Hydnellum rusty

Evaluation of the edibility of hydnellum odorous

These mushrooms have no culinary value, they are inedible.

The medicinal properties of odorant hydnellum

These are antioxidant mushrooms. In 2006, studies were carried out and the antioxidant activity of odorant hydnellum was revealed. These mushrooms contain substances that have the same activity as α-tocopherol.

Related species

Hydnellum Peka is an inedible type of mushroom. It is also called the devil's hedgehog and the bleeding tooth. It looks delicious, like chewing gum with drops of raspberry syrup. This fluid forms inside the fruiting body and oozes out of the pores. The surface of the fruiting body is white, later it may turn beige or brown. The diameter of the mushroom is 5-10 centimeters.

Hydnellum Peka can be found in coniferous forests. They grow in North America and Europe. These mushrooms have antibacterial properties. This is a special mushroom - it can feed not only on juices from the soil, but also on insects that fall on the surface of the fruit body.

Gidnellum blue is an inedible mushroom. The hat is large - its diameter can reach 20 centimeters, and its height reaches 12 centimeters. Above the hat is light blue, and the lower part is darker. The cap has small spines, the length of which is about 4 millimeters. The surface of the mushroom is uneven and bumpy, slightly velvety. The leg is short, half immersed in the moss. The color of the leg is brown. The pulp is without a special smell, tough in consistency.

Gidnellum blue prefers to grow in pine forests located in the northern part of the European hemisphere. They like to settle in sunny places with white moss. Almost always, these mushrooms grow singly, only sometimes they gather in small groups. Fruiting is observed from July to September.

References

1. Schröter J. (1888). Kryptogamen-Flora von Schlesien (in German). 3-1 (4). Lehre, Germany: Cramer. p. 459.
2. ^
3. ^
4. ^ Pegler, Roberts, Spooner (1997), p. 86.
5. ^
6. ^
7. Roberts P, Evans S (2011). The book of fungi... Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. p. 470. ISBN 978-0-226-72117-0.
8. ^
9. Pegler, Roberts, Spooner (1997), p. 3.
10. Pegler, Roberts, Spooner (1997), p. 5.
11. ^
12. Nitare J. (2006). Signalarter. Indikatorer på skyddsvärd skog. Flora över kryptogamer (in Swedish) (3rd ed.). Jönköping, Sweden: Skogsstyrelsens Förlag. ISBN 978-9188462688.
13. ^ Hintikka V, Näykki O (1967). “Tutkimuksia ruosteorakkaan, Hydnellum ferrugineum, vaikutuksesta metsämaaperään ja-kasvillisuuteen [Notes on the effects of the fungus Hydnellum ferrugineum (Fr.) Karst. on forest soil and vegetation] ”. Communicationes Instituti Forestalis Fenniae. 62 (2): 1–23.

Cited works

Pegler DN, Roberts PJ, Spooner BM (1997). British Chanterelles and Tooth Fungi. Kew, UK: Royal Botanic Gardens. ISBN 978-1-900347-15-0.

External description

The fruiting body of rusty hydnellum is hat-stem.

Hat. The diameter of the cap is 5-10 cm. In young specimens, it has a clavate shape, in mature mushrooms it becomes reverse conical (it is funnel-shaped or flat in some specimens).

The surface is velvety, with many irregularities, often covered with wrinkles, whitish in young mushrooms. Gradually, the surface of the cap becomes rusty brown or pale chocolate. Purple droplets of a protruding liquid are clearly visible on it, which dries up and leaves brown spots on the cap of the fruiting body.

The edges of the cap are even, white, and brown with age. The mushroom pulp is two-layer, near the surface it is felt and loose. It is best developed near the base of the leg, and in this area it has a lighter color. In the center of the cap of rusty hydnellum, the texture of the tissues is leathery, cross-zoned, fibrous, rusty-brown or chocolate shade.

During growth, the fruiting body of the fungus, as it were, "flows around" the obstacles encountered, for example, twigs.

Hymenophore characteristics. Spiny hymenophore, consisting of spines descending slightly down the pedicle. at first they are white, gradually becoming chocolate or brown. They are 3-4 mm long, very brittle.

Spines near:

Leg. The height of the rusty gidnellum leg is 5 cm. It itself is completely covered with a rusty-brown soft cloth and has a felt structure.

Microscopic signs.Thin-walled hyphae have slightly thickened walls, do not contain buckles, but there are septa. Their diameter is 3-5 microns, there is a minimum color. Near the surface of the cap one can see a large accumulation of brownish-red hyphae with blunt ends. Rounded warty spores are characterized by a slightly yellowish color and 4.5-6.5 * 4.5-5.5 microns in size.

Liverwort ordinary

Seeing such an unusual mushroom, no one will remain indifferent. Outwardly, it is really very similar to the liver. The resemblance to this organ is added to the mushroom by red veins, which are visible over the entire surface, as well as the prominent juice of a rich red color, which is very reminiscent of blood.

The fruiting body of such a mushroom has a very impressive size - it reaches 30 cm in diameter.At the beginning of its development, it is shapeless, looks like large drops of released resin, later it acquires a leaf-like or tongue-like shape. Its color varies from scarlet to brown, with bright red veins. The mushroom clings to the tree-carrier with a dark spoon.

Yellow or light brown spore-bearing tubular layer. The tubules are frequent and thin. With even the slightest mechanical stress, they turn red. The pulp is firm and firm. When cut, the mushroom remarkably accurately repeats living tissue - thin marble veins, as well as the "bloody" juice that stands out, complete the picture.

Liverwort grows on living trees, preferring hollow and undergone oaks and chestnuts. The fungus lives in a temperate southern climate with warm winters. Much less common in more northern regions.

It is considered to be conditionally edible. Until the hardening period, the mushroom can be eaten. Moreover, it is delicious. The abundance of acid, with which the fungus protects itself from the effects of the tannins of the tree, is removed by soaking for many hours in salt water. Sometimes this process can take up to a day. The water should be changed periodically. The liverwort can only be consumed fresh. The mushroom does not tolerate harvesting for future use.

Habitat and distribution

Young fruit bodies

Hydnellum ferrugineum is found mainly in coniferous woodland, often near pines, but occasionally with spruce. Fruit bodies have a preference for sandy soil with low levels of organic matter and nutrients, and grow singly or in clusters. They are more likely to be found in older-growth forests. The fungus occurs in North America, including Mexico. It is widespread but generally uncommon throughout Europe, although there may be local areas where it is common. In Britain, H. ferrugineum is provisionally classified as endangered, and is protected under the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981; it was included as one of 14 species considered in the United Kingdom Biodiversity Action Plan for stipitate hydnoid fungi (i.e., hydnoid fungi with a cap and stipe) in 2004. The fungus is protected in Montenegro. It has been collected in India and North Africa.

The fungus forms a tough mat of mycelia in the humus and upper soil of pine forests. This mycelial mat grows larger with old trees, and can cover an area of ​​several square meters. These areas generally lack dwarf shrubs and promote the vigorous growth of mosses; reindeer lichens often occur in the center of large mats. The presence of the fungus changes the nature of the soil, resulting in a thinner humus layer, decreased groundwater penetration, decreased soil pH, and increases in the level of root respiration as well as the quantity of roots. The fungus also decreases the organic carbon and nitrogen concentrations. Soil with the mycelium becomes more podzolized than the surrounding soil. Similar to some other Hydnellum species, H. ferrugineum is sensitive to the increased nitrogen deposition resulting from clear-cutting, a forestry practice used in some areas of Europe. The fungus forms an unusual type of mycorrhiza with Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) in which the ectomycorrhiza appears normal at the leading edge of the mycelial mat, but leaves behind dead and atrophied roots at the trailing edge, showing saprophytic tendencies.

Taxonomy

The species was originally described scientifically by Elias Magnus Fries, who named it Hydnum ferrugineum in 1815. Its taxonomic history includes transfers to the genera Calodon by Petter Karsten in 1881, and Phaeodon by Joseph Schröter in 1888. It was assigned its current binomial name by Karsten when he transferred it to its current genus, Hydnellum, in 1879.

In 1964, Canadian mycologist Kenneth A. Harrison described a hydnoid fungus found with Pinus resinosa in Michigan and Pinus banksiana in Nova Scotia. The fungus, which Harrison named Hydnellum pineticola, is considered to be synonymous with Hydnellum ferrugineum by the nomenclatural database Index Fungorum. Harrison noted “The attempts to recognize European species in North American collections has only increased the confusion in this country, and until someone has worked critically in the field on both continents, it is better to make a recognizable grouping of our own population as that to guess that they may be the same as those that grow in Europe. " Other taxa considered synonymous with H. ferrugineum are Pierre Bulliard's 1791 Hydnum hybridum (including later synonyms Calodon hybridus (Bull.) Lindau, and Hydnellum hybridum (Bull.) Banker); Louis Secretan's Hydnum carbunculus (1833); and Howard James Banker's 1906 Hydnellum sanguinarium... Banker explained the difficulty in identifying old Hydnellum specimens: “A considerable number of collections have had to be set aside, as in the dried state, with no notes on the fresh characters, it was impossible to decide with any degree of satisfaction whether the plants represented H. sanguinarium, H. concrescens, H. scrobiculatum, or some undescribed form. "

Common names given to the species include the "reddish-brown corky spine fungus", and the British Mycological Society-sanctioned name "mealy fungus". The specific epithet ferrugineum is Latin for "rust-colored".

Hericium striped

Hericium striped (Hydnellum concrescens)

Synonym: Hydnum zonatum

Hericium striped (lat.Hydnellum concrescens) is now rarely found by mushroom pickers. The mushroom belongs to the genus Gibnum, the Hericium family. It is a wild mushroom that is not edible.

In appearance, it looks like a two-year-old inedible dry house. The difference lies in the fact that the dry shell has a very thin cap with pronounced zoning. The bottom of the cap is covered with small punctate pores.

The mushroom is decorated with a rusty brown cap, which can reach ten centimeters in diameter. In the pattern of the cap, there is an inclusion of alternating light stripes. The velvety thin mushroom leg is painted in a rusty color. Small, pale, emerging spores have a spherical shape.

It grows both singly and in groups that stick together with caps and legs. Sometimes it can grow in rows.

Hericium striped is now rare, mainly in early autumn, in August and September. Grows in mixed forests on well rotted soils. Often mushroom pickers meet him among the thickets of moss. Mixed birch forests are especially favorite habitat.

Almost all species of the surviving hedgehog mushrooms are rare and endangered species, so they must be protected from destruction. The area of ​​distribution is considered to be vast Siberian forests, the Far East, the European part of Russia.

Hericium striped is well known to amateurs and professional mushroom pickers who are fond of picking mushrooms, or the so-called quiet hunting. Due to its inedibility, it does not represent nutritional value, therefore, it is not subjected to mass collection during the period of active fruiting. This helps to preserve it as a rare species.

additional information

Hydellum Peks cannot absorb carbon dioxide. Therefore, they are saturated with useful substances from the soil and insects, which die from drops on the cap. The use of insects in the diet of gidnellum suggests that they live in places where the soil is poor in nitrogen. This is what made other species of living organisms, for example, sundews from the plant kingdom, "learn" to hunt insects in order to get the nitrogen, which is so necessary for building your body. Also, the mushroom is called "devil's tears", "bleeding hedgehog" and "strawberries with cream." If you prepare an alcoholic tincture on liquid from a bloody tooth, you can quickly get rid of bruises. This infusion is capable of healing wounds.

Irina Selyutina (Biologist):

The characteristic release of a red liquid on the surface of the cap is considered an analogue of guttation (the process of removing excess moisture through special water stomata - hydatodes) of flowering plants and is observed in a number of wood-destroying aphyllophoric fungi. Apparently, the "surplus" of fluid occurs due to the intensive process of metabolism (metabolism) in the body of the fungus during its rapid growth.

In 2012, a bleeding mushroom was found in the forests of Buryatia. The same species was found in the Nizhny Novgorod region four years later. It cannot be cut off - it is listed in the Red Data Books of different countries. If, while walking into the forest, you see this original mushroom, take a picture of it, and transfer information about the location to nature conservation organizations. This will help protect the extremely rare species from extinction from the face of the Earth.

Ecology

Hydnellum peckii Is a mycorrhizal fungus, and as such establishes a mutualistic relationship with the roots of certain trees (called "hosts"), in which the fungus exchanges minerals and amino acids extracted from the soil for fixed carbon from the host. The fungus's underground hyphae grow tissue sheaths around a wide range of tree species in close association that is especially beneficial to the host (called ectomycorrhizal) as the fungus produces enzymes that mineralize organic compounds and facilitate the transfer of nutrients to the tree.

ectomycorrhizal structure H. peckii among some in the Bankeraceae that have been studied in detail. They are characterized by a plectenchymatous mantle - a layer of tissue made from hyphae, densely arranged in a parallel orientation or palisade, and which rarely branch or overlap. These hyphae, along with adherence mineral soil particles, are incorporated into a gelatinous matrix. hyphae ectomycorrhizae can become chlamydospores, an adaptation that helps the fungus to tolerate adverse conditions. At Chlamydospores H. peckii there is a particular structure - markedly different from those of other Bankeraceae - with massive, smooth inner walls and an outer wall that is divided radially into warts. The most striking feature of the ectomycorrhizae as a whole is the way the black outer layers of the older sections are lost, giving a "coked appearance". Most of the underground biomass of the fungus is concentrated near the surface, most likely as "mycelial mats" - dense clusters of ectomycorrhizae and mycelium. The mycelium is also known to extend far beyond the place of fruit bodies, to far.

Molecular techniques have been developed to aid with conservation efforts to stipitate hydnoid fungi, including H. peckii... While the distribution of the fungus has traditionally been determined by counting fruit bodies, this method has a major drawback in that fruit, the bodies are not produced consistently every year, and the absence of fruit bodies is not an indication of the lack of mycelium in the soil. More modern methods using polymerase chain reaction to assess the presence of fungal DNA in soil have helped alleviate problems in controlling the presence and distribution of mycelia fungi.

Chemistry

Show extraction Hydnellum peckii showed the presence of an effective anticoagulant called atromentin (2,5 dihydroxy 3,6, once again (4-hydroxyphenyl) - 1,4-benzoquinone), and similar in biological activity to the known anticoagulant heparin. Atromentin also has antibacterial activity by inhibiting the enoyl-acyl enzyme carrier protein reductase (important for fatty acid biosynthesis) from Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria.

Hydnellum peckii can bioaccumulate heavy metal cesium. In one Swedish field study, as much as 9% of all cesium in the topmost soil was found in fungal mycelium. In general, ectomycorrhizal fungi, which grow most abundantly in the upper organic soil horizons or at the interface between organic and mineral layers, are involved in the retention and cycling of cesium 137 in organic-rich forest soils.

Taxonomy

The species was originally described scientifically by Elias Magnus Fries, who named it Hydnum ferrugineum in 1815. Its taxonomic history includes transmissions in the genus Calodon Peter Carsten in 1881 and Phaeodon By Joseph Schröter in 1888. It was appointed by his current binomen Carsten when he passed it on to his current family. Hydnellum, in 1879.

In 1964, Canadian mycologist Kenneth A. Harrison described a hydnoid mushroom found with Pinus resinosa in Michigan and Pinus banksiana in Nova Scotia. The mushroom that Harrison named Hydnellum pineticolais believed to be synonymous with Hydnellum ferrugineum nomenclatural Index Fungorum database. Harrison noted “Attempts to acknowledge that the European species in North American collections has only increased the confusion in this country, and until one has worked critically in the area on both continents, it is better to make a recognizable grouping of our own populations like this to suggest they might match. with those that grow in Europe. " Other taxa were considered synonymous with H. ferrugineum, 1 791 Hydnum hybridum Pierre Bullard (including later synonyms Calodon hybridus (Bull). Lindau and Hydnellum hybridum (Bull). Banker); Hydnum carbunculus Louis Secretain (1833) and 1 906 Hydnellum sanguinarium Howard James Banker. Banker explains the difficulty in identifying old specimens Hydnellum: “A significant number of collections had to be bypassed, as in a dried up state, without notes on new signs, it was impossible to decide with any degree of satisfaction whether the factories represented H. sanguinarium, H. concrescens, H. scrobiculatum, or some undescribed form. "

Common names given to the species include "reddish-brown spine cork mushroom" and the British Mycological Society Sanctioned name "mealy mushroom". A definite epithet ferrugineum Latin for "rusty color".

Tassonomia

La specie è stata originariamente descritta scientificamente da Elias Magnus Fries, che chiamarono Hydnum ferrugineum nel 1815. La sua tassonomica storia include i trasferimenti ai generi Calodon da Petter Karsten nel 1881, e Phaeodon da Joseph Schröter nel 1888. E 'stato assegnato il suo nome attuale binomio da Karsten quando ha trasferito al suo genere corrente, Hydnellum , nel 1879.

Nel 1964, micologo canadese Kenneth A. Harrison ha descritto un fungo hydnoid trovato con Pinus resinosa in Michigan e Pinus banksiana in Nova Scotia. Il fungo, che Harrison nome Hydnellum pineticola , è considerato sinonimo con Hydnellum ferrugineum dal database nomenclatural Index Fungorum. Harrison ha osservato “I tentativi di riconoscere le specie europee nelle collezioni del Nord America ha solo aumentato la confusione in questo paese, e fino a quando qualcuno ha lavorato in modo critico nel campo in entrambi i continenti, è meglio fare de raggonrupp popolazione che per immagino che essi possono essere le stesse di quelle che crescono in Europa ". Altri taxa considerati sinonimo di H. ferrugineum sono Pierre Bulliard 's 1791 Hydnum hybridum (compresi i sinonimi successive Calodon hybridus (Bull) Lindau, e. Hydnellum hybridum (Bull) Banker.); Louis Secretan s' Hydnum carbunculus (1833); e Howard James Banker 1906 s' Hydnellum Sanguinarium ... Banker ha spiegato la difficolta di identificare i vecchi Hydnellum esemplari: “Un numero considerevole di collezioni hanno dovuto essere messo da parte, come nello stato secco, senza note sui personaggi freschi, era impossibile decidere con qualsiasi grado di soddisfazione se le piante rappresentata H. Sanguinarium , H. concrescens , H. scrobiculatum , o una qualche forma undescribed ".

I nomi comuni dato alla specie sono il "bruno-rossastro Corky colonna vertebrale fungo", e la British Mycological Society nome-sanctioned "fungo farinosa". La specifica appellativo ferrugineum è latino per "color ruggine".

Habitat e distribuzione

corpi giovani frutta

Hydnellum ferrugineum si trova principalmente nel bosco di conifere, spesso vicino pini, ma di tanto in tanto con abete rosso. Corpi fruttiferi hanno una preferenza per terreno sabbioso con bassi livelli di materia organica e sostanze nutritive, e crescono singolarmente o in gruppi. Essi sono più probabilità di essere trovati in foreste più vecchio-crescita. Il fungo si verifica nel Nord America, tra cui il Messico. E 'diffusa ma generalmente non comuni in tutta l'Europa, anche se ci possono essere zone locali dove è comune. In Gran Bretagna, H. ferrugineum è provvisoriamente classificato come in via di estinzione, ed è protetto sotto la Wildlife and Countryside Act del 1981; è stato incluso come uno dei 14 specie considerate nel piano d'azione per la biodiversità Regno Unito per i funghi hydnoid stipitate (vale a dire, i funghi hydnoid con un cappello e gambo) nel 2004. Il fungo è protetto in Montenegro. E 'stato raccolto in India e Nord Africa.

Il fungo forma un tappeto dura di miceli in humus e suolo superiore di foreste di pini. Questo tappetino micelio cresce più grande, con alberi secolari, e in grado di coprire una superficie di diversi metri quadrati. Queste aree non hanno generalmente arbusti nani e promuovere la crescita vigorosa dei muschi; licheni renna spesso si verificano nel centro di grandi tappeti. La presenza del fungo cambia la natura del terreno, risultante in uno strato sottile di humus, diminuzione sotterranee penetrazione, diminuzione del pH del terreno, e aumenta il livello di respirazione radicale nonché la quantità di radici. Il fungo diminuisce anche la concentrazione di carbonio e di azoto organico.Terreno con il micelio diventa più podzolized del terreno circostante. Simile ad alcuni altri Hydnellum specie, H. ferrugineum è sensibile alla maggiore deposito di azoto derivante da disboscamento, un silvicoltura pratica usata in alcune zone dell'Europa. Il fungo forma un insolito tipo di mycorrhiza con pino silvestre ( Pinus sylvestris ) in cui l'ectomycorrhiza appare normale al bordo anteriore del tappeto micelio, ma lascia dietro radici morte e atrofizzate corrispondenza del bordo posteriore, mostrando saprofiti tendenze.

Habitat and distribution

Hydnellum ferrugineum found mainly in coniferous woodlands, often near pines, but sometimes with spruce. Fruit bodies have a preference for sandy soil with low levels of organic matter and nutrients, and grow alone or in groups. They are more likely to be found in older growth forests. The fungus occurs in North America, including Mexico. It is widespread, but generally unusual throughout Europe, although there may be limited areas where it is common. In Great Britain H. ferrugineum temporarily classified as endangered and protected under the Wildlife and Rural Areas Act 1981; it was included as one of 14 species considered in the United Kingdom Biodiversity Action Plan for stipitate hydnoid mushrooms (ie, hydnoid mushrooms with a cap and stem) in 2004. The mushroom is protected in Montenegro. It was collected in India and North Africa.

The fungus forms a tough mycelia mat in the humus and upper soil of pine forests. This mycelial mat grows with old trees and can cover an area of ​​several square meters. These areas usually lack dwarf shrubs and promote vigorous growth of mosses; reindeer lichens often occur in the center of large mats. The presence of the fungus alters the nature of the soil, resulting in a thinner humus layer, reduced groundwater infiltration, decreased soil pH and increased root respiration as well as root count. The fungus also reduces organic carbon and nitrogen concentrations. The soil with mycelium becomes more podzolized than the surrounding soil. Similar to some other species Hydnellum, H. ferrugineum sensitive to increased nitrogen deposition resulting from clear cut forestry practices used in some areas of Europe. The fungus forms an unusual type of mycorrhiza with Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris)in which ectomycorrhiza appears normal on the leading edge of the mycelial mat, but leaves behind dead and atrophied roots on the trailing edge, showing saprophytic tendencies.

Hábitat y distribución

Cuerpos fructificantes jóvenes.

Hydnellum ferrugineum se encuentra principalmente en bosques de coníferas, cerca de pinos, pero a veces en píceas. Los basidiocarpos tienen una preferencia por el suelo arenoso con bajos niveles de materia orgánica y nutrientes, y crecen individualmente o en grupos.Es más probable que se encuentre en bosques nativos.El hongo aparece en América del Norte, includ. Está muy extendido, pero en general es poco común en toda Europa, aunque puede haber áreas locales donde es común. En Gran Bretaña, H. ferrugineum está clasificado provisionalmente como en peligro de extinción, y está protegido por la Ley de la Vida Silvestre y de Campo de 1981; se incluyó en una de las catorce especies consideradas en el Plan de Acción para la Biodiversidad del Reino Unido para las setas de dientes estipitados (es decir, hongos de dientes con píleo y estípite) en 2004. El hongo está protegido en Montenegro. Se ha recolectado en la India y el norte de África.

El hongo forma una alfombra resistente de micelio en el humus y suelo superior de bosques de pinos. Este tapete de micelio crece más grande con árboles centenarios, y puede cubrir un área de varios metros cuadrados. Estas áreas generalmente carecen de arbustos enanos y promover el crecimiento vigoroso de musgos; líquenes de renos ocasionalmente aparecen en el centro de grandes tapetes. La presencia del hongo cambia la naturaleza del suelo y resulta en una capa de humus más delgada, disminuye la penetración de agua subterránea, decrece del pH del suelo, y aumenta el grado de respiración de las raíces así raoí la cantidad de hongo también disminuye las concentraciones de carbono y nitrógeno orgánicos. El suelo con micelio se vuelve más podsoloide que el suelo circundante. Al igual que en otras especies Hydnellum, el hidno herrumbroso es sensible al aumento de la deposición de nitrógeno resultante de la tala, una práctica forestal usada en algunas zonas de Europa.El hongo forma un tipo inusual de micorriza con pinos silvestres (Pinus sylvestris) en la que el ectomicorriza parece normal en el borde delantero del tapete de micelio, pero deja tras de sí raíces muertas y atrofiadas en el borde posterior, mostrando tendencias saprófitas.

Referencias

1. Schröter, J (1888). Kryptogamen-Flora von Schlesien (en alemán) 3 (1.4). Lehre: Cramer. p. 459. OCLC.
2. ↑
3. ↑
4. Roberts, P; Evans, S (2011). The book of fungi (en inglés). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 470. ISBN 978-0-226-72117-0. OCLC.
5. ↑
6. , p. 3.
7. , p. 5.
8. ↑, p. 86.
9. ↑
10. ↑
11. ↑
12. Nitare, J (2006). Signalarter. Indikatorer på skyddsvärd skog. Flora över kryptogamer [Signal-species - indicators of forests in need of protection] (en sueco) (Tercera edición). Jönköping: Skogsstyrelsens förlag. ISBN 978-9-188-46268-8. OCLC.
13. ↑ Hintikka, V; Näykki, O (1967). “Tutkimuksia ruosteorakkaan, Hydnellum ferrugineum, vaikutuksesta metsämaaperään ja-kasvillisuuteen "[Notes on the effects of the fungus Hydnellum ferrugineum (Fr.) Karst. on forest soil and vegetation]. Communicationes Instituti Forestalis Fenniae (en inglés) 62 (2): 1-23. OCLC.
14. Arnolds, E (mayo de 2010). "The fate of hydnoid fungi in The Netherlands and Northwestern Europe". Fungal Ecology (en inglés) 3 (2): 81-88. . OCLC. .
15. Trappe, MJ; Cromack, K, Jr .; Caldwell, BA; Griffiths, RP; Trappe, JM (septiembre de 2012). "Diversity of mat-forming fungi in relation to soil properties, disturbance, and forest ecotype at Crater Lake National Park, Oregon, USA". Diversity (en inglés) 4 (2): 196-223. OCLC. .

Bibliografía consultada

Pegler, DN; Roberts, PJ; Spooner, BM (1997). British Chanterelles and Tooth Fungi (en inglés). Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens. ISBN 978-1-900347-15-0.

Description

As in all mushroom-producing mushrooms, fruit bodies (sporocarps) are reproductive structures that are produced from fungal mycelium when appropriate environmental conditions of temperature, humidity and nutritional availability are respected. Hydnellum peckii - stipitate hydnoid mushroom, meaning it has a mushroom cap (stem) and a shape resembling Hydnum - characterized by tooth-like hymenium rather than gills, or reflects on the underside of the cap. Fruit bodies growing close together often seem to merge together (this is called "fusion"). They can reach heights up to. Fresh fruit bodies exude a striking, thick red liquid when raw.

The surface of the cap is convex to flattened, more or less uneven and sometimes slightly depressed in the center. It is usually densely covered with "hair" which gives it a texture similar to felt or velvet; this hair is thrown back in age, leaving the caps of mature specimens sleek.Its shape ranges from somewhat round to irregular, or even very wide as a result of the fusion. The cap is initially whitish, but later turns slightly brownish with an irregular dark brown to nearly black spots where it is bruised. At maturity, the surface is fibrous and tough, scaly and jagged, greyish brown at the top of the cap and somewhat woody. The flesh is pale pinkish brown.

The teeth are thin, cylindrical and conical, less than long, and lacking closer to the edge of the cap. They crowd, with typically between three and five teeth per square millimeter. Pinkish white initially, they age to grayish brown. The base is massive, very short, and often distorted. It becomes bulging where it penetrates through the ground and can take root in the soil for a few centimeters. Although it can reach up to at full length and wide, it only appears to be off the ground. The upper part is covered with the same teeth found on the underside of the cap, whereas the lower part is hairy and often packs debris from the grass. The fruity body aroma has been described as "mild to offensive," or, as the banker suggested in his original description, similar to hickory nuts.

Microscopic features

In the deposit, the spores appear brown. Viewing them with an optical microscope reveals finer details of their structure: they are roughly spherical but end abruptly at a small point, their surfaces are covered with small, wart-like nodules, and their size is between 5.0–5.3 by 4.0–4.7 µm. The spores are in starch, meaning they do not absorb iodine when stained with Meltzer's reagent.

Cells Hydnellum peckii's (hyphae) also represent various characters useful for characterizing it. The hyphae that form the cap are hyaline (translucent), smooth, thin-walled, and 3-4 µm thick. They degrade when dry, but can be readily reconstituted with a weak (2%) potassium hydroxide solution. Those in the cap form an intricate tangle with a tendency to run at length. They are divided into cell compartments (partitions) and have clamp links - short compartments that connect one cell to the previous cell to allow passage of nuclear products. Basidia, spore-bearing cells in the hymenium, are club-shaped, four-spored, and measure 35–40 by 4.7–6 µm.

Similar varieties

Hydnellum diabolus (the epithet of the varieties is given an average diabolum in some publications) there is a very similar appearance, so much so that some believe that he and H. peckii synonymous; at H. diabolusis said to have a sweetish pungent flavor that is lacking H. peckii... The differences between the two species are exacerbated in mature specimens: H. at diabolus there is an irregularly thickened base, while the base H. peckii thickened with a "defined spongy layer". In addition, older copies H. peckii there is a smooth cap, while H. diabolus is tomentose. A related species of H. pineticola also exudes pink liquid droplets when young and moist. Commonly found growth under conifers in northeastern North America, H. pineticola tastes "unpleasant" but not harsh. Fruit bodies tend to grow separately rather than in fused groups, and unlike H. peckii, they have no convex stems.