Rootless pisolithus (Pisolithus arhizus) photo and description

Description

Pisolithus dye belongs to false raincoats. However, at the same time, its structure is so specific that it makes it possible to practically accurately distinguish this species from others.

Fruiting body

Consists of peridial membrane and gleba (internal contents with spores). The mushroom itself is quite large, up to 30 cm in height and up to 20 in diameter. The shape of a young pisolitus is close to a ball, but in the process of growth it acquires an elongated shape. The fruiting body sits on a pseudopod that goes deep into the ground (it can be up to 8 cm long). There are specimens without pseudopods. The part of the fruiting body facing the ground is covered with greenish or yellowish mycelium filaments.

The peridial membrane is rather thin (only 0.1 cm). In young mushrooms, the peridium is white and soft, in old ones it becomes yellowish, then reddish with black or greenish spots and dry. Upon reaching maturity, the shell cracks and disintegrates into flakes, revealing dried-up lumps and allowing spores to spread.

In young specimens, gleb is represented by small light peridioles in a black gel-like mass. Gleba ripens from the top of the fruiting body. In this case, the peridiols turn red and turn into a spore powder of yellowish brown color. At first, the smell of dye pisolithus is similar to the usual mushroom smell, later it becomes unpleasant.

Spore powder

The spores of this fungus are of medium size, spherical in shape, rather thick walls and a yellow-brown color. The surface of the spores is covered with thorns.

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Interesting Facts

Some types of gasteromycetes are used in medicine: pizolitus - for the manufacture of medicines for cancer and common veil - for ailments such as rheumatism and gout. Gleb of certain types of bigheads is an excellent hemostatic agent.

For today, the listed properties of the family of gasteromycetes are practically limited to this. In the future, the study of species related to pisolithus as a source of biologically active substances and antibiotics, which are currently isolated only in some species of bigheads, as well as in such a fungus as giant Langermania. That is, this suggests that a species such as pisolithus and its varieties is a peculiar and poorly studied group of mushrooms.

Names

Scientific synonyms:

Lycoperdon capitatum J.F. Gmel., 1792 basionym
Scleroderma tinctorium Pers., 1801
Pisolithus arhizus (Scop.) Rauschert, 1959
Lycoperdodes arrhizon (Scop.) Kuntze, 1891

Russian names: along with pisolithus dyeing, the synonym Pizolitus rootless (Pisolithus arhizus).

The binomial name Pisolithus tinctorius Jeppson was first given in The Gasteromycetes of the Eastern United States and Canada The Gasteromycetes of the Eastern United States and Canada ".

Generic name Pisolithus comes from the Greek words πίσος (pisos) - "peas" and λίθος (lithos) - "stone"; species epithet tinctorius - from lat. tinctorius - "dyeing".

Red Book

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Pizolitus rootless QC of the Rostov region

Pisolithus arhizus (Scop.) Rauschert

Department of Basidiomycetes - Basidiomycota
Class Agaricomycetes - Agaricomycetes
Boletales order - Boletales
Family Sclerodermataceae - Sclerodermataceae

Rarity status category. 3 b. A rare species with a significant range, within which it occurs sporadically and with a small number of populations. RRC - V.

Description

Fruiting bodies are club-shaped, inverted pyriform, sessile or submerged in the soil, long, dimpled, with a branched false stem at the base. up to 8 cm thick... Spore-bearing part 2-11 cm in diameter. Peridium buffy-yellow to dark brown when ripe, thin and brittle. Young gleba is yellowish, brown with age and breaks down into many uneven, pea-shaped, reddish-brown lobes.

Spreading

It is widespread in the Holarctic, from where it was introduced to other biogeographic regions with seedlings of pine and other crops. In Russia, it is sporadically found in many regions, mainly in forest and forest-steppe zones. - In the Rostov region. found in Rostov-on-Don (Botanical Garden of the Southern Federal University), in Verkhnedonskoe (Peskovatsky sandy massif), Tarasovsky (settlement Efremovo-Stepanovka), Tsimlyansky (Dono-Tsimlyansky sandy massif; Loznoy farm) and Sholokhovsky (Vyoshenskaya station); khut. Nizhnekrivsky) districts.

Features of biology and ecology

Mycorrhizal forming agent with deciduous and coniferous species (species of the genera Pinus, Juniperus, Betula, Quercus). Prefers light sandy loam or gravelly soils on the edges of arena and ravine forests, in forest plantations. Spores VII – X.

Number

Fruiting bodies are found in groups of several specimens on an area of several square meters. m up to several dozen over a considerable extent (farm. Loznoy, Peskovatsky sandy massif).

Limiting factors

Limited ecologically accessible habitats (forests and planting on light soils), forest and steppe fires that have become more frequent in recent years.

Security measures

Included in the QC of Ukraine (2009). Protected on the territory of the natural park "Donskoy" (site "Ostrovnoy") in the Tsimlyansk region and the State Museum of the MA Sholokhov, at the SPNT "Botanical Garden of the Southern Federal University" in Rostov-on-Don. It is necessary to control the state of populations, to search for new locations of the species. It is advisable to introduce the species into culture.

Practical value. It is used as a mycorrhizal forming agent in forestry (usually when growing pine, oak).
Sources of information. 1. Sosin, 1973; 2. Martin & al., 2002; 3. Herbarium collections (LE); 4. Data of the originator.
Compiled by. Yu.A. Rebriev
Photo. Rebriev Yu.A., Krivosheev S.V.

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15.12.2017 20:51:04

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Places of growth and seasonality of the dye pisolithus.

Previously, this type of mushroom was a cosmopolitan and was found almost everywhere, with the exception of the regions of the Arctic Circle. Today, the area of dyeing pisolithus is being revised, as some subspecies, for example, tropical and found in the Southern Hemisphere, began to be read as separate varieties.

Based on this information, we can say that this species is widespread in the Holarctic. And the varieties found in Central Africa, Asia, New Zealand and Australia are most likely related species.

On the territory of Russia, this mushroom is common in Western Siberia, the Caucasus and the Far East.

The peak of fruiting of the dye pizolithus occurs at the beginning of summer and autumn. These mushrooms are found singly and in small groups. Dyeing pisolithus, as a rule, chooses poor and acidic soils, but it never settles in calcareous soils. These mushrooms can be found in overgrown forest clearings, in quarries, on green dumps. Very rarely, dye pizolitus are found in forests that are practically untouched by humans. This species can form mutually beneficial alliances (mycorrhiza) with conifers and birches. Also, these mushrooms live next to oaks, poplars and eucalyptus trees.

Evaluation of the edibility of the dye pizolithus.

Most mushroom pickers consider this type of mushroom inedible. However, in some sources there is information that young dyeing pisolitus can be safely used for food.

The use of pizolitus dyeing.

In southern Europe, mature specimens of dyeing pisolithus are used as a dyeing plant. A yellow dye is obtained from these mushrooms.

Due to the fact that pisolithus dysens has a unique ability to grow in depleted soils, it has a significant impact on reforestation, that is, it is of great ecological importance. Pisolithus dye is used to restore areas with technogenic disturbances, for example, dumps and quarries.

Similar species.

Pisolithus dysens has a distinctive appearance that makes it easy to distinguish from other mushrooms. In addition, a characteristic feature of this species is a multi-chamber gleb. That is, we can conclude that this type of mushroom has no similarity with other representatives of the mushroom kingdom.

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Spreading

Earlier sources indicated that the species in question is found almost everywhere. However, the inhabitants of the Southern Hemisphere and tropical regions were subsequently identified as a separate species. Now the area of distribution of dye pizolithus is limited to the temperate climatic zone of the Northern Hemisphere. The fungus prefers acidified and depleted soils, and often settles in abandoned quarries. It tends to form associations with conifers, as well as some deciduous (such as birch, oak, poplar).

The fruiting period is early summer - early autumn.