized by official medicine and, on its basis, medicines are made that help to remove toxins and heavy compounds from the body.

In particular, "Milife" is a parapharmaceutical of plant origin, which is a biomass of a lyophilisate of a monoculture of scaly tinder fungus. Thanks to the richest set of nutrients, the drug restores physiological phagocytosis in the body. The indicators of the redox potential are normalized.

The mushroom has antiseptic, hemostatic, anti-inflammatory effects. It is often used for diet planning, metabolic recovery and the treatment of functional disorders. Increases immunity, accelerates the breakdown of fats and prevents the formation of adipose tissue. Able to stabilize blood sugar levels.

In folk medicine, powders and ointments are made on the basis of Tinder fungus to combat nail fungus.

Along with many useful properties, the hare also has contraindications:

• Scaly polyporus in various dishes, as well as in the composition of drugs, is not recommended for pregnant and lactating women.
• It will negatively affect the condition of people suffering from urolithiasis.
• Individual intolerance can manifest itself in the form of an allergic rash.

Description and characteristics of the conditionally edible mushroom

Scaly tinder also bears the name Tinder fungus, Pestrets, Hare, Elm. Latin names: Cerioporus squamosus, Polyporus squamosus, Melanopus squamosus, Polyporellus squamosus. The mushroom belongs to the Polypore family, genus Cerioporus and is conditionally edible.

The Tinder fungus is, in fact, a parasite that feeds on the sap of trees. It penetrates into weakened trunks in the form of spores and grows there, forming a mycelium.

The cap is in the shape of a kidney, and as the fetus matures, it becomes flat and outstretched. The diameter can reach 30 cm.Very fleshy and thick, may be slightly depressed at the base. The surface of the cap is leathery, yellow in color, covered with dark brown scales. The scales are placed on its surface in symmetrical circles. The edges are fan-shaped, thin. The caps on the fruiting bodies are arranged according to the type of shingles.

Hymenophore - the lower part of the cap, tubular, yellowish. The tubular layer has large angular pores.

The pulp is juicy, dense, whitish-cream in color, has a pleasant aroma, similar to the smell of unbaked baking, sometimes the smell exuded by the mushroom resembles honey. In old pestles, the flesh becomes stiff.

The scaly tinder fungus has a thick lateral leg, which is sometimes eccentric. Its width can reach four centimeters, and its length is ten. The surface of the leg, like the cap, is covered with brown scales, the base is darker, and the lower part is lighter, with a mesh pattern.

A bit of history

Research on the genus Cerioporus began at the end of the 19th century. The mushroom was first described and given the binomial name by William Hudson in 1886. Information about the species increased gradually, and in the forties of the twentieth century, mycologist Oleg Svotsky for the first time added Scaly Tinder to the systematization, describing its characteristics.

Evaluation of taste, simple and delicious recipes for cooking

Young fruiting bodies of the scaly tinder fungus can be eaten, they are assigned the fourth edibility category. Old Polyporus are not suitable for food, as they become very tough. Timely collected and properly prepared mushroom has excellent taste.

Primary processing

After collecting, the tinder fungus must be soaked as quickly as possible, otherwise it will begin to grow stiff. You need to soak for at least six hours, ideally for a day. In this case, the water must be changed frequently. During the day - every hour.

After soaking, peel off the top skin in the form of scales and cut off the legs, as they are very hard. Cut off the dense parts of the mushroom, which are usually near the stem.

Cooking

Before any further culinary processing, the mushroom must be boiled for half an hour. For 500 grams of forest fruits, you should take three liters of water. The strained broth can be used to make soup.

Pickling

For cooking you will need:

• 0.5 kg of boiled mushrooms;
• 80 g apple cider vinegar 5%;
• 120 g of vegetable oil;
• 2-3 cloves of garlic;
• 10 black peppercorns;
• 1 tsp salt;
• 2 tsp Sahara;
• 4 things. bay leaf.

Cooking process:

1. Press the garlic through a press.
2. Put all the ingredients in a deep frying pan, cover with a lid and put on medium heat and simmer for 10 minutes.
3. Cool, transfer to a jar and refrigerate for 4 hours.

Freezing

Blot the prepared boiled mushrooms with a napkin, removing excess moisture. Divide into small containers of 100-300 grams. Place in the freezer and use as needed.

Frying

Ingredients:

• mushrooms - 500 g;
• onions - 2 pcs.;
• vegetable oil - 3 tablespoons;
• dill and parsley greens - 50 g;
• salt, pepper - to taste.

Preparation:

1. Boil the mushrooms.
2. Cut the onion into quarters.
3. Heat vegetable oil in a skillet and fry the vegetable in it until it becomes transparent.
4. As soon as the onion has reached the desired state, add boiled mushrooms to the pan and fry over medium heat for 10-15 minutes.

Salting for the winter

Ingredients:

• mushrooms - 3 kg;
• table salt - 120 g;
• dill (greens, inflorescences or seeds) - to taste;
• black pepper - 30-35 peas;
• chavrovy leaf - 6 pcs.;
• garlic - 4-5 cloves.

The pre-boiled mushrooms are laid out in a salting container with all the other ingredients in the following order:

1. A bay leaf, chopped garlic and dill, as well as black pepper are placed on the bottom.
2. Spread the mushrooms on the spices in a layer of about 7 cm and sprinkle with salt.
3. Lay out a few more layers to the edge of the container.
4. Cover the blank with a napkin, put the load on top and put it in a dark place for a month.
5. After the required time, the mushrooms will be ready to eat.

Drying

How to dry hare:

1. Wipe the polypores with a damp cloth, thoroughly removing the soil and any other contamination.
2. Cut into medium sized pieces.
3. String on the thread so that the pieces do not touch each other.
4. Hang to dry outdoors in a sunny place.
5. You can cover with gauze so that insects have no access to fungi.

Tinder fungus cutlets

Ingredients:

• mushrooms - 500 g;
• white loaf - 4 slices;
• onions - 2 pcs.;
• vegetable oil - 150 g;
• wheat flour - 130g;
• water - 100 ml;
• chicken egg - 1 pc.;
• garlic - 2 cloves;
• salt, pepper - to taste.

Preparation:

1. Pass the prepared boiled mushrooms through a meat grinder with a fine grid 2-3 times.
2. Soak the loaf slices in water for 7-10 minutes.
3. Grind the onion and garlic in a meat grinder.
4. Combine prepared foods with egg, salt and spices.
5. Form cutlets, roll them in flour and fry in vegetable oil on both sides.

What can you cook from scaly tinder fungus for the winter

If it is not possible to devote time to cooking mushrooms, then they can be saved for the winter by processing in a certain way. There are 3 ways to create a preset, which will be discussed below.

Freezing

Scaly polypores should be boiled for 15-20 minutes, then cooled and cut into pieces, blotted with a napkin to remove excess moisture. The product should be placed in disposable containers of 300-500 g, then transferred to the freezer.

Freezer bags can be used instead of disposable containers

Salting

The following ingredients are required for salting tinder fungus:

• fruiting bodies - 3 kg;
• salt - 120 g;
• dill umbrellas;
• black pepper - 35 pcs.;
• garlic - 5 cloves;
• laurel leaf - 6 pcs.

Boil the mushrooms and cool slightly. A bay leaf, chopped garlic and dill umbrellas, pepper are placed in a container at the bottom. Mushrooms are placed on top of the spices in layers, sprinkling with salt. Cover the container with a napkin, place the load on top and leave in a dark place for 30 days.

Drying

To dry the pestles should be as follows:

• rinse and dry fruit bodies;
• cut into pieces;
• string mushrooms on a thread and hang outside in the sun.

To avoid insects' access to scaly tinder fungi, they should be covered with gauze.

The use of scaly tinder fungus in traditional medicine

The dosage and method of preparation of infusions and decoctions vary depending on the purpose.

Recipes:

1. For constipation: dry the mushroom and grind it into powder, take a pinch every morning with 100 ml of water for 7 days.
2. In case of wounds: powder from the fruit bodies is sprinkled on the focus of inflammation, an aseptic bandage is applied on top, which is changed twice a day, until complete healing.
3. For insomnia: pour 180 g of raw material with 0.5 l of vodka and leave for 3 days. After the time has elapsed, strain, take 1 tsp. a day one hour before bedtime, dissolving the medicine in 100 ml of water.
4. For cardiac pathologies: 2 tsp. Pour ½ cup of water from tinder fungus powder and leave for 2 days, then strain the infusion. Take 1 tbsp. l. three times a day before meals.

Water infusions should be taken within 1-2 days, alcoholic tinctures are preserved during the course of treatment in glassware