Cellular polypore

No. 3 [Forest Bulletin. Forestry Bulletin, 2008]

Previous name: Bulletin of the Moscow State University of Forestry - Lesnoy Vestnik (until 2016) / The journal is the leading scientific and information journal in the field of forestry, ecology, logging, woodworking, chemical technology and wood processing, forestry economics.
The journal publishes: articles by scientists of higher education, research institutes, foreign specialists, heads of enterprises and engineers; texts of reports of scientists at symposia, conferences and meetings; annotations and reviews of new books; journalistic and historical literary materials. Editor-in-Chief - Alexander Nikolaevich Oblivin, Professor, Doctor of Technical Sciences, Academician of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences and Moscow Academy of Natural Sciences, Honored Worker of Science and Technology of the Russian Federation, President of Moscow State University of Law, Professor of the Department of Processes and Apparatuses of Woodworking Industries of the Moscow State Forestry University

On the trunks and trunks of living willows and mountain ash trees, Pellinus punctus (P. punctatus) often develops, causing igniarius) + + Blackish tinder fungus (Phellinus nigricans) + Pine sponge (Phellinus pini) + Fellinus

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Natural complex of Vottovaara mountain: features, current state, conservation [monograph]

Karelian Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences

The monograph gives a multifaceted description and assessment of the natural complex of Vottovaara, located in the extreme southeast of the Muezersky region of the Republic of Karelia. The results of a survey of the territory by five institutes of the KarRC RAS ​​are presented. A brief description and assessment of the general physical and geographical features of the territory (geological and geomorphological, hydrological and soil) are given. In the following, terrestrial ecosystems (swamps and wetlands, forests and landscapes in general) are described and assessed. In the next part, vascular plants, mosses, fungi, mammals, birds, insects are characterized and evaluated (with lists of species). A special place in the monograph is occupied by materials of archaeological research. In the conclusion, general conclusions are drawn and the expediency of giving the territory under consideration the status of a landscape natural monument of regional significance is substantiated.

Phellinus shell-shaped AND Phellinus ferrugineofuscus (P. Karst.) Bourdot et Galzin Fellinus rusty brown E Phellinus laevigatus (P. Karst.) Bourdot et Galzin Fellinus smoothed B Phellinus lundellii Fiasson et Niemelä Lundell's false tinder fungus Blackish tinder fungus B Phellinus nigrolimitatus (Romell) Bourdot et Galzin Donut Colinusia Fellinus blackberry : Fr.)

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(tree mushroom)

or burnt tinder fungus, false woody

✎ Affiliation and generic features

False tinder fungus (lat.Phellinus igniarius) and he is also a burnt tinder fungus, and among the people a tree fungus is a species of the genus fellinus (lat.Phellinus), an insignificant family of hymenochetes (lat.Hymenochaetaceae), of the same order, hymenochetes (lat.Hymenochaetales). In an exact and literal translation from Latin, its name means "cork". And it is this tinder fungus that is considered a false tinder fungus, that is: "a classic false tinder fungus" (or a false tree tinder fungus), although the same epithet (false) applies to many other species, for example: - a false pine tinder fungus; - a false tinder fungus with spruce; - false fir tinder fungus; - false aspen tinder fungus; - false oak tinder fungus; - a false plum tinder fungus, and, moreover, all these species are representatives of a single genus of fellinus. False tinder fungus, in adulthood, actually resembles something similar to a cork in the bark of a tree, but in fact it is a dangerous fungus-parasite (biotroph), which is related to the species of wood-destroying fungi that parasitize on rotten and rotten wood, or while still alive, climbing into damage to trees (cracks in the bark, broken branches or branches), causing colossal damage to forestry and parks.Recently, the false tinder fungus has been distributed into several special ranks (subspecies), slightly differing both in morphological characteristics and their confinement to parasitism on certain tree species, as well as in microscopic features. In appearance, the individual forms of the false tinder fungus practically do not differ from each other, but the original species of the false tinder fungus often affects either alder or birch, other varieties parasitize on aspen, ide, poplar, and other tree species. False tinder is a perennial creature, it does not belong to tubular mushrooms, because, unlike them, its tubules are inside the fetus itself, each year generating a "fresh" new layer, with the simultaneous overgrowing of the old one, while forming a hard, hoof-like outgrowth from rusty-brown to deep brown-chestnut color. False tinder fungus is related to inedible mushrooms due to the excessive rigidity of its pulp, which is not eliminated even by prolonged boiling and boiling, but it is used only for medical purposes.

✎ Healing properties

False tinder fungus (in the old days) in a crushed or ground form, was used as part of smoking mixtures. Well, in our time and in many regions of the planet, it is used in the guise of a medicinal resource. For example, in traditional Chinese medicine, it is used to prevent and treat cancer, diabetes, liver, heart and vascular diseases. And it is necessary to point out that despite the okay distribution of the false tinder fungus subspecies in almost all parts of the world, only one of them, which grows in Taiwan, has antitumor properties.

✎ Similar views

False tinder fungus has little resemblance to the species of its order, but sometimes it is confused with the present tinder fungus. And a distinctive feature of the present tinder fungus is its color and the peculiarity of fastening the fruit body to the tree, which manifests itself in the possibility of easy separation of the fruit from the trunk. And the main distinguishing feature of the false tinder fungus is already a powerful, monolithic and hoof-like fruit body, either dark brown or black, with a rusty-brown edging of a stiff tubular layer.

✎ Distribution in nature and seasonality

False tinder fungus is quite common in Europe and Russia, and is found in deciduous, mixed or coniferous forests, on trunks (more often birch), as well as on the roots of both living and dying, or already dead trees. Well, it can also be found in dead wood, on stumps and in dry wood, more often alone and less often in pairs. False tinder fungus forms fruits during the warmest period of the year, from May to December.

Scaly polypore (Cerioporus squamosus)

Synonyms:

• Polyporus squamosus
• Melanopus squamosus
• Polyporellus squamosus
• Pestle

Hat: the diameter of the cap is from 10 to 40 cm. The surface of the cap is leathery, yellow. The hat is covered with dark brown scales. At the edges, the cap is thin, fan-shaped. In the lower part, the cap is tubular, yellowish. At first, the cap is kidney-shaped, then it becomes prostrate. Very thick, fleshy. At the base, the cap can sometimes be slightly depressed. The scales are located on the cap in symmetrical circles. The flesh of the cap is juicy, dense and very pleasantly scented. With age, the pulp dries out and becomes woody.

Tubular layer: angular pores, rather large.

Stem: thick stem, often lateral, sometimes eccentric. The leg is short. At the base, the leg is darker in color. Covered with brown scales. In young specimens, the flesh of the leg is soft, whitish. Then it becomes corky, but retains a pleasant aroma. Leg length up to 10 cm. Width up to 4 cm. In the upper part, the leg is light, mesh.

Hymenophore: porous, light with large angular cells. The hats grow like a tile, fan-shaped.

Spore powder: white. The spores are almost white, descending along the peduncle. With age, the spore-bearing layer turns yellow.

Distribution: Scaly Tinder is found on living and weakened trees in parks and deciduous forests. Grows in groups or singly. Fruiting from May until the end of summer. Promotes the appearance of white or yellow rot on trees. It grows mainly on elms. Sometimes it can form small colonies of accrete fan-shaped fungi. Prefers the forests of the southern regions. In the middle lane, it practically does not occur.

Edible: young tinder fungus is eaten fresh, after preliminary boiling. You can also eat pickled and salted. Edible mushroom of the fourth category. Old mushrooms are not eaten, as they become very tough.

Similarity: The size of the mushroom, the black base of the stem, as well as brown scales on the cap do not allow this mushroom to be confused with any other species.

Video about the mushroom Tinder scaly:

Note: Previously, Scaly Tinder was a small mushroom with a cap covered with small scales. It seems that everything converged and the color and scales, but it was Tuberous Tinder, which is considered the younger brother of the large - Polyporus squamosus. This mushroom is completely unusual, a forest hero.

Tinder Gartig (Phellinus hartigii)

Fruit body:
the fruiting bodies of the fungus are usually formed in the lower part of the trunk from the northern side. Single fruiting bodies are perennial. Sometimes fruiting bodies grow together in several specimens. First, the fruiting bodies are nodular, then cantilever. Attached by a wide base. Quite large, about 28 centimeters wide, up to 20 centimeters thick. The upper surface is rough, with wide, staggered zones, at first it has a yellow-brown color, then changes color to a dirty grayish or blackish. As the mushroom matures, the surface cracks and becomes covered with green algae. The edges of the fruiting body are rounded, obtuse, ocher-brown or light reddish.

Hymenophore:
rusty brown or yellowish brown. The pores are angular or rounded. The tubes are arranged in several layers, each tubular layer is separated by a sterile layer.

Pulp:
woody, very hard, zoned. On the fractures, flesh with a silky sheen. Yellowish rusty or yellowish brown.

Spreading:
Tinder fungus Gartig is found in coniferous forests. Grows on conifers, usually on fir.

Similarity:
this species closely resembles the Phellinus robustus growing on the oak. The difference is the substrate and the layers of sterile tissue between the layers of the tubes.

Household purpose:
Gartig's polypore causes a pale yellow rot that is limited by narrow black lines from healthy wood. This mushroom is a dangerous pest of fir. Trees are infected through broken branches and other injuries. In the early stages of decay, the affected wood becomes fibrous, soft. Brown mycelium of the fungus accumulates under the bark, rotten branches appear. Then, depressed places are formed on the surface of the trunks, in which the fungus forms fruiting bodies.

Notes:
trees affected by tinder fungus are scattered in fir plantations singly. In the foci of infection, the infection with tinder fungus can reach 40% or more. Especially in old fir stands. The thickest trees in the stand are mainly affected. The development of rot in the trunk of such trees is accompanied by the formation of tinder bodies on the trunks. As a result, the resistance of the trees decreases, the clutter and the formation of foci of stem pests increase.

External description

The fruit body of the mown tinder fungus goes through several stages of development. At the first stage of growth, the beveled tinder fungus is an outgrowth on a tree trunk, with sizes from 5 to 20 (sometimes up to 30) cm.The shape of the outgrowth is irregular, hemispherical, having a black-brown or black surface covered with cracks, tubercles and roughness. An interesting fact is that mown tinder fungi grow only on living, developing trees, but this fungus stops growing on dead tree trunks.From this moment, the second stage of development of the fruiting body begins. On the opposite side of the dead tree trunk, a prostrate fruit body begins its development, which initially has the appearance of a filmy and lobed mushroom, having a width of no more than 30-40 cm and a length of up to 3 m.The hymenophore of this fungus is tubular, the edges of the fruit body are characterized by brown-brown or woody, tucked up. The hymenophore tubes are inclined at an angle of about 30 ºC during their growth. As the tinder fungus ripens, it destroys the bark of a dead tree, and after the mushroom pores are sprayed, the fruit body becomes dark and gradually dries up.

The mushroom flesh of the cut tinder fungus is woody and very dense, characterized by a brownish or dark brown color. Whitish streaks are clearly visible on it, the pulp has no smell, but the taste when boiled is astringent, tart. Directly at the fruiting body, the pulp has a woody color and a small thickness, covered with a skin. In ripe mushrooms, it becomes dark.

Ocher Trametes (Trametes ochracea)

Synonyms:

• Boletus ochraceus
• Polyporus versicolor var. ochraceus
• Polyporus ochraceus
• Polystictus ochraceus
• Coriolus hirsutus var. ochraceus
• Coriolus ochraceus
• Boletus zonatus
• Coriolus concentricus
• Coriolus lloydii
• Bulliardia rufescens
• Polyporus aculeatus

Description

Fruit bodies are annual, small (1.5 to 5 cm across), semicircular or shell-shaped, usually widely attached, usually located in more or less numerous tiled groups. On horizontal substrates - for example, on the surface of stumps - they can grow in rosettes. The edge of young fruit bodies is rounded, in mature ones it is sharp, slightly curved downwards. There is a tubercle at the base of the cap.

The upper surface is matt to velvety and softly pubescent, with more or less pronounced concentric stripes in a gray-ocher-brown range. The stripes are slightly blurred. With pronounced banding, the base of the cap is often dark. In general, despite the modest color scheme, ocher trametes are colored very differently. Some examples even boast orange tones. The pubescence can also be zonal, with alternating pubescent and non-pubescent stripes, as well as stripes with vertical and pressed pile.

The lower surface of young fruiting bodies is from milky white to creamy; when dry it becomes brownish. When damaged, the color practically does not change. The pores are rounded, 1 - 4 mm deep, 3 - 4 pores per millimeter.

Spores are curved-cylindrical (allantoid, or sausage-shaped), smooth, 5.5-8 x 2.3-3.1 μm, non-amyloid. Spore powder is white.

The fabric is white, dense, leathery or corky. The smell is described by different authors in different ways: from expressionless to resembling the smell of freshly caught fish. The taste is unexpressed.

Ecology and distribution

Ochreous Trametes grows on dry and pale deciduous trees, causing white rot. Human economic activity does not interfere with it, on the contrary, but since it does not grow on living wood, it does not cause any significant damage, for example, to forestry. This is a fairly common species in the Northern Hemisphere. Old fruiting bodies decompose slowly, therefore ocher tramesto can be found throughout the year, although it looks most spectacular in autumn, during the period of active sporulation.

Similar species

Trametes versicolor (Trametes versicolor) has an incredibly varied color and darker tones, although its light and brown forms can be confused with ocher trametes.

In this case, you should pay attention to the tubercle at the base of the cap (it is absent in the multicolor trametess), the pore size (they are slightly smaller in the multicolor trametess) and the size of the spores (they are much smaller in the multicolor trametess)

Hard-haired trametes (Тrametes hirsutum) is distinguished by grayish or olive tones of the upper surface (which in old fruiting bodies is often overgrown with epiphytic algae) and hard pubescence up to bristly.In addition, hard-haired trametus grows not only on dead wood, but also on living trees.

In trametes pubescens, the fruit bodies are white or yellowish, the pores are thin-walled, angular, and the mushroom itself is very short-lived - it is quickly destroyed by insects.

Tuberous polypore (Polyporus tuberaster)

External description

Hat: the hat has a rounded shape, somewhat depressed in the central part. The diameter of the cap is from 5 to 15 cm. Under favorable conditions, the cap can reach 20 cm in diameter. The surface of the cap has a reddish-yellow color. The entire surface of the cap, especially densely in the central part, is covered with tightly pressed small brown scales. These scales form a symmetrical pattern on the cap. In mature mushrooms, this embossed pattern may not be particularly noticeable. The flesh in the cap is very elastic, rubbery, whitish. In damp weather, the pulp becomes watery. It has a light pleasant aroma and does not have a special taste.

Tubular layer: The descending tubular layer has a radial pattern that is formed by elongated pores. The pores are not frequent, rather large, and if you take into account the usual characteristics of other tinder fungi, then the pores are simply huge.

Spore powder: white.

Stem: a stem of a cylindrical shape, usually located in the center of the cap. At the base, the leg widens slightly, often curved. The length of the leg is up to 7 cm. Sometimes the leg reaches 10 cm in length. The thickness of the leg is not more than 1.5 cm. The surface of the leg is reddish-brown in color. The pulp in the stem is very tough and fibrous. The main feature of this mushroom is that at the base of the leg, you can very often find strong strands that fix the mushroom in the woody substrate, that is, on the stump.

Spreading

The Tuberous Polypore is found from late spring throughout the summer period and until about mid-September. Grows on the remains of deciduous trees. Prefers linden and other similar breeds.

Similarity

The main distinguishing feature of the Polypore is its large pores and central leg. You can also determine the tuberous polypore by the small size of its fruit chalk. By its fruit bodies, the Tuberous Tinder fungus is distinguished from the Scaly Tinder fungus close to it. The symmetrical scaly pattern on the cap distinguishes it from the fine-pored, almost smooth, Variable Tinder. However, the genus Polyporus includes many species, so you can probably find a huge number of similar mushrooms.

Edibility

Tuberous tinder fungus is considered an edible mushroom, but only so far as it is not bitter and not poisonous. Perhaps it can even be somehow cooked that the person did not realize that he was trying to eat Tinder.

Remarks

Often, the fruiting bodies of this fungus, at a young age, are eaten by some unknown pests; it is difficult to find a whole non-eaten specimen.

Evaluation of taste, simple and delicious recipes for cooking

Young fruiting bodies of the scaly tinder fungus can be eaten, they are assigned the fourth edibility category. Old Polyporus are not suitable for food, as they become very tough. Timely collected and properly prepared mushroom has excellent taste.

Primary processing

After collecting, the tinder fungus must be soaked as quickly as possible, otherwise it will begin to grow stiff. You need to soak for at least six hours, ideally for a day. In this case, the water must be changed frequently. During the day - every hour.

After soaking, peel off the top skin in the form of scales and cut off the legs, as they are very hard. Cut off the dense parts of the mushroom, which are usually near the stem.

Cooking

Before any further culinary processing, the mushroom must be boiled for half an hour. For 500 grams of forest fruits, you should take three liters of water. The strained broth can be used to make soup.

Pickling

For cooking you will need:

• 0.5 kg of boiled mushrooms;
• 80 g apple cider vinegar 5%;
• 120 g of vegetable oil;
• 2-3 cloves of garlic;
• 10 black peppercorns;
• 1 tsp salt;
• 2 tsp Sahara;
• 4 things. bay leaf.

Cooking process:

1. Press the garlic through a press.
2. Put all the ingredients in a deep frying pan, cover with a lid and put on medium heat and simmer for 10 minutes.
3. Cool, transfer to a jar and refrigerate for 4 hours.

Freezing

Blot the prepared boiled mushrooms with a napkin, removing excess moisture. Divide into small containers of 100-300 grams. Place in the freezer and use as needed.

Frying

Ingredients:

• mushrooms - 500 g;
• onions - 2 pcs.;
• vegetable oil - 3 tablespoons;
• dill and parsley greens - 50 g;
• salt, pepper - to taste.

Preparation:

1. Boil the mushrooms.
2. Cut the onion into quarters.
3. Heat vegetable oil in a skillet and fry the vegetable in it until it becomes transparent.
4. As soon as the onion has reached the desired state, add boiled mushrooms to the pan and fry over medium heat for 10-15 minutes.

Salting for the winter

Ingredients:

• mushrooms - 3 kg;
• table salt - 120 g;
• dill (greens, inflorescences or seeds) - to taste;
• black pepper - 30-35 peas;
• chavrovy leaf - 6 pcs.;
• garlic - 4-5 cloves.

The pre-boiled mushrooms are laid out in a salting container with all the other ingredients in the following order:

1. A bay leaf, chopped garlic and dill, as well as black pepper are placed on the bottom.
2. Spread the mushrooms on the spices in a layer of about 7 cm and sprinkle with salt.
3. Lay out a few more layers to the edge of the container.
4. Cover the blank with a napkin, put the load on top and put it in a dark place for a month.
5. After the required time, the mushrooms will be ready to eat.

Drying

How to dry hare:

1. Wipe the polypores with a damp cloth, thoroughly removing the soil and any other contamination.
2. Cut into medium sized pieces.
3. String on the thread so that the pieces do not touch each other.
4. Hang to dry outdoors in a sunny place.
5. You can cover with gauze so that insects have no access to fungi.

Tinder fungus cutlets

Ingredients:

• mushrooms - 500 g;
• white loaf - 4 slices;
• onions - 2 pcs.;
• vegetable oil - 150 g;
• wheat flour - 130g;
• water - 100 ml;
• chicken egg - 1 pc.;
• garlic - 2 cloves;
• salt, pepper - to taste.

Preparation:

1. Pass the prepared boiled mushrooms through a meat grinder with a fine grid 2-3 times.
2. Soak the loaf slices in water for 7-10 minutes.
3. Grind the onion and garlic in a meat grinder.
4. Combine prepared foods with egg, salt and spices.
5. Form cutlets, roll them in flour and fry in vegetable oil on both sides.