Armored lyophyllum (Lyophyllum loricatum) photo and description

Definitioner

rare (rare smell)

In mycology, a rare smell, English. "Raphanoid", is interpreted very loosely and often denotes any smell of raw root vegetables, including potato, ie. not necessarily as sharp, sharp, and crisp as black or white radish.

Basidia (Basidia)

Lat. Basidia. A specialized structure of sexual reproduction in fungi, inherent only in Basidiomycetes. Basidia are terminal (end) elements of hyphae of various shapes and sizes, on which spores develop exogenously (outside).

Basidia are diverse in structure and method of attachment to hyphae.

According to the position relative to the axis of the hypha, to which they are attached, three types of basidia are distinguished:

Apical basidia are formed from the terminal cell of the hypha and are located parallel to its axis.

Pleurobasidia are formed from lateral processes and are located perpendicular to the axis of the hypha, which continues to grow and can form new processes with basidia.

Subasidia are formed from a lateral process, turned perpendicular to the axis of the hypha, which, after the formation of one basidium, stops its growth.

Based on morphology:

Holobasidia - unicellular basidia, not divided by septa (see Fig. A, D.).

Phragmobasidia are divided by transverse or vertical septa, usually into four cells (see Fig. B, C).

By type of development:

Heterobasidia consists of two parts - hypobasidia and epibasidia developing from it, with or without partitions (see Fig. C, B) (see Fig. D).

Homobasidia is not divided into hypo- and epibasidia and in all cases is considered holobasidia (Fig. A).

Basidia is the place of karyogamy, meiosis and the formation of basidiospores. Homobasidia, as a rule, is not functionally divided, and meiosis follows karyogamy in it. However, basidia can be divided into probasidia - the site of karyogamy and metabasidia - the site of meiosis. Probasidium is often a dormant spore, for example in rust fungi. In such cases, probazidia grows with metabasidia, in which meiosis occurs and on which basidiospores are formed (see Fig. E).

See Karyogamy, Meiosis, Gifa.

Pileipellis

Lat. Pileipellis, skin - differentiated surface layer of the cap of agaricoid basidiomycetes. The structure of the skin in most cases differs from the inner flesh of the cap and may have a different structure. The structural features of pileipellis are often used as diagnostic features in descriptions of fungi species.

According to their structure, they are divided into four main types: cutis, trichoderma, hymeniderma and epithelium.

See Agaricoid fungi, Basidiomycete, Cutis, Trichoderma, Gimeniderm, Epithelium.

Hymeniderm

The type of cap skin, consists of non-septic elements located more or less perpendicular to the surface and laid on the same level, resembling the hymenial layer.

Lat. Hymeniderm.

It is subdivided into trichogymenidermis, eugymenidermis, epithelioid hymenidermis.

There is also a transitional structure of the skin from the hymenidermis to the epithelium. (A mixture of rounded cells, characteristic of the epithelium, but located in one layer, and pear-shaped cells, characteristic of hymenidermis, lying at the same level.)

See Gymnial layer, Trichogymenidermis, Eugymenidermis, Epithelioid hymenidermis, Epithelium, Septa.

Healing properties

In addition to good taste, crowded rows have an immunostimulating effect. Their ability to inhibit the development of tumors, to reduce the level of cholesterol, insulin and blood sugar has been noted. In Asian countries, this species is bred as a raw material for antidiabetic and oncostatic agents, as well as drugs that enhance immunity.

The family of rowers in general and crowded rows in particular require a mushroom picker to have a good knowledge of all species characteristics.Only under this condition it is possible to collect not only a tasty, but also a curative September harvest of brownish-gray mushrooms.

Growing at home and in the country

The methods of cultivating crowded rows are similar to the methods of growing mushrooms, but this process will still require certain skills. Features of the cultivation of lyophyllum:

The room temperature should be 15 ° C.
The most optimal time for breeding rows is May, but autumn is also quite suitable.
In the summer cottage, the mushroom is grown in the beds, which should be covered with a film from the scorching sun and precipitation.

To grow rows in the country, you need to do the following:

Mix the substrate with mycelium in a 1: 2 ratio, cover with foil to ensure high humidity.
After 2-3 weeks, cover the culture with a 5 cm layer of moist soil.
In a month, the first fruiting bodies will appear on the surface of the soil.
After each harvest, it is necessary to make an additional layer of soil of half a centimeter.
As soon as the temperature drops below 5 ° C, cover the ground with mycelium with a cloth, and lay a layer of leaves or straw at least 10 cm on top.

How to breed rows indoors:

Maintain the room at a constant temperature of 10-15 ° C, optimal humidity, good ventilation and lighting.
If all conditions are met, the first fruiting bodies will appear on the surface of the soil in 3-4 weeks.
You need to carefully harvest and sprinkle the soil with a new layer.

Description of the edible mushroom

The accreted row (Lyophyllum connatum - lat.) Belongs to the Lyophyll family. Previously, the fungus was identified to the genus Lyophyllum, and now - to Leucocybe. Another name is Lyophillum fused. Has a characteristic white color, grows together with legs and sometimes caps. Convex and hemispherical caps are inherent in young bodies; with aging, their edges become torn, and the structure is flat.

The diameter of the ryadovka cap reaches ten centimeters, and sometimes fifteen. When touched, the smoothness and velvety of the white body is felt, and during the rainy season, the shade turns into blue or olive gray. The edges of the cap are tucked down to help preserve the hymenium.

The lower part of the cap (hymenophore) is brownish. Rows grown together, like a cap mushroom, are of the lamellar type. The plates are called radial outgrowths, diverging from the stem to the cap of the fruiting body. Narrow and frequent plates sometimes grow with teeth.

The pulp is white in color and has a characteristic aroma that resembles cucumber. The texture is elastic.

The shape of the leg is flattened, sometimes cylindrical. Has a velvety surface. Reaches twelve centimeters in length. It consists of fibers, and after maturation forms a cavity, but does not change its snow-white color throughout the entire period of growth. When the legs are spliced, a common root of the fungus is formed.

False doubles

Given the characteristic growth pattern, these mushrooms are difficult to confuse with other species. However, there are still twins

The row is grown together. The size of the cap is 3-8 cm. Cushion-shaped, convex shape. The edges are folded. The color of the upper part is white, less often yellow. The center is somewhat darker. The pulp is light. The smell is weak. The plates are frequent, thin. The maximum height of the leg is 7 cm. The structure is dense, rigid, fibrous. The legs are often crowded or deformed. They are found in the form of intergrowths of several plants. Begins to bear fruit from the end of summer. Grows in forest glades, along roads. Select sparse areas of the terrain. Prefers poor soils.

The mushroom is considered edible, but, according to the people who tried it, it is tasteless. Recently, during testing, it was classified as inedible, even poisonous. Occurs in large groups.

The row is smoky, similar to the crowded row of the group growing method. The color of the cap is gray. Its shape is different: semicircular, flattened, depressed. It all depends on the age of the plant. The pulp is white, tough, firm. In a mature state, it acquires a loose structure. A light fruity-floral scent is felt.The leg is thick, clavate. The color is smoky gray.

This species grows in mixed forests, spruce forests, orchards. The fruiting period begins in August-October. Forms circles and rows when spawned.

Mushrooms can be confused with other lamellar varieties that grow together. Among them, the crowded colibia, the meadow honey fungus, the armored ryadovka are mentioned.

Similar types and differences from them

At the same time, that the row is crowded, species of the same family similar to it bear fruit:

Smoky gray lyophyllum (Lyophyllum fumosum). Its fruiting bodies are ashy with a yellowish tinge, the flesh has a distinct fruity-floral odor. Grows mainly in mixed forests and spruce forests, edible after mandatory boiling.
Armored lyophyllum (Lyophyllum loricatum) with a dark, blackish-brown cap is less common. It is edible, but less tasty than crowded.
The fused row (Lyophyllum connatum) is colored much lighter - it is whitish with a bluish or gray-olive tint. Under the influence of a 10% solution of ferrous sulfate FeSO₄the flesh turns blue-purple and then pink. This mushroom contains lyophyllin, which is not destroyed by heat treatment - presumably a mutagen and a carcinogen. Therefore, the accreted ryadovka is currently considered poisonous.

In addition, the crowded row, if you do not study its description carefully, can be confused with the fruit bodies of other lamellar species, also growing in intergrowths - edible colibia (Collybia acervata) and meadow honey (Marasmius oreades), as well as marble honeydew (Hypsizygus tessulatus), which causes brown rot of wood.

About edibility

It would be unfair to call a soapy ryadovka frankly poisonous. It is almost impossible to get poisoned by it to death. But the mushroom has an unpleasant feature: it smells distinctly and brightly with laundry soap. Even those of the Soviet era. That is why soap ridge is considered inedible. The recipe for its preparation still exists: cook only with other, more pleasant gifts of the forest, put in small amounts in a common heap, and cook in three or four waters before salting, mercilessly draining them.

However, this does not help much. The soapy "aroma" is too persistent. Some mushroom pickers are even sure that it only intensifies during cooking.

In addition, there is evidence that the pulp itself tastes bitter. It is partially eliminated during cooking. But, accompanied by a distinct aroma, eating mushrooms is still not a pleasure.

Description of the edible mushroom

The crowded row is a representative of the row family. The species is also called group ryadovka and crowded lyophyllum. Latin name: Lyophyllum decastes. The mushroom belongs to the 3rd category of edibility.

The cap of the crowded lyophyllum has a cushion or hemispherical shape; as the fruiting body grows, it becomes prostrate. The edges become wavy, then rise up and crack. The diameter of this part is 2-10 cm.

The color of the cap is often light brown, sometimes brownish, sometimes clay-brown with a light edge. The color in the center is much brighter, but gradually brightens significantly. In a damp forest or after rain, the smooth skin becomes slippery and sticky, it can become covered with small darkening scales. Due to the peculiarities of the surface, adhered leaves and needles can often be found on the cap.

The hymenophore (the lower part of the cap) is represented by frequent, yellowish plates, which become darker when pressed. They are frequent, often lagging behind the leg. Spore white powder.

The cut flesh is fibrous and firm, often light brown, with a mealy odor.

The leg is solid and dense, it is characterized by a cylindrical shape. The height of this part is 5-10 cm, diameter is 0.5-2.5 cm. Often there are rows of crowded with a deformed or twisted shape or fused with legs - this is due to the density of the fruit bodies in the group.

A bit of history

This forest mushroom was described in the scientific literature in 1818 by the Swedish mycologist Elias Magnus Fries, who gave it the binomial name Agaricus decastes. In 1949, Rolf Singer, an American mycologist of German origin, transferred this species to the genus Lyophyllum, thus establishing its real scientific name as Lyophyllum decastes.

Time and place of fruiting

The crowded row grows in deciduous and mixed forests, prefers the soil with leaf litter, grassy edges. Often grows in gardens and parks, on roadsides.

Fruiting time: autumn, from late August to early November.

Lyophillum shimeji

Hon-shimeji

Until recently, it was believed that Shimeji Lyophyllum (Lyophyllum shimeji) is distributed only in a limited area covering the pine forests of Japan and parts of the Far East. At the same time, there was a separate species, Lyophyllum fumosum (L. smoky gray), associated with forests, especially conifers, some sources even described it as a mycorrhizal forming agent with pine or spruce, outwardly very similar to L.decastes and L.shimeji. Recent molecular studies have shown that no such separate species exists, and all finds classified as L. fumosum are either L.decastes (more commonly) or L. shimeji (Lyophillum simeji) (less commonly, in pine forests). Thus, today (2018), the species L.fumosum has been abolished, and is considered a synonym for L.decastes, significantly expanding the habitat of the latter, almost to “anywhere”. Well, L.shimeji, as it turned out, grows not only in Japan and the Far East, but is widespread throughout the boreal zone from Scandinavia to Japan, and, in some places, is found in pine forests of the temperate climatic zone. It differs from L.decastes only in larger fruit bodies with thicker legs, growth in small aggregates or separately, binding to dry pine forests, and at the molecular level.

Description

Hat: 4 - 7 centimeters. In youth, it is convex, with a pronounced curved edge. With age it evens out, becomes slightly convex or practically spread, in the center of the cap, a pronounced wide, low tubercle is almost always preserved. The skin of the cap is slightly matte, smooth. The color range - in gray and brownish tones, from light grayish-brown to dirty gray, can acquire yellowish-gray shades. On the cap, dark hygrophane spots and radial stripes are often clearly distinguishable; sometimes, a small hygrophane pattern in the form of a "mesh" can be present.

Plates: frequent, narrow. Loose or slightly adherent. In young specimens, white, later darken to beige or grayish.

Leg: 3 - 5 centimeters in height and up to one and a half centimeters in diameter, cylindrical. White or grayish. The surface is smooth, can be silky or fibrous to the touch. In the growths formed by mushrooms, the legs are firmly attached to each other.

Ring, bedspread, volva: none.

Flesh: firm, white, slightly grayish in the stem, firm. Does not change color at cut and break.

Smell and taste: pleasant, slightly nutty taste.

Spore powder: white. Spores: round to broadly ellipsoid. Smooth, colorless, hyaline or with fine-grained intracellular content, weakly amyloid. With a large spread in size, 5.2 - 7.4 x 5.0 - 6.5 microns.

Season and distribution

Active fruiting occurs in August - September. Lyophyllum shimeji grows in small aggregates and groups, rarely singly. Distributed throughout Eurasia from the Japanese archipelago to Scandinavia.

Similar types and differences from them

Crowded lyophyllum (Lyophyllum decastes) also grows in aggregates, but these aggregates consist of a much larger amount of fruit chalk. Prefers deciduous forests. The fruiting period is from July to October. Lyophyllum elm (Oyster mushroom, Hypsizygus ulmarius) is also considered very similar in appearance due to the presence of hygrophane rounded spots on the cap.In oyster mushrooms, fruiting bodies with a more elongated stem and the color of the cap are generally lighter than in Lyophillum simeji

However, these external differences are not so fundamental if we pay attention to the environment. Oyster mushroom does not grow on soil, it grows exclusively on dead wood of deciduous trees: on stumps and wood residues immersed in the soil

Other information about the mushroom

The specific name "Shimeji" comes from the Japanese name for the species Hon-shimeji or Hon-shimejitake. But in fact, in Japan under the name "Shimeji" one can find on sale not only Lyophyllum shimeji, but also, for example, another lyophillum actively cultivated there, elm.

Mushroom photo Lyophillum shimeji from questions in recognition:

Collection rules

It is better to arrange a hike to the forest early in the morning. In the evening, the search will be hampered by poor visibility. Cut the legs with a knife under the base so that the mycelium remains in the ground. A basket, bag, bucket are suitable for harvesting. Forest plants have dense pulp, so they do not break during transportation. Each copy should be cleaned of sand and dry debris.

It is worth being extremely careful not to confuse the edible variety with outwardly similar false doubles. It is recommended to revise once again at home, sort out the gifts of the forest. Young mushrooms are suitable for further processing.

Contraindications to use

The crowded row is prohibited for use in the following cases:

age up to 12 years;
pregnancy and lactation;
diseases of the gastrointestinal tract;
renal failure;
liver failure.

In the presence of contraindications, complications arise, the external manifestations of which are similar to poisoning. The main signs are headache, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, loose stools. When these symptoms appear, the stomach is washed out to the affected person. Then he definitely needs to take special drugs to remove toxins and normalize the composition of the microflora.

You can't eat mushrooms that grow near working factories, busy highways. Fruiting bodies quickly collect toxins from the environment.

How crowded rows look like

The photo clearly demonstrates the external signs of a crowded row, the description complements the characteristics of the mushroom.

The ryadovka's hat is large, crowded, reaching 15 cm in diameter. In the early days, the shape resembles a pillow with a convex edge. As it matures, it becomes flattened, often losing its geometric correctness. The edge turns outward, acquires waviness. The surface of the upper part is gray-brown, off-white. The color in the center of the cap is somewhat brighter than on the edge. After rain or in a damp forest, the skin becomes sticky, sluggy, sometimes covered with dark scales. Often there are bits of dirt adhering to the cap.

The leg of the row is solid, long, and has a cylindrical shape. It grows from 4 to 11 cm. At the very base, thickening is noticeable. The thickness is 0.5-1.5 cm. The color of the lower part varies from white to gray. The surface is smooth. The pulp is firm. As a rule, mushrooms grow together with their legs, so they are twisted, deformed, accrete.

The structure of the row is crowded, fibrous, mealy. The pulp is light brown. Has a characteristic "ordinary" smell. There is a hymenophore under the hat. White plates are often located. They are either adherent or free. The spore powder is also white.

Interesting Facts

The family of ordinary mushrooms includes almost 2500 species of mushrooms. They are called "rows" because they grow very crowded, most often in rows.
Before any cooking method, these mushrooms must be boiled for 20 minutes.
Do not eat raw lyophillums, as this can cause stomach upset.
It is best to salt the rows in the fall, during these periods the fruit bodies are the most elastic, dense. For salting, you need to choose young specimens, since the old ones can be tough.

The crowded row is a tasty, fragrant representative of the family of the same name.If you correctly identify and then process this mushroom, then you can not only treat your family and friends with a unique dish, but also make delicious preparations for the winter.

Cooking recipes

Cooking

Put a pot of water on the fire and pour in some vinegar. Cook for 10 minutes. Then the liquid is drained, the mushrooms are thrown into a colander and the same procedure is repeated. Rows are boiled in new water with the addition of vinegar for another 20 minutes. A peeled onion will help get rid of the unpleasant odor; it is thrown into the pan 10 minutes before the end of the procedure. Ready mushrooms are washed with cold water.

After that, they can be salted. It is contraindicated to eat in large quantities. This can lead to poisoning.

How to salt a mushroom with garlic and horseradish?

For 5 kg of rows you will need:

200 g table salt;
horseradish leaves (to taste);
black currant leaves (2 pcs. for each jar);
cloves of garlic (2-3 for each jar).

Peeled, washed and rid of the soapy odor, mushrooms are placed in sterilized jars. Previously, half of the seasonings and salt are placed in them. Cover the top with the remaining portion of the ingredients. Banks are rolled up and put away in a cool place. The product can be consumed in 45 days.

Benefits and harm to the body

Mushrooms have useful, medicinal properties for the body. All thanks to the chemical composition of the fruit chalk. Clitocin and fomecin destroy pathogenic microorganisms, cancer cells, acting as an antibiotic. In addition, crowded rows contain:

proteins;
cellulose;
carbohydrates;
fats;
glucose, fructose;
vitamins: A, B, C, D2, D7 and PP;
minerals potassium, calcium, copper, sodium, phosphorus, manganese, zinc, iron, selenium;
polysaccharides;
amino acids;
ergosterol.

It is believed that the regular use of crowded rows increases immunity, has a positive effect on the gastrointestinal tract, stimulates the regeneration of liver cells, and promotes the elimination of toxins and toxins. The positive qualities of forest plants do not end there. They also activate the work of the cardiovascular system, normalize blood sugar, heart rate.

Chemical analysis of the pulp has determined the main properties of the mushrooms:

antibacterial;
anti-inflammatory;
antiviral;
antioxidant;
immunomodulatory.

Important! Crowded rows can cause disease. Since fungi accumulate heavy metal particles, pesticides, mercury

You can not use them for pancreatitis, low acidity, gallbladder dysfunction. Raw rows lead to intestinal upset. Old specimens are more harmful than beneficial.

Definitioner

Basidia (Basidia)

Basidia are diverse in structure and method of attachment to hyphae.

According to the position relative to the axis of the hypha, to which they are attached, three types of basidia are distinguished:

Apical basidia are formed from the terminal cell of the hypha and are located parallel to its axis.

Pleurobasidia are formed from lateral processes and are located perpendicular to the axis of the hypha, which continues to grow and can form new processes with basidia.

Subasidia are formed from a lateral process, turned perpendicular to the axis of the hypha, which, after the formation of one basidium, stops its growth.

Based on morphology:

Holobasidia - unicellular basidia, not divided by septa (see Fig. A, D.).

Phragmobasidia are divided by transverse or vertical septa, usually into four cells (see Fig. B, C).

By type of development:

Heterobasidia consists of two parts - hypobasidia and epibasidia developing from it, with or without partitions (see Fig. C, B) (see Fig. D).

Homobasidia is not divided into hypo- and epibasidia and in all cases is considered holobasidia (Fig. A).

Basidia is the place of karyogamy, meiosis and the formation of basidiospores.Homobasidia, as a rule, is not functionally divided, and meiosis follows karyogamy in it. However, basidia can be divided into probasidia - the site of karyogamy and metabasidia - the site of meiosis. Probasidium is often a dormant spore, for example in rust fungi. In such cases, probazidia grows with metabasidia, in which meiosis occurs and on which basidiospores are formed (see Fig. E).

See Karyogamy, Meiosis, Gifa.

Pileipellis

According to their structure, they are divided into four main types: cutis, trichoderma, hymeniderma and epithelium.

See Agaricoid fungi, Basidiomycete, Cutis, Trichoderma, Gimeniderm, Epithelium.

Cutis

The type of cap skin, consists of creeping non-gelatinized hyphae located parallel to the surface. The surface of the cap looks smooth.

Lat. Cutis.

See Gifa.

Abaxial (Abaxial)

The abaxial (dorsal, dorsal) side / surface / structure faces away from the central or major axis, for example, the abaxial side of the basidiospore is the one that faces away from the longitudinal axis of the basidium. In contrast, the adaxial (ventral, ventral) side / surface / structure is closest to the major axis.

How to cook crowded rows

This type is conditionally edible, therefore it is allowed to use it only after heat treatment. Be sure to boil mushrooms for 15 minutes in clean water. Thus, all hazardous substances are destroyed.

Recipe for making a crowded row:

Clean, rinse under running water.
Fold into a container and add salt.
Cook for 40 minutes over medium heat.
Strain.
Add vegetable oil, onions, cut into half rings.

This species can also be salted, fried, and pickled like other edible plate varieties. The taste of ryadovka is often compared with oyster mushrooms.

Description

The specific name of Lyophyllum decastes or crowded row comes from the fact that this fungus, belonging to the class of agaricomycetes and the family of lyophilus, grows in more or less large, closely planted clusters, often united by fused legs and caps. A photo of this mushroom will become an additional guideline for its successful search.

Fruiting bodies have the following characteristic features:

cap 4 to 10 cm in diameter, brownish-gray, darkening towards the center, smooth. Its shape changes with age from convex-hump-shaped to prostrate, with drooping edges. Often, in mature specimens, the cap cracks radially, and its edge turns upward in places;
the plates are thick, somewhat descending, accrete with a tooth, lagging behind the pedicle in maturity. Their color changes from white to yellowish and grayish up to bluish-gray in old mushrooms. When pressed, the plates darken;
spores are whitish;
the pulp is light or brownish-gray, fibrous, elastic. Has a light powdery odor and a weak pleasant taste;
the leg is cylindrical, up to 10 cm long, up to 2.5 cm thick, grayish, whitish in the upper part, darker gray-brown to the base, sometimes fuses the base with another leg.