Galerina marginata: how to distinguish from honey agarics

Appearance

A small cap with a diameter of no more than 4 cm has a conical shape at the growth stage, and at maturity it becomes convex-outstretched, sometimes even flat. A small bump usually remains in the center.

The color of the cap depends a lot on humidity. In wet weather, it has a rather bright red, brownish or yellow-brown color. Stripes of plates are visible through the lighter, almost translucent edges. In the dry period, the bordered gallery acquires a dull, pale yellow color.

The cylindrical thin stem of this mushroom with a thickness of 0.1 to 0.5 cm can have a height of 5–7 cm. The upper part is lighter, has a white coating, and the lower part is darker, becoming almost brown over time. There is a leathery, slightly raised ring on the leg, which disappears with age. Spores are a fine brownish-rusty powder.

Poisonous species

Poisonous mushrooms should not be picked

Avid mushroom pickers are familiar with poisonous species and will not put them in a basket. They know the blacklisted species. But sometimes even the most professional assemblers make mistakes. Before going into the forest, it is better to remember what poisonous and inedible mushrooms are found in the Urals. The most famous and frequently encountered are the following:

• false mushroom;
• Satanic;
• bilious;
• death cap;
• fly agaric;
• yellow-skinned champignon;
• the chanterelle is false.

Death cap

This fungus, not very large and simple in appearance, is dangerous. Its toxins are so strong that they can even penetrate the skin. Therefore, mushroom pickers do not touch the toadstool, they leave it to grow in its place. One touch of her on completely edible mushrooms will make them poisonous.

According to the description, it looks like a russula or mushroom, but there is no "skirt" on the leg. Her hat is whitish or brown-olive. There is almost no smell, completely tasteless. Grows in birch groves from June to the very frost.

Fly agaric

Of the poisonous, fly agaric is especially dangerous. In these forests, rare giant individuals are found, especially after good rains. It is after the rains that it is easy to confuse fly agarics with russula, because the white spots on their caps are washed out by water, they become almost invisible.

• the leg is high and slender;
• the color of the leg is white (or yellowish);
• grow in height up to 23-30 cm;
• the cap is flat, lamellar;
• the surface of the cap is reddish;
• there is a characteristic thin "skirt" under the hat;
• cap size - up to 30 cm.

Sometimes the cap is orange or pink, which makes it look like russula. The pulp is odorless and yellow in color.

False chanterelle

This representative of poisonous mushrooms grows in conifers. The hat looks like an orange-red funnel. The leg is hollow, cylindrical. These are autumn mushrooms. The mushroom places are the same as in the edible species, the common chanterelle, or cockerel.

Irina Selyutina (Biologist):

The fact that you cannot eat false chanterelles was an axiom for all mushroom pickers until recently. Recently, evidence has appeared that the false chanterelle (orange talker) has already been classified as conditionally edible mushrooms. But with the following caveats:

• before eating, this mushroom needs a particularly careful pre-processing;
• people with a weak digestive system are strictly prohibited from eating them.

However, there are no confirmatory factors for the edibility of the orange talker, but there are reports of poisoning with this mushroom.

Weakly poisonous false chanterelles contain toxic compounds that are destroyed under the influence of high temperatures, or, in other words, thermolabile. However, at home, it is impossible to determine whether they all collapsed during cooking and the mushroom became harmless to health. Therefore, it will be safer to treat them as inedible mushrooms.

In the forests of the middle zone, in the mountains of Kamchatka and on the Kola Peninsula, in the forest belts of the North Caucasus and the famous steppes of Kazakhstan, in the regions of Central Asia, more than 300 species of edible mushrooms grow, which lovers of "quiet hunting" like to collect so much.

Indeed, the activity is very exciting and interesting, which, moreover, allows you to feast on the harvested crop. However, you need to know the mushrooms so that poisonous ones do not get into the basket along with the edible ones, by eating which you can get severe food poisoning. Edible mushrooms with photos, names and descriptions are offered for familiarization to everyone interested in picking mushrooms.

Poisoning symptoms and first aid

You can feel poisoning with this fungus in a day, it does not appear immediately. The first symptoms include:

• vomit;
• diarrhea;
• increased urination;
• chills.

3 days pass, the symptoms disappear. It feels like an improvement is taking place. signs of jaundice are noticeable, liver functions are impaired, and the person dies as a result.

For children, mushroom poisoning is more difficult, up to irreversible processes. Here it is necessary to understand the seriousness of the situation. Not only the liver suffers, but also the nervous system. With the growth of poisoning, there is a strong thirst and convulsions.

If a person touches a dangerous mushroom, you must thoroughly wash your hands and treat them with an antiseptic immediately. The spores of the fungus are very difficult to destroy; they can enter the body not only with food, but also through the hands.

There was a statement that in case of poisoning it is necessary to consume alcohol, and it will help remove the poison from the body, but it is incorrect. It is necessary at the first symptoms of poisoning to immediately call an ambulance. If you do not provide it, then intoxication will increase.

First you need to take 1 tablet of activated carbon per 10 kg of weight. You also need to drink warm water with salt in a ratio of 1 teaspoon per glass. Drinking a mild light pink solution of potassium permanganate also helps. Induce vomiting and drink plenty of water. Provision of rest and bed rest is mandatory, and arms and legs will need to be provided with warm heating pads.

Description, taste and smell of the deadly mushroom

Galerina marginata is a tree fungus. Belongs to the family of stropharia, the class of agaricomycetes. Secrets a poison similar in composition to the Pale Toadstool. Some mushroom pickers claim that gallerina can smell like a radish. The taste is insipid, not pronounced.

Hat

The diameter of the cap is from 0.5 to 3 cm. At first it is convex (or bell-shaped), with a curled edge. Then convex (or flat), with a small tubercle and faintly translucent edges. Absorbs water. Therefore, when wet, yellow centric circles appear on the mushroom. Spore powder is rusty.

Hymenophore

The plates under the cap grow with teeth, fall down on the leg. Frequent, narrow. In the process of growth, they change their color: from yellow-buffy to reddish-brown. In young mushrooms, the hymenophore is covered with a dense, dense veil.

Pulp

The pulp is loose, yellow-brown (dirty) color. It breaks easily. If you smell it, you can smell the flour.

Leg

Quite characteristic, somewhat thickened downwards, empty. It grows up to 8 cm in height, usually lower (2-5 cm). Thin, thickness from 0.1 to 0.5 cm. In color, similar to the cap. Covered with a mealy bloom, which is simply erased in contact with fingers.

Poisonousness of gallerina moss

These mushrooms are poisonous. Galerina moss is not easy not edible, but it also carries a great fall for health and even human life. The peak fruiting of gallerina moss coincides with summer and winter mushrooms

Therefore, it is extremely important for mushroom pickers not to confuse these mushrooms. Outwardly, mushrooms and gallerines are similar, they can be confused even by professionals, and even more so by amateurs

Other mushrooms of this genus

The bordered gallerina has a slightly larger hat - its diameter is 1-4 centimeters. At first, the shape of the cap is bell-shaped, but as it grows, it becomes almost flat.The color of the cap changes with moisture, the most common is a yellow-brown color, and in damp weather concentric zones appear. The flesh is thin and pliable, ranging in color from pale brown to almost white. The leg length is 2-5 centimeters, and the width does not exceed 0.5 centimeters. The leg is hollow, somewhat thickened in the lower part, with a yellowish or whitish ring. The part of the leg above the ring is covered with a mealy bloom.

This is a very poisonous mushroom with a flour smell. They contain the same toxins found in pale toadstools. The fringed gallery grows from June to October. These mushrooms settle in different types of forests, giving preference to rotted coniferous wood. They bear fruit in small groups.

Galerina ribbon-like has a hat with a diameter of no more than 0.4-3 centimeters. At first, its shape is convex, over time it becomes almost flat with a wide tubercle in the central part. The hat is capable of swelling under the influence of moisture. The color of the cap is honey-yellow with brown stripes. The leg length ranges from 3 to 12 centimeters, and the width does not exceed 0.2 centimeters. The leg is even, thin, hollow inside, brownish or light chestnut in color. Stem rings are usually not available.

Galerina ribbon-like grows in swampy areas, meeting among sphagnum and moss. These mushrooms are plentiful in Europe and America. Their toxicity is not fully understood, which is why it is highly undesirable to eat them.

Galerina marsh has a bell-shaped cap, which becomes prostrate as it grows, while a clearly visible sharp tubercle remains in the center. The diameter of the cap is 2-3 centimeters. The cap is watery, smooth, at a young age covered with the remains of a whitish blanket. The color of the cap is yellow-brown or whitish-yellow, but in old mushrooms the caps fade and become dark yellow. The leg is long, filiform, 8-13 centimeters high. The leg is extremely thin, light yellow in color, mealy. There is a white ring at the top of the leg.

Galerina marsh is widespread in forests of various types, most often it is found among sphagnums and in wetlands. These mushrooms are widespread in Europe and North America. They grow in small groups, and most often singly. Galerina marsh is not used in cooking, as it refers to poisonous mushrooms.

Galerina sphagnum has a hat with a diameter of 0.6-3.5 centimeters. Young mushrooms have a cone-shaped cap, but with time it becomes hemispherical. The surface of the cap is smooth, but sometimes fibrous. The hat is capable of absorbing moisture from the environment. The color of the cap is brown or ocher, as it fades, it becomes yellowish. The tubercle on the cap has a more intense color. The leg is thin, even, 3-12 centimeters long and 0.1-0.3 centimeters wide.

Sphagnum galleys grow from June to September. Their habitat is quite wide: South and North America, Europe and Asia. These mushrooms can be found almost everywhere on the planet, with the exception of the ice of Antarctica. They prefer damp places and swamps. These mushrooms can grow individually or in families.

Galerina marsh

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International scientific name

Galerina paludosa (Fr.) Kühner, 1935

Galerina marsh (lat. Galerina paludosa ) Is a species of mushrooms belonging to the genus Galerina ( Galerina ) of the family Stropharia ( Strophariaceae ).

• Agaricus paludosus Fr., 1838 basionym
• Agrocybe elatella (P. Karst.) Vesterh., 1989
• Galera paludosa (Fr.) P. Kumm., 1871
• Galerula paludosa (Fr.) A.H. Sm., 1935
• Hebeloma elatellum (P. Karst.) Sacc., 1887
• Hydrocybe paludosa (Fr.) M.M. Moser, 1953
• Pholiota paludosa (Fr.) Pat., 1887
• Roumeguerites elatellus P. Karst., 1882
• Tubaria paludosa (Fr.) P. Karst., 1879

Biological description

• The cap is 1-3 cm in diameter, at a young age, conical or convex, then opening to a bell-shaped, broadly convex and almost flat, in the center with a sharp tubercle, hygrophane, smooth. The surface of the cap is colored in ocher-brown or brown tones, fading to dark yellow with age, covered with whitish filaments in young mushrooms - the remains of the bedspread.
• The pulp is thin, brittle, of the same color as the surface of the cap, without any particular taste or smell.
• The hymenophore is lamellar, the plates are frequent or rather rare, adherent to the stem or with a tooth descending to it, in young mushrooms, light brown, darken with age to ocher-brown, with lighter edges.
• The leg is 5-20 cm long and 0.1-0.4 cm thick, smooth, buffy, usually with whitish areas in the lower part - the remains of a bedspread. The ring is located at the top of the leg and is painted white.
• Spores 8-11 × 5-8 µm, broadly ovoid, sometimes germinating. Basidia are four-spore. Cheilocystids are numerous, fusiform, 25–45 × 6–12 µm. Pleurocystids are absent. Buckled hyphae, 8-15 microns thick. The cap cuticle is absent.

Galerina marsh is considered a poisonous mushroom.

Literature

Singer, R .; Smith, A.H. [

The degree of danger

Galerina Bordered - the modest sister of the Pale Toadstool

Galerina Bordered is an extremely poisonous mushroom. It contains the most dangerous amatoxins, similar to those with which the Pale Toadstool abounds. Eating the pulp of this mushroom leads to global liver damage, with the characteristic signs of severe food poisoning:

• Severe vomiting.
• Diarrhea and dehydration.
• Hypothermia and convulsions.

Symptoms appear about 10 to 14 hours after ingestion of the mushrooms.

Galerina Bordered - the modest sister of the Pale Toadstool

When they appear, it is necessary to immediately call an ambulance to the patient, and while waiting for the arrival of doctors, provide the patient with first aid:

• Rinse the sick stomach with boiled water and soda (1 teaspoon per liter). The patient should be given a large volume of water to drink, and then induce vomiting by pressing on the root of the tongue. The procedure must be repeated until the water is clear.
• Flush the diseased intestines with laxatives or enemas.
• Give the patient activated charcoal.
• Lay the patient horizontally and wrap warmly.
• After gastric lavage, the patient must be provided with a plentiful drink.

If timely medical care is not provided, poisoning by Galerina Okaymlennaya can easily end in the death of a person. There is a theory that some of the cases of mushroom poisoning diagnosed as a defeat by the Pale Toadstool actually lies on the conscience of our heroine. Galerina is much easier to confuse with edible species, and the picture of poisoning by her and toadstool is very similar.

The content of amatoxins in Galerina Okaimlennaya reaches up to 270 μg / g, with a lethal dose of 0.1 g / kg. the weight of a person. For a person of average weight, the lethal dose of the pulp of this mushroom will be about 30 fruit chalk. With its small size, Galerina is just one fried pan.

As in the case of the Pale Toadstool, if you touched this mushroom with your bare hands, and even more so, broke and crumbled it - wash your hands as soon as possible. Even a small fragment of pulp or spore powder of Galerina Okaymlennaya, which gets from hands on food - for example, on the fruiting bodies of edible mushrooms - can cause severe poisoning. A reasonable collector, having found out that Galerins were in his basket instead of with mushrooms, will throw away, out of harm's way, all the mushrooms from the basket.

Moss is a favorite habitat

Galerina marsh chose fibrous areas where there is a large abundance of moss.It can be seen most often in wetland forest areas - coniferous or mixed - in Europe and North America. He chooses places that are warm, overgrown, but at the same time - with a lot of constant moisture.

The mushroom also grows on stumps or on a rotten tree, especially conifers. A lot of mushrooms can be found in a place where there is a large accumulation of decaying wood. It does not grow in aggregates very often, mostly mushrooms are located side by side, but one by one, the bases of their legs can rarely be found fused.

Fruiting of the mushroom is the period from June to September. Especially in August and September, mushroom pickers should be more careful, as this poisonous mushroom can be found in large quantities. And always remember that it is very poisonous.

Similar species

The danger of the bordered gallery lies in its extremely similar appearance to the edible summer mushroom.

Summer mushroom

They are similar in color, shape, the presence of a ring on the stem, the period of fruiting and the place of growth.

It is extremely important to know the differences by which you can identify the fungus and avoid serious poisoning. These include:

• the small size of the gallery bordered in comparison with the mushrooms;
• honey agaric lives most often in deciduous and mixed forests, while gallerina prefers coniferous forests;
• the area of ​​the leg downwards has a fibrous texture in the gallery, and in honey agarics, the texture is scaly;
• lack of a flour smell .;
• honey mushrooms are most often found with fused legs. Gallerinas can only grow nearby.

It is possible to recognize a dangerous mushroom, but there is always a risk. In order to protect yourself as much as possible, it is recommended to observe the following rules:

1. Do not collect honey mushrooms in coniferous forests;
2. Do not take old mushrooms, since it is extremely difficult to distinguish them.

It is important to bear in mind that if you touch the bordered gallery, you must wash your hands with soap and water or use an antiseptic. This is due to the fact that poisonous spores can enter the body

The action of the poison, and the lethal dose

The action of amanitins on the human body is delayed. The latent period can last up to 6-10 hours or more. This time is enough for the poisons to be completely absorbed into the blood and begin to damage the body from the inside. Often times, eating the fruit is fatal. This is due to the fact that a person begins to receive medical care after a long latent period of poisoning.

There is a myth that when alcohol is taken, the poison is neutralized. This statement has been scientifically refuted. In fact, the opposite is true. Alcohol does not help, but worsens the patient's condition. It is more difficult for the body to resist the disease, the liver suffers more.

Time and place of fruiting

This mushroom species is widespread throughout Russia. Gallerina can be found in forest plantations of any type. Especially a lot of them grow in coniferous forests.

The fungi feed on organic matter of semi-decomposed wood and the remains of small plants. Therefore, the mushrooms settle on rotten stumps, log cabins, preferably conifers. They can also grow in rotten roots hiding in the soil. Therefore, it seems that some gallerins grow directly from the ground.

The fruiting period begins in mid-June and lasts until October. Galerina mushrooms bear fruit in small groups. In this case, the mushrooms do not grow together, but develop one by one.

Galerina has other types

The swamp gallerina is not the only one in the family. There are other galleries:

1. Ribbon-like. At an early age, it has a conical cap, which gradually opens up more and more, going through a stage from a bell-shaped to flat shape. But the bulge in the center will certainly remain. The color is honey yellow, there are brown stripes. The diameter of the cap is small - from 0.4 cm to 3. The cap is wet, and when it is especially wet, it immediately begins to swell. The pulp is very thin and rather fragile, with a very unexpressed smell and taste.The hollow, even leg is rather long, ranging from 3 cm to 12 cm, and the diameter does not exceed 0.2 cm. Its color is light yellow or slightly brownish. But over time, the lower part takes on a dark chestnut color. A distinctive feature is that the ring is often absent on the leg. Grows in swampy areas where there is a lot of moss. Not used for food.
2. Sphagnum. The size of its cap can be quite miniature - 0.6 cm, but there are also mushrooms, the diameter of the cap of which is 3.5 cm. The young mushroom of the edge of the cap has a fibrous and conical shape, which eventually becomes almost flat when it unfolds. Its surface is either smooth or convex, and the tubercle in the center is more saturated. The leg is also quite long - up to 12 cm. The ring is there at first, and then it will disappear, but traces from the bedspread are noticeable. Scientists did not recognize this species as poisonous, but it does not possess edible qualities either.

Galerina marginata

Synonyms:

Pholiota marginata

Photo by: Igor Lebedinsky

Galerina bordered (lat.Galerina marginata) is a species of poisonous mushrooms in the Strophariaceae family of the Agarikov order.

Bordered gallery hat:
The diameter is 1-4 cm, the shape is initially bell-shaped or convex, with age it opens to almost flat. The cap itself is hygrophilous, changes appearance depending on humidity; the dominant color is yellow-brown, ocher, in wet weather - with more or less pronounced concentric zones. The flesh is thin, yellow-brown, with a weak, indefinite (possibly mealy) odor.

Plates:
Medium frequency and width, adherent, yellowish at the beginning, ocher, then reddish-brown. In young mushrooms, they are closed with a dense and thick white ring.

Spore powder:
Rusty brown.

Gallerina leg bordered:
Length 2-5 cm, thickness 0.1-0.5 cm, slightly thickened below, hollow, with a whitish or yellowish ring. The top of the ring is covered with a mealy bloom, the bottom is darker, the color of the cap.

Spreading:
Bordered Galerina (Galerina marginata) grows from mid-June to October in forests of various types, preferring heavily decayed coniferous wood; often grows on a substrate immersed in the ground and therefore invisible. Fruiting in small groups.

Similar species:
Galerina bordered can be very unsuccessfully mistaken for a summer mushroom (Kuehneromyces mutabilis). In order to avoid fatal misunderstandings, it is strongly not recommended to collect summer mushrooms in coniferous forests (where they, as a rule, do not grow). It is difficult, if not impossible, to distinguish the bordered from many other members of the genus Galerina, but this is usually not necessary for a non-specialist. Moreover, recent genetic studies seem to have abolished similar types of gallerina, such as Galerina unicolor: all of them, despite their own morphological characteristics, are genetically indistinguishable from the bordered gallerina.

Edible: The mushroom is extremely poisonous. Contains toxins similar to those of Amanita phalloides.

Video about the mushroom Galerina bordered:

Remarks There is a lot of confusion with this gallery. In the Soviet popular publications about gallerina you will not find a half-word, despite its wide distribution in our country and presumably a dangerous similarity to the summer forest (and the similarity at times is simply striking). According to some sources, Bordered Galerina is endlessly poisonous, others ignore her altogether, and in one translated book she was combined without a shadow of embarrassment with summer honey, called Galerina mutabilis and presented as a good edible mushroom. And these are stupid Western reference books, in which even the Valui are considered deadly poisonous! Is it possible to work in such conditions?

However, if we assume that the bordered gallery is really so poisonous, then the numerous poisonings by the “pale toadstool” become not so mysterious. Doctors who determine mushroom poisoning are deadly far from mycology. And they determine that death occurred as a result of poisoning with toxins of a certain group, which, as even a baby knows, are contained in a pale toadstool.And the fact that exactly the same poisons can be found in Galerina bordered, and in some representatives of the genus Lepiota, is unknown to medical science ...