Entoloma vernum photo and description

Biological description

The fruiting bodies of the cap-pectus, small, medium or rather large, are gasteroid in only some species. The type of development of fruiting bodies is hymnocarp, that is, there are no particular and general covers.

The cap is conical, bell-shaped, flat, plano-convex, convex or funnel-shaped, thin or fleshy. The surface of the cap is smooth, velvety or scaly. An important sign for the distribution of species into subgenera is hygrophilousness, that is, the ability to absorb water in wet weather, or non-hygrophilousness of the cap. In representatives of some subgenera, the edge of the cap is translucent and radially lined, while in others it is smooth and opaque.

The plates are adherent or narrowly adhered to the pedicle, descending onto it or with indentations and teeth running down onto the pedicle, only in some species almost free from it. The edge of the plates is even or slightly serrated. In addition to the plates, many species have plates.

The stem is absent or present, central or eccentric, short and fleshy, or thin and long, even or widening towards the base. The surface of the leg is smooth, velvety or finely scaly, striped in some species.

Angular spores of lead-white entoloma

The hyphal system of the fruiting bodies is monomytic, that is, the fruiting bodies of the entolome consist only of generative hyphae. Hyphae with or without buckles, non-amyloid.

Spore powder of pink or pinkish-brown color. Spores in all species are angular, thin or thick-walled. Basidia are two- or four-spore. Cheilocystids - cystids located at the edges of the plates - are most often present, pleurocystids, that is, cystids on the surface of the plates, are absent in most species. The cuticle of the cap (pileipellis) in different species has a different structure: it can be cutis, trichodermis or hymenodermis. Hyphae with or without buckles. Short (30-100 μm), swollen or cylindrical hyphae are characteristic, for example, of the subgenus Entoloma, long fusiform hyphae - for Nolanea... The tram of the plates and the cap is correct, that is, their hyphae are almost not intertwined, but are located parallel to each other.

Similar species from other genera

Fruiting bodies of many entoloms resemble representatives of other, sometimes unrelated genera. One of these genera is Plyutey (Pluteus) from the Plutey family (Pluteaceae). However, representatives of this genus are markedly different from entola - their pinkish plates are always free from the stem. Representatives of some related genera are also outwardly similar to entolomes. For some clitopiluses (Clitopilus) are characterized by descending plates and the absence of cystids, as in many enthol. Some species form mycorrhiza. In other representatives of this genus, previously isolated in the genus Rhodocybe (Rhodocybe), plates adhered to the pedicle or descending to it, the cap is depressed in the center. However, representatives of all these genera are very different from enthol in the form of spores - unlike angular spores with entol, in representatives of these genera they are round, oblong, warty or striped.

Poisonous entoloma (rose leaf), its differences from other mushrooms

At the time of the mushroom "hunt" sometimes there are cases of poisoning with the gifts of the forest. The fact is that some poisonous mushrooms are very similar to edible ones. These include the poisonous entoloma - the largest representative of its family. Its fibers contain a strong poison that can be fatal without proper help.

The appearance of the mushroom

The poisonous lamellar mushroom entoloma, a description of which was first given by H. Person in 1801, is rather large. Usually the cap reaches a diameter of 6-16 cm, in rare cases - 25 cm.

At an early stage of development, the color of the cap ranges from off-white to gray with a touch of ocher. By old age, the color changes towards darker shades and becomes gray-brown. The cap is smooth to the touch; large specimens have small folds in its center.

When wet, the surface of the cap becomes sticky and shiny; when it dries, the shine remains.

In youth, the cap has a hemispherical shape, which, with age, becomes a bell with the edge wrapped around the leg. In old mushrooms, a notch appears on the cap in the center.

Red trellis mushroom: edible or not

The distinctive features of poisonous entoloma include the following:

the flesh does not change color at the break;
rare and wide plates;
the smell of a young mushroom is mealy, with age it becomes rancid.

Distribution and places of growth

Poisonous entoloma, or poisonous rose leaf, is a relatively thermophilic mushroom. Distributed in the southern regions of Russia, comes across in the Caucasus, is well known to the inhabitants of Ukraine and the Republic of Belarus. This mushroom is rarely found in Karelia and the Murmansk region. In Western Europe, it practically does not occur - it is very rarely found in Austria and the mountainous regions of France.

He loves the neighborhood of hornbeam, beech, oak, sometimes it can be found near a willow or birch. Grows, as a rule, in small groups of 2-4 pieces. Favorite growing places are in the shade, under trees, in beams, on swampy soils with a high lime content.

Similar species

There are many edible mushrooms that are similar in appearance to the poisonous rose leaf, which poses a danger to novice mushroom pickers. Most often, fans of "mushroom hunting" confuse entoloma with the following mushrooms:

pendant - the color is almost identical, the difference is in the plates descending to the leg;
smoky ryadovka - differs in smaller plates, the color of which is noticeably lighter;
pigeon ryadovka - differs in a hat, on which colored spots are noticeable, and flesh turning pink on the cut;
smoky talker - it has a peculiar floral or putrid smell, the plates are narrower and lighter;
common champignon - is distinguished by the presence of a ring on the leg and dark-colored plates;
rose-leaf garden - an edible mushroom that grows in gardens and meadows, differs in that its cap has a hygrophilous property (swells when wet).

Edible and Poisonous Species of the Yellow Spiderweb Mushroom

Entoloma poisoning and treatment

When eating even a small piece of this poisonous mushroom, irritation of the gastrointestinal mucosa and intoxication of the body occurs with the following symptoms: severe migraine, vomiting, pain and cramps in the abdomen, diarrhea, dizziness. Signs of poisoning appear within 30-120 minutes.

First aid for poisoning before the arrival of an ambulance consists in washing the stomach, taking sorbents and laxatives.

If chills are observed, the victim should be wrapped in a blanket, blanket or additionally put on warm clothes.

Calling an ambulance is mandatory, you cannot try to cure the poisoning yourself. It is advisable to collect the remains of the mushrooms for transfer for examination to determine the type and degree of toxicity. In severe cases, a blood transfusion is required to save lives after entoloma poisoning, which can only be done in a clinical setting.

After providing first aid and carrying out the entire complex of medical procedures, a poisoned entoloma poisonous may for some time (1-2 weeks) experience deviations from the norm in the state of the body: frequent migraines, increased irritability, severe thirst and indigestion. In this case, it is recommended to take as much fluids as possible to remove toxins from the body.

Galerina edged mushroom: description and differences from honey agarics

Entoloma garden (Entoloma clypeatum)

Podzherdelnik

DESCRIPTION: The hat of an entoloma garden with a diameter of 7 to 10 (and even 12) cm. dry weather - silky fibrous, lighter. Its edge is uneven (wavy), sometimes with cracks.

The color of the cap varies from whitish-gray, beige and gray-brownish to grayish and gray-brown. The plates of the entoloma are wide, rather rare, adherent to the pedicle with a tooth, with a serrated edge, of unequal length.

In adolescence, entolomas are whitish, then they become pale pink, dirty pink or gray-brownish, and in old age they acquire a reddish tint. The pinkness of the plates is the main distinguishing feature of all enthol. A cylindrical, often curved, often twisted leg reaches a height of 10, sometimes 12 cm, in thickness - from 1 to 2 (and even 4) cm.It is brittle, longitudinally ribbed, solid, in old age, hollow, sometimes twisted, slightly under the cap furrowed.

The leg is whitish, pinkish or grayish in color. And its slightly thickened base is lighter. The ring on the leg is always missing. The pulp of entoloma is dense or soft, fibrous, white or brownish, with a weak mealy taste and smell, or even insipid.

Spore powder of pink color.

HABITAT AND GROWTH TIME: Entoloma orchard grows in deciduous and mixed forests under rowan, birch and oak trees - on nutrient-rich soil, along roads, in meadows, in gardens and on city lawns. In the garden, it often grows under fruit trees (apple and pear) and bushes of roses, rose hips, hawthorns and blackthorns.

It is widespread and common on the territory of the Leningrad region and in St. Petersburg, although it grows pointwise - from the last five days of May to the end of July with the most massive fruiting in June and in a wet, cool summer - and in July. Often it gives not one, but several short layers. Garden entoloma rarely appears alone, usually grows in groups, often in large.

TWINS: There is a very similar mushroom - the edible entoloma (Entoloma sepium) with a creamy, brownish-gray and even gray-brownish-greenish cap, notched-descending plates, white, shiny, long-fibered stem. Grows on lawns, gardens and bushes from late May to June.

The main task is not to confuse these two edible entolomes with Entoloma sinuatum or Poisonous Entoloma. The main differences of E. poisonous: a larger size (a cap up to 20 cm in diameter), a lighter (dirty whitish, creamy gray, grayish ocher and yellowish) cap with an easily removable skin, yellowish (in youth) plates, thicker ( up to 3 cm in diameter), a clavate leg, one-color with a cap, and a faint unpleasant smell of pulp. But this smell can be almost imperceptible. It is not found in the north of Russia.

There are two more relatively similar poisonous entolomes. Entoloma pushed through (Entoloma rhodopolium) with a thin yellow-cream, gray or brownish cap and ammonia odor. It grows from August to early October. And Entoloma spring - darker, shallow, slender and growing from the end of April to the last five days of May, that is, does not overlap with Entoloma Sadovaya in terms of timing.

EATABILITY: This is a conditionally edible mushroom. Boil entoloma for 20 minutes, and then put it in a roast, pickle or pickle. In southern Russia, dishes from it are from the category of traditional mushroom dishes, and in Western Europe, it is considered one of the best mushrooms.

Video about the mushroom Entoloma garden:

NOTES: The word "clypeatum" in the name of the mushroom means "shaped like a shield." Widespread on the globe: Western Europe, Ukraine, European Russia and North America. Appears in warm regions in April.The genus Entoloma has 153 species, among them there are edible mushrooms, but in order to use them for food, you need to be an experienced mushroom picker. The clearest photographs and the best descriptions cannot save you from error, so be careful with these mushrooms!

You don't have to go far for some types of mushrooms - they settle right on summer cottages and backyards. So, garden entoloma brings abundant mushroom harvests under fruit trees and shrubs.

Poisonous entoloma (rose leaf), its differences from other mushrooms

The appearance of the mushroom

The poisonous lamellar mushroom entoloma, a description of which was first given by H. Person in 1801, is rather large. Usually the cap reaches a diameter of 6-16 cm, in rare cases - 25 cm. At an early stage of development, the color of the cap varies from off-white to gray with a tinge of ocher. By old age, the color changes towards darker shades and becomes gray-brown. The cap is smooth to the touch; large specimens have small folds in its center. When wet, the surface of the cap becomes sticky and shiny; when it dries, the shine remains.

The length of the stem of tin entoloma (its other name) is in the range of 4-13 cm, and its thickness is in the range of 1-3 cm. The shape of the stem is cylindrical with a slight thickening at the base, sometimes with a bend. There is a light bloom, similar to flour, near the cap on the leg.

The distinctive features of poisonous entoloma include the following:

the flesh does not change color at the break;
rare and wide plates;
the smell of a young mushroom is mealy, with age it becomes rancid.

Similar species

pendant - the color is almost identical, the difference is in the plates descending to the leg;
smoky ryadovka - differs in smaller plates, the color of which is noticeably lighter;
pigeon ryadovka - differs in a hat, on which colored spots are noticeable, and flesh turning pink on the cut;
smoky talker - it has a peculiar floral or putrid smell, the plates are narrower and lighter;
common champignon - is distinguished by the presence of a ring on the leg and dark-colored plates;
rose-leaf garden - an edible mushroom that grows in gardens and meadows, differs in that its cap has a hygrophilous property (swells when wet).

Entoloma poisoning and treatment

: severe migraine, vomiting, abdominal pain and cramps, diarrhea, dizziness

Inpatient treatment usually lasts no more than 3-4 days. It is carried out permanently in the clinic with the intake of toxin-removing drugs. Glucose and saline are injected intravenously through a dropper. In the absence of diarrhea, an enema is prescribed to flush the large intestine and remove toxins from it. First aid for poisoning before the arrival of an ambulance consists in washing the stomach, taking sorbents and laxatives.

Rose leaf spring

Spring entoloma (lat.Entoloma vernum) is a species of fungi of the Entolomataceae family.

Hat of the spring entoloma: 2-5 cm in diameter, conical, half-spread, often with a characteristic tubercle in the center. The color varies from gray-brown to black-brown, with an olive tint. The pulp is whitish, without any special taste or smell.

Plates: Wide, wavy, loose or attached by a tooth, pale gray in youth, acquire a reddish tint with age.

Spore Powder: Pink.

Spring entoloma stem: Length 3-8 cm, thickness 0.3-0.5 cm, fibrous, somewhat thickened at the base, glaze-colored or lighter.

Distribution: Entoloma vernalis grows from mid (early?) May to mid or late June on forest edges, less often in coniferous forests, preferring sandy soils.

Similar species: Given the early periods of fruiting, it is difficult to confuse with other entoloms.Spring entholoma can be distinguished from fibrils due to the pink color of the spores.

Edible: Both our and foreign sources are quite critical of Entoloma vernum. Poisonous!

Remarks The mushroom appears at the height of spring for a very short time, does not strike the eye, looks gloomy and unappetizing

It remains only to envy with white envy that courageous tester of nature, who found the strength to gorge on these mushrooms, rather uninteresting for a stranger, thereby establishing their toxicity

Silky entoloma (Silky rose leaf)

Some edible mushrooms look and feel like toadstools. For example, Silky Entoloma (Silky pink plate), which is rarely put in a basket, and completely in vain.

Silky entoloma (Silky rose leaf)

Silky entoloma - lat. Entoloma sericeum

In a different way, the mushroom is called Silky Rose Platter or Silky Entoloma.

Description

Mushroom cap

Silk entoloma builds up a small cap with a diameter of 20-50 mm, convex in young mushrooms and depressed - straightened like a saucer in adults. The edges can rise upward in waves. In the middle of the headdress there is a tiny mound or depression.

The glossy longitudinal fibrous skin of the hats feels like silk. It is colored brown or a mixture of dark brown and gray. Old mushrooms are pale brown in color.

The hats are filled with brownish, fragile flesh, which brightens as it dries. It tastes and smells like fresh flour.

Hat bottoms are designed in the form of accrete or notched plates of different sizes, which at a young age are painted in a whitish or light beige color. The plates of mature mushrooms acquire a pinkish or reddish color.

Silky rosacea reproduces by elongated pink-red spores contained in pink spore powder.

Stipe

Entoloma silky builds up a fragile cylindrical leg, slightly curving at the bottom. Its thickness is 3-8 mm, height is 30-50 mm.

Longitudinally fibrous legs, without pulp, are covered with glossy smooth leather to match the hat. The base of the stem is whitish, with mycelium villi.

Growing places

Silica entoloma grows on the grassy soil of forest edges, pastures and meadows, and is seen in North American and European lands.

Group and single fruiting usually occurs in August-October; in warm climates, the mushroom bears fruit even longer.

Edibility

These rose-colored plates belong to the conditionally edible category. Once boiled, they can be pickled, cooked as a side dish, and added to soups.

Silky Entoloma (Silky rose-leaf) has no similar species; it differs from noble mushrooms in pinkish plates.

Thyroid rosacea

Podzherdelnik

DESCRIPTION:

Spore powder of pink color.

HABITAT AND GROWTH TIME: The thyroid rose grows in deciduous and mixed forests under rowan, birch and oak - on nutrient-rich soil, along roads, in meadows, in gardens and on city lawns. In the garden, it often grows under fruit trees (apple and pear) and bushes of roses, rose hips, hawthorns and blackthorns.

It is widespread and common on the territory of the Leningrad region and in St. Petersburg, although it grows pointwise - from the last five days of May to the end of July with the most massive fruiting in June and in a wet, cool summer - and in July. Often it gives not one, but several short layers. The thyroid roseate rarely appears alone, usually grows in groups, often in large.

Video about the thyroid rosacea mushroom:

NOTES: The word "clypeatum" in the name of the mushroom means "shaped like a shield." Widespread on the globe: Western Europe, Ukraine, European Russia and North America. Appears in warm regions in April. The genus Entoloma has 153 species, among them there are edible mushrooms, but in order to use them for food, you need to be an experienced mushroom picker. The clearest photographs and the best descriptions cannot save you from error, so be careful with these mushrooms!

Definitioner

Basidia (Basidia)

Lat. Basidia. A specialized structure of sexual reproduction in fungi, inherent only in Basidiomycetes. Basidia are terminal (end) elements of hyphae of various shapes and sizes, on which spores develop exogenously (outside).

Basidia are diverse in structure and method of attachment to hyphae.

According to the position relative to the axis of the hypha, to which they are attached, three types of basidia are distinguished:

Apical basidia are formed from the terminal cell of the hypha and are located parallel to its axis.

Pleurobasidia are formed from lateral processes and are located perpendicular to the axis of the hypha, which continues to grow and can form new processes with basidia.

Subasidia are formed from a lateral process, turned perpendicular to the axis of the hypha, which, after the formation of one basidium, stops its growth.

Based on morphology:

Holobasidia - unicellular basidia, not divided by septa (see Fig. A, D.).

Phragmobasidia are divided by transverse or vertical septa, usually into four cells (see Fig. B, C).

By type of development:

Heterobasidia consists of two parts - hypobasidia and epibasidia developing from it, with or without partitions (see Fig. C, B) (see Fig. D).

Homobasidia is not divided into hypo- and epibasidia and in all cases is considered holobasidia (Fig. A).

Basidia is the place of karyogamy, meiosis and the formation of basidiospores. Homobasidia, as a rule, is not functionally divided, and meiosis follows karyogamy in it. However, basidia can be divided into probasidia - the site of karyogamy and metabasidia - the site of meiosis. Probasidium is often a dormant spore, for example in rust fungi. In such cases, probazidia grows with metabasidia, in which meiosis occurs and on which basidiospores are formed (see Fig. E).

See Karyogamy, Meiosis, Gifa.

Pileipellis

Lat. Pileipellis, skin - differentiated surface layer of the cap of agaricoid basidiomycetes. The structure of the skin in most cases differs from the inner flesh of the cap and may have a different structure. The structural features of pileipellis are often used as diagnostic features in descriptions of fungi species.

According to their structure, they are divided into four main types: cutis, trichoderma, hymeniderma and epithelium.

See Agaricoid fungi, Basidiomycete, Cutis, Trichoderma, Gimeniderm, Epithelium.

Cutis

The type of cap skin, consists of creeping non-gelatinized hyphae located parallel to the surface. The surface of the cap looks smooth.

Lat. Cutis.

See Gifa.