Growing places photo
The controversy continues over this issue. Many are accustomed to consider the St. George mushroom unpretentious, which does not need a certain type of forest for growth, and therefore the type of soil. Of course, it is possible to find such trophies in a forest plantation, in the glades of woodlands. If you want to collect more of these fruits, look for them near sparse shrubs, undergrowth, pasture, or meadows. They are often found in open areas where morels grew. Their classic type of litter is grassy and low, on which mushrooms grow in small groups.
Those who go to the "Quiet Hunt" in a birch-pine or pine forest, on sandy soil, have more chances to return home with a harvest. The mushroom begins to bear fruit from the 15th of May. The end of its fruiting occurs at the end of June.
It is a common mushroom in the Urals, Europe and the Far East. You can also meet him in Europe. May ryadovka is found here not only in plantings and different forests, but also in gardens, parks within the city, where it does not need traditional bedding. Most of the mushroom pickers who love Mike go for her to the Schepkinsky reserve or the Kumzhenskaya grove. Here it is possible to collect more than 100 fruits from one "witch circle".
Inverted Talker - Clitocybe inverse
Written by Nikolay Budnik and Elena Meck.
We saw the inverted (or reddish-brown) talker for a long time, but did not know what it was called. The fungus is quite rare on Ulom Zheleznaya. We found it in September-October mainly on sandy and sandy loam soil, but once we saw it growing on lime-clay soil.
An inverted talker is considered an inedible mushroom.
1. The inverted talker was previously attributed to the genus Klitocybe.
2. She was sometimes called the red-brown talker.
3. Some researchers now attribute it to the Lepist family.
4. We think that this suggests that many mushrooms have not yet been properly investigated.
5. Inverted talker grows in damp places.
6. We met her more often near pines or fir trees.
7. It happens that mushrooms grow in the grass.
8. Mushrooms sometimes form whole rows.
9. Here you see the talkers overturned in a pine-spruce forest.
10. And here they grow among aspens and fir-trees.
12. Mushrooms are often found in large families.
13. Inverted talker - a medium-sized mushroom.
14. Her hat is usually round and small.
15. The leg is also small in size.
16. Here is the leg taken out of the ground.
17. The inverted talker hat justifies one of the names of the mushroom.
18. She is actually reddish-brown, smooth and naked.
19. The cap is darker in the center. A characteristic feature of the mushroom is dark dots on the surface of the cap.
20. Here you can see these points up close.
21. Plates, like all talkers, are frequent.
22. They are light beige.
23. These plates are close by.
24. The plates descend along the leg.
25. This is clearly visible in the photo.
26. At any age, an inverted talker has a funnel-shaped shape.
27. The stem of the mushroom is not very long, thin, darker than the plates.
28. Inside, the leg is fibrous, slightly hollow.
29. The flesh of an inverted talker is not fleshy and skinny.
30. She's a little rubbery and tough.
31. The flesh in the stem is darker.
32. The pulp is often soaked in water.
33. This is especially true of the leg.
34. It turns out that the pulp of an inverted talker contains substances incompatible with alcohol.
35. And here you see the inverted talkers again.
And now a short video. Filmed in the woods of Uloma Zheleznaya.
Basic rules for growing strawberries in winter at home
Inexperienced gardeners believe that a greenhouse is a salvation from many diseases and pests, and the berries in it will be completely intact.In fact, when grown indoors, there will be much more diseases, in particular, due to the lack of high-quality ventilation. Therefore, it is necessary to meet troubles fully armed and know the basic methods of dealing with the most common fungi, infections and pests.
- White rot. Due to the high relative humidity indoors, white mold can form on strawberries, which looks like a very thin cobweb in lumps. The leaves on the plant suddenly begin to brighten and dry up after a couple of days, and the berries rot in the affected areas. The mycelium is practically not eliminated by anything, it is very resistant to drying out, so an increase in temperature and a decrease in relative humidity will do nothing. Control measures are cardinal - removal of infected berries and leaves and burning them. As a preventive measure, it is necessary to increase the room temperature and install an air dehumidifier - most fungal spores will die, while others will simply be inactive.
- White spot. Almost every gardener knows her, since it is very difficult not to meet her. The first symptoms: the leaves become speckled white, such circles can be up to 8 millimeters, they are brown at the edges, the center is very light, almost white, due to which the disease is called so. It usually develops during the flowering period of berries, destroying leaves, stems, sepals. Peduncles can change color, become darker. The disease progresses with abundant watering and high relative humidity in the room, as well as high planting density. It can cause the loss of the entire crop if you do not fight back in time. The treatment is a treatment with Falcon, Euparen, or copper sulfate (the proportions are written on the packaging of the preparations).
- Brown spotting. No less common disease, which, in special cases, "mows" up to 60% of all plants. As a rule, in the first half of the season, it does not make itself felt, or it manifests itself only on some bushes, and by the beginning of August it begins to progress fully. The leaves darken at the edges and acquire a bright brown color, then darken a little and dry out. The disease is very dangerous not only for the harvest, but also for the propagation of strawberries, as it affects leaves, flowers and even antennae. The fungus multiplies and hides on the affected plant, and hibernates on it, so the most effective method of control is to remove the affected branches as soon as the fungus is diagnosed. Preventive spraying with Euparen and Metaxylene will provide increased plant resistance to damage by this type of biological activity.
- Powdery mildew is the greatest enemy of greenhouse plants. At high relative humidity, as well as at low temperatures, it develops exponentially. The disease can be identified by the characteristic white bloom that forms on the underside of the leaf blade. After a while, it appears from above, and then throughout the plant, including flowers, antennae and sepals. The leaves are twisted into a "pipe", after which they dry up and fall off, the plant stops synthesizing organic matter and dies. You can fight powdery mildew using copper sulfate, soap solution (4%) and Quadrix. But it is easier to remove infected plants and monitor the optimum room humidity.
- Late blight of roots. Very insidious zoospores that are found in the soil affect the root system, mainly at the end of May, when the soil temperature reaches 20 degrees. Gradually, the roots turn red and die off. As a result, the plant dries up. It is very difficult to diagnose and, in most cases, gardeners see the problem after the "opening" of the bush - the roots are reddened and withered. You can try to identify the symptoms by the leaves - young leaves are much smaller than they should be, too light. Treatment with Quadrix helps by 70%, and the main method of control is the removal of diseased plants and the improvement of the plantation.
It is not only unprofitable to treat many diseases, but it is also pointless, since it will take a long time and the bush will still not bear fruit. If plants die in isolated cases, then the best way to get rid of the problem is to get rid of the plant itself. If you are tracking a pest invasion or mass infection, then you need to resort to chemistry and change the conditions in the greenhouse.
Talkers are whitish, whitish and reddish-brown
Whitish talker (Clitocybe candicans). The cap is 1.5–5 cm in diameter, initially convex, later flattened to a concave one, the edge is thin and lowered. The skin is slightly mealy at first, then shiny, smooth. The color is white, sometimes with a faint pink tint. The plates are frequent, weakly descending, white. The pulp is thin, white, the smell is expressionless, the taste is pleasant.
The leg is 2–4 cm high, up to 0.5 cm in diameter, cylindrical, often bent at the base, tomentose-pubescent. The color is white or yellowish.
Spore powder. White.
Habitat. In forests of different types on litter and needles.
Season. August - November.
Similarity. With other small white talkers, which should be refrained from collecting.
Use. The mushroom is suspicious, in different sources it is designated as poisonous, inedible, non-poisonous. According to some reports, it contains muscarine.
Whitish talker, whitewashed talker (Clitocybe dealbata). The cap is 2–4 cm in diameter, convex or flat, later funnel-shaped, often irregular in shape, with a winding, uneven edge. The skin is smooth, dry, with a light powdery bloom. The color is whitish, with faint grayish zones along the edge in the form of concentric circles formed by cracking of the plaque, at maturity with ocher spots. The plates are adherent or descending, white or grayish, then cream. The pulp is thin, white, the taste is expressionless, the smell is weak.
The leg is 2–4 cm high, up to 1 cm in diameter, cylindrical, slightly thickened towards the base, whitish or creamy, at first solid, later hollow.
Spore powder. White.
Habitat. In meadows, pastures, on forest grassy edges.
Season. Summer autumn.
Similarity. The mushroom is extremely similar to the willow (Clitopilus prunulus), which has a much stronger floury smell and in which the plates acquire a pinkish tinge at maturity.
Use. A very poisonous mushroom due to its high muscarine content.
Caution: in case of the slightest doubt, it is better to refuse to collect white talkers altogether.
Cracking Talker, Reddish Talker (Clitocybe rivulosa). The cap is 2–5 cm in diameter, initially convex, later spreads out, depressed in the center, covered with a powdery white bloom, which cracks as the cap grows, revealing the main color - cream or reddish-reddish. As a result, the surface is covered with vague concentric zones. The plates are adherent, frequent, reddish-white, later cream. The pulp is thin, the taste is expressionless, the smell is inexpressive.
The leg is 2–4 cm high, 0.4–0.8 cm in diameter, of the same color with the cap, or reddish brown, slightly tomentose at the base.
Spore powder. White.
Habitat. In forests, gardens, parks, often along paths, along the sides of ditches.
Season. From late summer to autumn.
Similarity. With other small white talkers, with edible willow (Clitopilus prunulus), which has a flour smell and pink plates.
Use. The mushroom is very poisonous.
Caution: do not collect small white talkers if you are not sure of the exact definition.
The talker is reddish-brown. The cap is 5–9 cm in diameter, wide-funnel-shaped, red-yellow, reddish-brown or rusty-spotted, often hygrophane. The plates are frequent, descending, cream or yellow-rusty. The pulp is thin, brittle, tough, reddish or pale yellow, sour smell, tart taste.
The leg is 3-5 cm high, up to 1 cm in diameter, reddish, lighter than the cap, tough.
Spore powder. White.
Habitat. In coniferous, less often deciduous forests.
Season. It is an autumn species that grows until frost-resistant.
Similarity. Looks like a water-spotted talker (C.gilva) growing in deciduous and coniferous forests, lighter colored and having watery spots on the surface; on the edible funnel-shaped govorushka (C. infundibuliformis), in which the plates are white.
Use. Previously, the red-brown talker and the water-spotted talker were considered edible, but later muscarine was found in them. The information in the literature about their edibility is very contradictory, moreover, their taste is mediocre, and therefore we do not recommend picking these mushrooms.
Look at the photo of the talker mushrooms, the description of which is presented on this page:
Large smooth bent talker in the photo
Rare edible mushroom Orange talker in the photo
Description of the winter talker
The diameter of the cap of this mushroom is small - up to 5 centimeters. At the initial stage of growth, the shape of the cap is convex, and later it becomes prostrate or depressed. The edges of the cap are thin, slightly curved. The color of the cap is brown-olive or smoky, when it dries it becomes white-brown.
The leg of a winter talker is cylindrical in shape, its height is about 4 centimeters, and its thickness does not exceed 0.6 centimeters. Stem with longitudinal fibers, hollow inside. The color of the leg, as a rule, coincides with the cap, and when it dries, it becomes lighter.
The plates are descending, narrow, grayish or yellow-white in color. The flesh of the winter talker is elastic and thin. The smell and taste of flour pulp. When dry, the pulp turns white. Spores are oval, wide, up to 6 centimeters long. Spore white powder.
Growing places of winter talkers
These mushrooms grow in coniferous forests. You can find them on the litter. They ripen in late autumn. Winter talkers are common in the Caucasus, the Far East, Siberia, Western Europe, North Africa and South America.
Other mushrooms of this genus
A weak-smelling talker is an inedible representative of the family. The diameter of her cap reaches 6 centimeters. Young specimens have convex caps, but they quickly open and become funnel-shaped. The color of the fruit body is beige, gray-brown or brown. There is a waxy whitish or grayish coating. The length of the leg can reach 6 centimeters, with a diameter of 1 centimeter. Its shape is flattened or cylindrical. With age, the leg becomes hollow.
Weakly smelling talkers are found in small groups. These mushrooms grow in pine and mixed forests. They bear fruit from December to January.
Giant talker - conditionally edible mushroom. The diameter of the cap of this large mushroom reaches 10-30 centimeters. Its shape is weakly funnel-shaped. The color of the cap is white and fawn. Leg of the same color with a hat. The pulp is thick, without much taste, with a powdery aroma.
Giant talkers grow in the European part of our country and in the Caucasus. Sometimes they settle in numerous groups, forming "witch's rings". They can be eaten, but they can provoke an upset stomach. In terms of taste, giant talkers belong to the 4th category. They can be eaten only after 20 minutes of pre-boiling. It is recommended to use only young specimens.
The groove talker is an inedible mushroom. The diameter of its cap is 1.5 to 5 centimeters. The shape is convex, rounded, later becomes prostrate. The color of the cap is grayish-brown or gray-white. In dry weather, the surface of the cap wrinkles and becomes creamy. The leg is flat and curved, its shape is cylindrical. With age, it becomes hollow. The color of the leg is grayish, and below there is a whitish powdery coating.
Groove talkers are rare. As a rule, they grow in pine forests, sometimes they are found in deciduous forests. Fruiting in groups. You can find them on pine and spruce bedding. They prefer acidic soils.
Inverted Talker (Paralepista flaccida)
Other names of the mushroom: Ginger-brown talker
Synonyms:
- Red & brown talker
- Clitocybe flaccida
- Omphalia flaccida
- Lepista flaccida
- Clitocybe infundibuliformis sensu auct.
- Clitocybe inversa
- Omphalia inversa
- Lepista inversa
- Clitocybe gilva var.guttatomarmorata
- Clitocybe gilva var. tianschanica
Description
Hat with a diameter of 3-11 cm (sometimes up to 14 cm); at first it is convex with the edges tucked inward, with age it straightens out to a flat one or even takes the form of a shallow funnel or bowl; its surface is dry, almost smooth, matte, orange-brown or brick-colored; hygrophane (turns pale when dry). The edge of the cap is often wavy, with pronounced depressions such as the spout of a jug, which distinguishes this species from the similar funnel-shaped talker (Clitocybe gibba). There is evidence that sometimes in inverted talkers, which appear already very late in the fall, the cap remains convex, without forming the usual depression in the center.
The plates are descending, narrow, rather frequent, at first almost white, later pinkish-beige or pale orange, with age they become dark orange or pink-brown.
Leg 3-10 cm in height and up to 1.5 cm in diameter, more or less cylindrical, dry, finely pubescent; painted to match the cap, only slightly lighter; pubescent of whitish mycelium at the base.
The pulp is thin (in the cap), whitish, with a sweetish odor, which is sometimes compared to the smell of frozen orange juice or bergamot, without a pronounced taste.
Whitish to off-white spore mark Spores 4-5 x 3.5-4 μm, practically spherical to broadly elliptical, finely warty, non-amyloid. Cystyds are absent. Buckled hyphae.
Chemical reactions KOH stains the surface of the cap yellow.
Ecology and distribution
Saprophyte, grows scattered or in close groups on a coniferous litter, often at the foot of anthills, sometimes on wet sawdust and wood chips. More often found in coniferous and mixed forests, sometimes it grows on humus-rich soils, where it forms spectacular "witch rings". A common species in the Northern Hemisphere, common in North America, mainland Europe and Great Britain. The period of active growth is autumn, until the onset of cold weather, however, in some places it can shift to winter (for example, the coast of California), or continue - in mild climates - until January (for example, in Great Britain and Ireland).
What can be confused with an inverted talker
The funnel-shaped talker (Clitocybe gibba) found in the same biotopes is distinguished by a paler coloration, the absence of a wavy edge, and significantly larger, elongated white spores. In addition, it has a much thicker flesh in the cap. The brown-yellow bell (Paralepista gilva) has a lighter, creamy yellow or brownish-yellow hue, and the cap shows rounded watery spots (in youth) or dark rusty brown specks (in more mature specimens). The much larger Lepista multiformis is found in open grassy areas (meadows, roadsides, parks and lawns), and has been recorded in Europe (rather rare).
Edibility
Video about the mushroom Govorushka inverted:
Mushroom photo Inverted talker from questions in recognition:
Description of the bent speaker
The cap of this mushroom is smooth with a tubercle in the center. Young specimens are easy to distinguish by the shape of the cap. Initially, it is convex, and then acquires a funnel-shaped depressed shape. The diameter of the cap can be up to 20 centimeters. The color of the cap is reddish, yellowish-brown or the color of baked milk. The skin of young mushrooms is smooth and shiny, and becomes dry and dull over time.
The cylindrical leg reaches a height of 15 centimeters, and its width is 2-3 centimeters. At the base, the leg is widened, longitudinally fibrous in structure, dry and dense. In young specimens, the leg is light yellow, and when the mushrooms mature, the leg becomes the same color as the cap, while the base acquires a brownish color.
The plates are thin, often located, descending, at first they are white, and then they become creamy or yellowish. The pulp has a pleasant taste and smell, at first it is white, and then it becomes fawn, thicker and denser.When cut, the flesh remains the same color. The spore powder is white, and the spores themselves are colorless ovoid.
Distribution locations
Bent Talker grows in deciduous and mixed forests. These mushrooms grow under low bushes on mossy surfaces. These are quite common mushrooms that settle both singly and in groups. Groups of mushrooms form circles, which are popularly called "witch's circles".
The bent talker creates mycorrhiza (union) with deciduous trees: oak, willow, birch. These mushrooms grow from early July to October, and the peak of fruiting occurs in August-September.
Taste qualities of the bent talker
It is a fairly good quality edible mushroom. In food, mainly the caps of young mushrooms are used, since the legs of the talkers are bent, fibrous and tough, so they are difficult to digest.
To prepare the bent talkers for food, they are pre-boiled for at least 20 minutes. These mushrooms are suitable for frying and pickling. They make delicious soups. Bent talkers give any dishes a subtle delicate aroma, so they are added to sauces. But you should not eat these mushrooms raw, because they contain enzymes that have a bitter taste.
During the heat treatment of bent talkers, their original sizes decrease, they are very fried and boiled.
Useful properties of bent talkers
The beneficial properties of these mushrooms have long been identified. Bent talkers have a positive effect on the work of the whole organism:
- They are used as a prophylactic agent against infectious diseases;
- They contain enzymes that remove toxins from the body;
- These mushrooms help to improve the functioning of the gastrointestinal system and restore the digestive process;
- Folded talkers contain B vitamins;
- They lower cholesterol levels and reduce the risk of blood clots.
In folk medicine, extracts and ointments are made from bent talkers, which are effective in the treatment of the respiratory tract, urolithiasis and in the healing of wounds.
Similar species
The bent talker is similar to a poisonous mushroom - a whitewashed talker. This poisonous mushroom is of a more modest size, whitish in color, with a mealy surface of the cap. It is very dangerous to confuse these mushrooms, since the whitewashed talker is deadly poisonous.
Also, the bent talker bears a resemblance to an edible mushroom - a giant talker. The giant talker looks like a mature, bent talker, but it can be larger, in addition, there is no tubercle in the center of its cap. A giant talker - an edible mushroom, but not as tasty in comparison with a bent talker.
