For the successful cultivation of various flowering plants, it is necessary to know and take into account the fact that crops differ from one another in their biological characteristics and unequal attitude to environmental conditions, namely to light, heat, soil and water. It is necessary to create optimal conditions under which plants will be distinguished by increased decorativeness, abundance and duration of flowering, resistance to diseases and pests. When choosing types and varieties of flowers, you need to know in what conditions they grow well.
According to the variety of requirements, flower plants are conventionally divided into groups in relation to:
to the light - light-loving, shade-tolerant and
shade-loving;
To heat - heat-loving and cold-resistant;
to water - moisture-loving and drought-resistant.
Light-loving plants grow only in full sun or with very little shade. These plants include most annuals and perennials. Balsam, marigolds, levkoy, lobelia, mignonette, salvia, tobacco tolerate slight shading. Pansies, ges-peris, daisies, foxgloves and forget-me-nots can grow in penumbra from biennials in partial shade. From perennials, with a little shading, aquilegia, soapwort and primroses grow. Only a very few plants (hellebore, periwinkle, hosta) can grow in a shady place. Heat-loving plants are those that cannot stand frost. They are sown and planted when the risk of frost is minimal. Of the annuals, low temperatures do not tolerate ageratum, amaranth, balsam, marigolds, dahlia, gomphren, nasturtium, petunia, sunflower, salvia, decorative beans, celosia and zinnia. In the fall, some of these annuals can continue to grow and bloom after freezing at -1-2 ° C (zinnia, petunia). In some cases, annuals are classified as thermophilic plants, which, in the middle lane, cannot bloom when sown in the ground: they do not have enough heat. Such plants are grown from seedlings, but many of them are not afraid of autumn frosts. These are antirrinum, arktotis, verbena, gazania, carnation, gelichrizum, levkoy, rudbeckia, annual phlox.
Cold-resistant annuals include ammobium, aster, cornflower gailardia, gypsophila, godetia, sweet peas, dimorphoteka, iberis, calendula, clarkia, coreopsis, cosmos, xerantemum, lavatera, lobelia, lobularia, malope, restiiella, nemesia tse, chrysanthemum, schizanthus, escholzia. The seeds of these plants germinate en masse at temperatures of 15-18 ° C, but they can begin to germinate already at 5-8 ° C.
Almost all biennials and perennials are cold-resistant plants, otherwise they could not hibernate in the ground. The exception is some bulbous and tuberous plants: gladiolus, tuberous begonia, dahlia, montbrecia. Their bulbs and tubers have to be dug out of the soil and stored until spring in a cool, frost-free room. Moisture-loving plants grow well in places where there is always a lot of moisture and do not tolerate a lack of water well. Of the annuals, these are balsam, gypsophila, beans; from biennials - hes-peris, forget-me-not, pansies; from perennials - catchment, Gaillardia, gypsophila, lychnis, lupine, malope, nasturtium, petunia, rudbeckia, salvia, salpiglossis average and stockrose. The rest of the species do not tolerate both excess and lack of water, they must be watered as the soil dries up. To satisfy the plants' need for light and partly for warmth, first of all, you need to find a suitable place for them. To do this, determine the position of the site in relation to the parts of the world, the direction of the prevailing winds and the movement of the shadow during the day.The warmest and lightest places are located in the south, south-west and southeast, especially if there is a house, fence or dense shrub behind the coldest areas on the north, north-east and north-west side. It is even colder there if they are not protected from the winds, have a northerly slope or are in the lowlands. In a damp and high place during wintering, plants will freeze faster than in a dry and even one. In areas open to strong winds, tall and climbing plants grow poorly. The flowering of plants is genetically determined. If, contrary to your expectations, the flower plant does not bloom at all, then you need to find and eliminate the cause. One of them may be the duration and intensity of illumination inappropriate for a specific plant, that is, a lack of light for light-loving crops or an excess of it for shade-loving crops. Another reason for the lack of flowering may be lack of warmth before and during flowering. These environmental influences on plants should be taken into account and, if possible, an attempt should be made to neutralize or reduce their negative influence through good plant care.
All plants need systematic watering, loosening, feeding, protection from pests and diseases. Some require shelter for the winter. For a number of flower crops, it is important to keep moisture in the soil, while others need to be protected from overheating.
Taking good care of your plants can compensate for the negative effects of the environment and give you the joy of blooming ornamental plants.
Soil preparation
Different flower crops have specific requirements for the properties and qualities of the soil. Some flowers are undemanding, grow well and thrive on medium quality soils, while others, most of them, have special soil requirements.
Many flower plants prefer light texture soils. So, for bulbous (tulips, daffodils, hyacinths, crocuses) and tuberous (dahlias) sandy loam soils are most suitable, good water permeability and air supply of which contribute to the rapid growth of bulbs and tubers and prevent their decay. For the cultivation of annuals (carnations, levkoi, asters, etc.), light loams will be required, for rhizome flower crops (phlox, delphiniums, peonies, irises), as well as for gladioli - medium loamy soils. The latter are also optimal for the culture of roses.
For good development and flowering of plants, it is very important to consider their soil requirements.
On light-textured soils (sandy loams, light loams), rich in humus and nutrients, annuals grow better - amaranth, arctotis, snapdragon and zinnia, biennial stockrose, perennials - clematis, tuberous begonia and bulbous - tulip, narcissus, hyacinth lily, snowdrop, muscari, as well as corms - gladiolus and crocus.
Light, medium-rich soils prefer annuals - aster, verbena, cosmos, lobelia, poppy, scabiosa; perennial - coreopsis and lynis.
Annuals grow well on light, lean soils - cornflower, dimorphoteka, iberis, lavatera, lobularia, purslane, escholzia.
Rich medium loamy soils are preferred: annuals - marigolds, godetia, sweet peas, levkoy, mignonette, sweet tobacco, Drummond phlox, chrysanthemum, sage; biennials - carnation, forget-me-not, pansies; bulbous - kandyk, white flower, pushkinia, blueberry, chionodox, corm colchicum; perennials - peony, astilba, daylily, hosta, dahlia, aquilegia, delphinium, bell, poppy, as well as rose and clematis.
Medium loamy poor soils are suitable for annuals - carnations, calendula, clarkia, nasturtium, petunias; perennials - Gaillardia, carnation, doronicum, lupine, daisy, primrose, peritrum, rudbeckia and phlox.
Clayy, medium-rich soils are preferred by matthiola, hesperis, daisy and iris.
If the local soil is unsuitable for growing flowers, it should be improved by known methods: clay, manure, peat, humus, compost are added to sandy soils, in addition,
lime is added, which serves to increase the cohesion of the sand and increase the content of organic matter in it; sand, peat, sawdust, as well as manure, humus and compost are introduced into clay and heavy loamy soils to improve their fertility. Thus, the mechanical composition of the soil is improved, and it becomes suitable for growing cultivated ornamental plants.
In areas with stony soil, it is better to plant flowers in prepared pits and trenches filled with fertile soil, the size of the holes depends on the assortment of plants.
Digging with a bayonet is recommended as the main tillage. It is carried out in the fall to a depth of 20-25 cm, if seeds are to be sown on the site or annual flowers are to be grown, and to a depth of 30-35 cm, if perennial flowers are to be planted. When working with a shovel, the soil should not be crumbled, it only needs to be turned over. In the spring, the soil surface is cultivated with a hand cultivator. In this way, weed control is also carried out. In the fall, the site is cleaned, leveled and processed depending on what is to come - sowing seeds or planting plants, in accordance with the requirements of the culture. When preparing the soil for flower beds, attention should be paid to increasing its fertility. For this, organic and mineral fertilizers are applied. In the open ground, different types of organic fertilizers can be used - manure, peat, various composts. They are applied 4-6 weeks before planting, they not only increase the fertility of the soil, but also contribute to the improvement of its structure and water-physical properties. When preparing the soil for flower beds, along with organic fertilizers, mineral fertilizers are also used before planting. They make it possible to satisfy the plant's need for nutrients at the earliest stages of growth — during the period of root formation, the development of the first leaves, stimulating the further development of the plant.
According to the requirements for pre-planting soil fertilization, several groups of plants can be distinguished. Dahlias are the most demanding, since all modern varieties of them have an underdeveloped root system and a powerful aboveground mass. The optimal application rate of full mineral fertilizer before planting for tall varieties is 90 g / m2, and for low-growing varieties with a small aboveground weight - 45-60 g / m2.
In second place in terms of requirements for additional (main) application of mineral fertilizers are one- and biennials (asters, levkoi, carnations), as well as perennials planted in spring - gladioli, phlox, delphiniums. The rate of planting application of complete mineral fertilizer for these crops is no more than 60 g / m2. For bulbous crops - tulips, daffodils, hyacinths - complete mineral fertilizer is used before planting at a rate of no more than 45 g / m2. Even lower doses of these fertilizers are used for irises - 20-30 g / m2.
The rate of application of mineral fertilizers depends on the degree of cultivation of the soil. On poorly cultivated soils, the dose of nitrogen fertilizers with pre-planting should be increased to 60 g / m2, and phosphorus - reduced to 20-30 g / m2, the dose of potash fertilizers can be 45 g / m2.
On medium-cultivated soils, nitrogen, phosphorus and potash fertilizers are applied in the same amount - 60 g / m2.
On well-cultivated soils, the dose of phosphorus-potassium fertilizers can be 60 g / m2, and the dose of nitrogen fertilizers should be reduced to 30-45 g / m2.
Different types of flowers have specific requirements for soil acidity (pH). Most flower crops prefer neutral soils with an acidity of 6.0-6.5. The exceptions are rhododendron, which requires acidic soils for cultivation (pH 4.5), and cloves, for which a slightly alkaline reaction of the medium is preferable (pH 7.0-7.5).Lupine, lily, goldenrod, primrose, aquilegia feel good on unsweetened sod-podzolic soils (pH 5.0-6.0). Plots for all other flower crops should be limed 2-3 weeks before planting at the rate of 250-500 g of lime per 1 m2. The acidity of the soil can be regulated: the reaction of acidic soils, which in most cases are not suitable for the cultivation of flower crops, can be improved by adding sodium nitrate, bone meal, slaked or quicklime to them. The reaction of highly alkaline soils can be improved by the addition of manure, ammonium sulfate and superphosphate.
Interesting
Plant growing
Plant growing - a branch of agriculture specializing in the cultivation of cultivated plants. It is based on agriculture - economic activities related to the cultivation of land. The basis of crop production is grain farming. Grain crops occupy about half of the world's cultivated area. Grain and grain products are the second most valuable (after meat and meat products) item in the world agricultural turnover.
Cereals. Grain remains the most important food source for the bulk of the population. Grain production per capita illustrates the provision of countries with food and animal feed. On average, the world produces about 350 kg of grain per capita per year. However, in developed countries this figure is at the level of 740 kg, and in developing countries - 250 kg. Recently, an increasing amount of grain is used for livestock feed. In developed countries, 82% of the crop is used for these purposes, and in developing countries only 42%. The world grain harvest exceeds 2 billion tons. The bulk of it comes from China, the USA and India. Cereals are widespread enough, due to their diversity, adaptability to various natural conditions, low demands on the culture of agriculture. About ¾ of the total harvest falls on the main crops: wheat, rice, corn. At the same time, different regions have their own set of basic grain crops. In Europe, these are wheat, rye, barley; in Asia - rice, wheat; in America - corn, wheat, rice; in Australia - wheat; in Africa - corn, sorghum, millet.
Wheat - the main grain crop. They grow hard and soft wheat varieties. Soft varieties are used for the manufacture of bread products, hard ones - for pasta, semolina. According to the growing conditions, winter and spring wheat are cultivated. Winter varieties are more demanding for agro-climatic conditions and soils. Chernozem and dark chestnut soils are the most favorable for wheat, therefore crops are confined to steppe and forest-steppe regions. Wheat occupies 1/3 of all grain crops. It is gradually replacing other grains in the diet. Even in India, where rice is the most important food crop, wheat crops prevail over rice crops. There are two wheat belts in the world - northern and southern. The northern belt is formed by areas of wheat cultivation in North America, Foreign Europe, the CIS, South-West Asia, China, and India. The southern belt is represented by three ruptured areas: Argentina in Latin America, South Africa in Africa and Australia. Therefore, the collection is carried out throughout the year. Wheat is grown in 70 countries of the world, but the main harvest (over 53%) falls on five countries - China, India, USA, Russia and France (Table 54). About 20% of the world's wheat harvest goes to the international market. The main exporters are the USA, Canada, Argentina, Australia, France. Major importers include developing countries, especially China, Brazil, the Republic of Korea, Algeria, and Japan.
Table 54
World wheat production, 2007, million tons
|
Country |
Production |
Country |
Production |
| The whole world | 601,9 | FRG | 20,9 |
| China | 107,0 | Canada | 20,5 |
| India | 74,9 | Kazakhstan | 15,5 |
| USA | 56,3 | Argentina | 15,0 |
| Russia | 47,0 | Ukraine | 13,8 |
| France | 33,2 | Australia | 13,5 |
| Pakistan | 23,3 | Great Britain | 13,4 |
The share of the top five countries - 53%
Rice - an ancient, widespread grain crop. It is the staple food of Asian countries. Rice is widely used in dietetic food, as well as for technical purposes. Starch is obtained from it, it is used in the textile, perfumery and medical industries. Rice straw is fed to livestock. Rice culture is represented by many varieties, various in terms of cultivation and ripening times, which allows harvesting throughout the year. Rice sowing occupies 1/5 of the sown area of all grain. It is grown in all regions of the world, but 90% of production is in Asia, where rice is grown in a monsoon climate. As Table 55 shows, the largest rice producers are China and India (over 50%). In addition to Asia, rice is grown in Africa on the coast of the Gulf of Guinea, Madagascar, the USA, Brazil, and southern European countries.
Table 55
World rice production, 2007 (million tonnes)
|
Country |
Production |
Country |
Production |
| The whole world | 634,6 | Thailand | 29,2 |
| China | 184,1 | Myanmar | 25,2 |
| India | 136,5 | Philippines | 15,3 |
| Indonesia | 54,4 | Brazil | 11,5 |
| Bangladesh | 43,7 | Japan | 10,7 |
| Vietnam | 35,8 | USA | 8,8 |
The share of the top five countries - 73.2%
6-7% of the world's rice harvest goes to the world market. The main trade takes place in Asia, where this type of grain is the basis of food. As can be seen from Table 56, the largest rice exporters are Thailand, Vietnam, India, Pakistan, and the United States. The list of major importers includes the Philippines, Nigeria, Indonesia, Iraq, Iran, Saudi Arabia.
Table 56
International trade in rice, 2007 (million tonnes)
|
Country |
Export |
Country |
Import |
| The whole world | 28,9 | The whole world | 28,9 |
| Thailand | 8,5 | Philippines | 1,8 |
| Vietnam | 4,8 | Nigeria | 1,8 |
| India | 3,8 | Indonesia | 1,2 |
| Pakistan | 3,5 | Iraq | 1,1 |
| USA | 3,2 | Iran | 1,1 |
| China | 1,1 | Saudi Arabia | 1,1 |
| Egypt | 1,1 | Cote d Ivoire | 0,9 |
| Cambodia | 0,5 | Senegal | 0,8 |
| Argentina | 0,4 | South Africa | 0,8 |
| Australia | 0,1 | Malaysia | 0,8 |
The share of the top six exporters is 86%.
Corn - the most important fodder crop, but recently it has been increasingly used for technical purposes (ethanol production). In developing countries, corn is widely used for food purposes. In Brazil, for example, this is the main type of food. The placement of corn crops is characterized by unevenness, which is due to its exactingness to agro-climatic conditions and soil. Favorable conditions for the cultivation of corn in the United States, where a corn belt of world importance has developed to the south of the American Great Lakes in the states of Iowa, Indiana, and Illinois. As Table 57 shows, the United States is the world's largest corn producer and accounts for 43% of the world's harvest. Sown areas and corn harvest in China are growing (19% of world production), which is due to the development of animal husbandry. 12% of the world's corn harvest goes to the world market. The largest exporter of the United States (50% of world exports). The main importers are Asian countries (Japan, Republic of Korea, China, Malaysia), as well as Western European countries (Spain, Great Britain, Belgium).
Table 57
World corn production, 2007 (million tonnes)
|
Country |
Production |
Country |
Production |
| The whole world | 769,3 | Mexico | 23,2 |
| USA | 334,5 | Argentina | 22,5 |
| China | 145,0 | India | 16,3 |
| Brazil | 50,0 | Canada | 11,7 |
| The EU | 47,3 | South Africa | 10,0 |
The share of the top three countries - 68.8%
Industrial crops... Industrial crops are cultivated in order to obtain raw materials for industrial processing. Depending on the purpose, industrial crops are divided into fibrous, oil-bearing and sugar-bearing. Industrial crops are characterized by high marketability, labor intensity, and exactingness to natural conditions. The most important fibrous crop is cotton. Cotton is used for the production of yarn, paper, cotton wool, rayon. Oil is obtained from the seeds, and the cake is used as animal feed. Cotton grows well in dry, warm climates and is predominantly an irrigated crop. Cotton is grown in over 80 countries. The production of medium staple cotton prevails, however, the most expensive and high quality cotton is long staple. The best quality cotton is grown in Egypt.Asian countries provide about 75% of the world's cotton harvest. The largest manufacturers are China (about 30%), USA, India, Pakistan. About 1/3 of all cotton harvest goes to the world market. The largest exporters of this textile raw material are the USA, Uzbekistan, India, Brazil. Important exporters include Greece, Burkina Faso, Australia. The main export flows are directed to China (40% of all imports), as well as Turkey, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Thailand, Pakistan, Mexico. These are the countries that are today the largest producers of fabrics.
Oilseeds give a seed that is used to make vegetable oil. The most important oilseed crop is soybeans. 30% of vegetable oil is produced from it. At the same time, soybeans are used for food, technical and feed purposes. Soy is used in the production of margarine, varnishes, paints, etc. A by-product of oil production - meal - contains a large amount of protein and is used in the feed industry, so soybean crops are expanding. The largest producers of soybeans are USA, Brazil, Argentina, China. These four countries account for 87% of the world harvest of this oilseed and 76% of its processing. 34% of the world harvest goes to the world market. About 90% of exports go to three countries - Brazil, USA and Argentina. Among the largest importers are China (45%), EU countries, Japan and Mexico.
Among other oilseeds, peanuts, sunflowers and rapeseed are of great importance. Peanuts (groundnuts) are cultivated mainly in China, India, the USA, and in the countries of West Africa (Nigeria, Senegal). The two largest producers, China and India, account for 60% of the global harvest. Sunflower is one of the oilseeds of European countries (France, Ukraine). In recent decades, crops have expanded in the United States, Argentina, Turkey, Australia, India. Rape is grown everywhere. The most significant cultivated areas are in Asian (India, China, Pakistan, Japan) and European (Germany, France, Poland) countries. Recently, rapeseed has been increasingly used for the production of diesel fuel, so the sown area is expanding, especially in Europe, including Russia, Ukraine, Belarus.
Among the perennial oilseeds, the most important is the olive tree (olive), which is common in Mediterranean countries. The coconut tree grows in the Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia, etc. Coconut pulp (copra) contains up to 65% oil. The oil palm is widespread in the countries of Southeast Asia, Latin America, and Tropical Africa. More than 80% of the oil palm is in Indonesia and Malaysia. The same countries are the leaders in the production of oil from the oil palm, producing respectively 45 and 40% of world production.
The most important sugar crops are sugar cane and sugar beet. Sugar cane is a perennial plant in subtropical and tropical latitudes. He is picky about the warmth and fertility of the soil. The sugar content in sugar cane is 13-15%. This is lower than in sugar beet, however, 70% of sugar is produced from it. Sugar cane is also a raw material for the production of rum, molasses, and alcohol. The main crops and harvests are confined to the countries of Latin America (Brazil, Mexico, Cuba, USA, etc.), Asia (India, China, Philippines, Pakistan, etc.), Australia. The sugar content in sugar beets is 18-20%. This culture is cultivated in the middle latitudes in European countries (France, Germany, Ukraine), in China, and the USA. These countries are the largest producers of beet sugar. France, Belgium are its largest exporters. In a number of countries, sugar is the most important export commodity (Fiji, Cuba, Mauritius).
Rubber plants accumulate in their tissues milky juice - latex, which is used to produce natural rubber. Initially, wild Brazilian Hevea was used for these purposes.Today, the bulk of latex is produced by cultivated hevea grown on plantations in Southeast Asia. The countries of Southeast Asia (Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia) supply 90% of the products to the world market.
Toning cultures. Coffee is a tropical culture. It requires moisture during growth and a dry period during maturation. Coffee trees do not tolerate frost. They bear fruit for several decades. The homeland of coffee is the Ethiopian Highlands, where this crop was cultivated about 1000 years ago. The coffee got its name from the Ethiopian province of Kafa. The beginning of its cultivation was laid by the Arabs in the XIV-XV centuries. Coffee reached Brazil only at the beginning of the 18th century, when several beans were brought to French Guiana. The main area of coffee cultivation is Latin America (60% of world production). Brazil is the largest producer of it. The collection is significant in Colombia, where the world's best coffee in terms of taste is produced. Coffee is also grown in Central Africa (Ethiopia, Uganda) and Asia (Vietnam, Indonesia, India).
Cocoa - a tropical plant demanding for heat and moisture. The homeland of cocoa beans is the Mexican Highlands. Europeans discovered the cocoa tree in the first half of the 16th century. Cocoa seeds began to be exported to Spain, where the first factories for the production of cocoa and chocolate were founded, and later in other European countries. Soon, cocoa plantations were established in Africa on the coast of the Gulf of Guinea. Currently, 50% of the world harvest of cocoa beans comes from the countries of the African region. The leading place in the world is occupied by Côte d'Ivoire, which accounts for 30% of the world and about 60% of African fees. Ghana, Nigeria, Cameroon are also among the major manufacturers.
Tea Is a plant of humid subtropical and tropical zones. Grows well on acidic or slightly acidic soils with sufficient rainfall. Tea tolerates light frosts, which contributes to the expansion of its cultivation areas. Collecting the leaves used to make tea is a very time consuming manual operation by women. There are two main types of tea produced from tea leaves: green and black. In the production of green tea, the leaf does not undergo fermentation. This tea is used in the regions of its production (India, Japan). The Asian region retains absolute leadership in tea production (90% of the world harvest). The main producers (China, India) account for 56% of the world tea production. Another 18% are provided by Kenya and Sri Lanka (approximately equally). Indonesia and Vietnam are significant tea producers in Southeast Asia. Tea is cultivated in Turkey, Japan, Argentina, Bangladesh.
To obtain high and stable yields, it is necessary not only to know the biological characteristics of breeds and varieties, but also their relation to environmental conditions, which have a huge impact on the growth, development and fruiting of fruit plants. They are made up of climatic, soil characteristics, terrain and site exposure. The natural conditions of our country are very diverse, therefore, for the correct management of fruit farming, it is necessary to select the appropriate breeds and varieties and to outline agrotechnical measures for caring for the garden for each soil and climatic zone.
Heat requirements. Warmth is a decisive factor in the success of fruit crops in all areas of our country. At a temperature of about 10 °, the active vegetation of fruit crops begins, at 15 ° and above, the spring-summer phases of the growing season pass normally. Each breed and variety needs a certain number of days with temperatures above 15 ° to successfully complete the growing season.
With an increasing need for summer heat, fruit crops can be arranged in the following row: cranberries, blueberries, currants, strawberries, raspberries, cherries, summer varieties of apple and pear, plum, cherry, apricot, walnut, winter varieties of apple and pear, peach, almonds , pomegranate, fig, pistachio, tangerine, orange.
Excess heat (temperatures over 30-35 °), like its lack, can oppress fruit plants. Berries, Central Russian varieties of apple trees and other crops of moderately cold latitudes react especially negatively to excess heat.
Low temperatures often cause enormous damage to the fruit economy (crops freeze out not only in the northern or middle zone of fruit growing, but also in the southern regions of the country). Flower buds and flowers of fruit plants are damaged even more often by low temperatures.
Studies have established that freezing of fruit plants also occurs in ordinary, non-frosty winters in those cases when the summer is dry, the autumn is warm and humid. Under these conditions, the growth of fruit plants is inhibited, which leads to a violation of hardening. Excessive harvest, especially of late winter apple varieties, also leads to freezing of fruit plants in ordinary winters, since plants spend a large amount of nutrients on fruit development and go unprepared in winter. In the same plant, the resistance of individual parts to low temperatures is not the same. At low temperatures in winter, fruit buds die, vegetative ones are more resistant. The core is less resistant to frost, cambium and growth points are the most resistant.
The roots withstand a drop in temperature worse than the aerial part of the tree. The roots of an apple tree in winter can withstand temperatures down to -15 °, gooseberries - up to -18 °, pears - up to -9 °. Root damage occurs during prolonged frosts and snowless winters. Root damage is often observed in the autumn, when there is no snow and the temperature drops to minus 20-30 ° C. During this period, it is recommended to mulch the soil under the trees with manure, straw and sawdust, which well protects the root system from freezing.
The heat requirements of plants depend on their passage through the phases of vegetation and dormancy. For example, in winter, during the period of natural dormancy, plants tolerate a drop in temperature to -40 ° and below. For bud break, an average daily temperature of 10 ° is required, and for differentiation of flower buds 20 °.
Agrotechnical measures can increase or decrease the winter hardiness of plants. A special place in the overwintering of plants should be given to the preparation of plants for winter - hardening. The hardening of plants depends on the maturation of tissues, the accumulation of plastic substances, the conversion of starch into sugar, an increase in the concentration of cell sap and the transition of protoplasm to a dormant state. Timely soil cultivation and the introduction of nitrogen fertilizers during the budding phase will create normal leafiness of fruit plants and good growth, which in turn will provide a sufficient supply of plastic substances in the winter.
Light requirements. Photosynthesis is impossible without light, that is, the creation of organic matter by green leaves. Assimilation (absorption) of carbon dioxide by leaves occurs only with sufficient lighting. Light affects the transpiration of water by leaves, the direction and strength of shoot growth and other processes.
The strength and quality of sunlight depends on the latitude and longitude of the area, altitude, relief, season and time of day. The system of plant placement in the garden and the density of the crown have a great influence on the amount of light reaching the leaves of the fruit plant. All fruit plants are light-loving crops. And if individual breeds can grow in the forest under the canopy of other plants, then they still give the greatest yield in open areas. With a lack of light, the processes of growth and fruiting are disrupted. With dense planting of plants, their height increases, but the width of the crowns decreases, there is a strong exposure of branches, fruit wood moves to the periphery. With a lack of light, the leaves become small, thin and light-colored. The reproductive organs of fruit plants are more demanding for lighting than vegetative ones. The lighting of the crown of the tree has a strong influence on the color of the fruit. In mountainous areas, where the light intensity is higher, the fruit is much brighter.
Pruning fruit plants helps to create better light conditions for the leaves in the crown, which increases the yield and improves its quality.
Moisture requirements. Water is one of the main conditions for the life of plants. Water is an integral part of all organs of fruit and growth formations, participates in the creation of organic matter (in the process of photosynthesis). Mineral salts dissolve in water and together with it enter the plant through the roots.
Water maintains the necessary turgor in plant tissues, regulates the thermal state of plants, and participates in the construction and life of all plant cells. Therefore, the water regime is of decisive importance in the life of plants, especially considering that a plant spends a huge amount of water for transpiration (evaporation). The transpiration coefficient varies depending on the breed, variety and external conditions. For example, in an apple tree it is 500, that is, 500 kg of water is required for the formation of 1 kg of dry matter. The plant evaporates moisture not only in summer but also in winter. So, an adult apple tree per day in summer spends 200-250 liters of water for transpiration, and in winter - 200-300 g.
Winter evaporation of water is often the cause of plant death when tissue loss of water (drying out) occurs. Plants that are not provided with water by the end of the growing season remain weakened for the winter, which creates a second cause of death of plants from frost. Therefore, it is very important to take care of the supply of water to plants not only during the spring-summer period, but also in the fall. If it is dry in the fall (this is a common phenomenon in the southern regions), water-charging autumn irrigation should be carried out. The need for water in fruit plants is not the same. The most demanding plants are: quince, plum, apple; less demanding: pear, walnut, sweet cherry, cherry, peach; drought-resistant: apricot, mulberry, almond and real pistachio.
The need for water for the same fruit species fluctuates sharply according to the seasons and varieties. Most of all, fruit plants consume moisture in the spring and early summer periods, when flowering, active growth of shoots and roots occurs. Then the consumption of moisture sharply decreases, and by autumn it increases (water is spent on ripening fruits and active growth of roots).
Excess water, like its lack, adversely affects the life of fruit plants. The more water in the soil, the weaker the azation. Without air in the soil, the active part of the root system begins to die off, the absorption of moisture and nutrients stops, the plant dies off as a whole. A temporary excess of water leads to a suspension of shoot growth and partial death of the leaf apparatus.
Nutrient requirements. From the soil, the plant extracts together with water the nutrients it needs (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, sulfur, magnesium, iron, boron, manganese and some other elements). Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and calcium are consumed by plants in large quantities, therefore they are called macronutrients, the rest of the substances are necessary in trace amounts and are called microelements.
The main value of minerals is that they are part of the organic matter of a living cell (except for potassium), promote metabolism in cells and the movement of carbohydrates in the plant (potassium). With a lack of plant nutrition, their growth and fruiting cease. The total amount of mineral substances in the plant is small - about 5% of the total dry matter of the tree, but due to large yields of fruits, it takes them out of the soil in huge quantities.
Plants grow and bear fruit normally if the soil contains a sufficient amount of all nutrients. With a lack of nitrogen, the growth of shoots and roots slows down greatly and then completely stops, fruiting worsens, the leaves crumble early.With a lack of phosphorus, the same phenomena are observed as with a lack of nitrogen, in addition, the fruits are of poor quality and high acidity. Purple and reddish spots form on the leaves. With a lack of potassium, the edges and tips of the leaves become brown and mottled. The fruits are small and ripen slowly; thickening of the stem, branches and shoots is weak. With a lack of iron, plant growth and the formation of chlorophyll are delayed, and chlorosis of the leaves appears. Of the trace elements, manganese is necessary for the formation of chlorophyll. All trace elements are found in organic fertilizers and ash. Fertilization of the soil with manure, compost, ash usually fully satisfies the needs of plants and microelements.
Throughout the growing season, plants require significant amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. Especially high requirements for nitrogen in plants during flowering and in the phase of enhanced shoot growth. Fruit plants in the autumn phases of the growing season absorb nutrients in significant quantities, which accumulate in them in the form of reserve substances and are used in the spring of next year.
1. What industries make up agriculture?
Agriculture is the most common human activity. The basis of this most important branch of modern material production is plant growing and animal husbandry. Within them, their own industries also stand out.
2. Give the definition of agricultural land.
Agricultural land - land used in agricultural production.
3. Choose the correct answer. The leading branch of plant growing in Russia is the production of: a) vegetables; b) grain crops; c) industrial crops.
The leading branch of plant growing in Russia is the production of: b) grain crops.
4. Name the strengths and weaknesses of the grain industry in Russia.
Strengths: a large area of agricultural land, the presence of highly fertile lands, Russia ranks first in the world of barley, oats and rye, and in general for the production of cereals and legumes, it is in fourth place (after China, the USA and India).
Weaknesses: In many respects, modern agriculture in Russia lags behind the level of the most developed countries. In particular, there are problems of modernization of production, the development of intensive agricultural technologies, increasing the yield of basic crops, creating prerequisites for the sustainable development of rural areas.
5. Name the areas in which the main grain crop is wheat: a) Belgorod; b) Voronezh; c) Vologda; d) Murmansk.
The correct answer is a) Belgorodskaya, b) Voronezhskaya.
6. Describe the location of industrial crops in Russia.
Industrial crops occupy 6% of the country's total sown area. Among them:
- sunflower, steppe, dry steppe zones. The main producers are the regions of the North Caucasus and the Volga region.
- sugar beet, forest-steppe, steppe zone. Central Black Earth Region, North Caucasus (Krasnodar Territory), Bashkortostan, Tatarstan, Altai Territory.
- fiber flax, forest zone. Pskov, Kirov regions, south of Western Siberia.
- potatoes, everywhere, but more in the central regions of the European part of the country.
- heat-loving vegetables, fruits, melons are grown in the southern regions of European Russia.
8. Give a description of the plant growing industry (optional) according to the plan: a) the importance and place of the industry in the structure of agriculture; b) the exactingness of cultivated crops to natural conditions; c) labor intensity of production; d) location areas; e) problems and prospects for the development of the industry.
A) The leading crop production industry is grain farming. Of the 90 90 million hectares of sown area, grain crops occupy a little more than half.
B) Early ripening grain crops are least demanding on heat - barley.It can be cultivated high in the mountains and in the north. In Russia, barley, like oats, is cultivated mainly as a forage crop. In the forest zone, the main cereal is rye, which is capable of producing crops on weakly acidic and poor podzolic soils. Wheat is the main grain crop in the forest-steppe and steppe zones, demanding for warmth and fertility. In areas where winters are warm, winter wheat is sown. In the Trans-Volga region, the Urals and Siberia - mainly spring. The sowing of corn, which requires heat and moisture, is small, concentrated mainly in the North Caucasus. Rice plantations are found mainly in the estuarine areas of the Kuban and Volga and in the Khanka lowland, and soybean crops are in the south of the Far East.
C) The production of cereals is mechanized. Modern production units for the cultivation of grain require a minimum of manual labor.
D) Winter wheat: west of the Volga; spring wheat: the Volga region, the Urals and Siberia; corn: North Caucasus; rice: in the estuarine areas of the Kuban and Volga and in the Khanka lowland; soybeans: the south of the Far East.
E) The relatively low yield of grain crops is due to the lack of advanced intensive technologies for grain production, the high cost of fuel, agrochemistry and pesticides. The cost of agricultural machinery is high.
9. Find out the peculiarities of suburban agriculture in your area.
Suburban agriculture in our area is focused on the production of pork, poultry, eggs (enterprises Ariant, Chebarkulskaya bird, Ravis), vegetables (enterprises Churilovo, Ilyinka), flour production (enterprises Makfa, Sitno).
10. Do you agree with the point of view of P.A. Stolypin, who believed that Russia needed "not a disorderly distribution of land, but recognition of the inviolability of private property and the creation of small personal land property"? Argument your opinion.
Immunity acts as a guarantee of individual freedom, autonomy, and self-determination. It serves as a prerequisite for ensuring other rights and freedoms of man and citizen, since without private property, society cannot restrict state power that seeks to suppress the individual. Therefore, Stolypin's words can be considered justified.
