Non-black earth zone. The non-black earth zone occupies a vast territory. In the European part, it includes 29 regions and autonomous republics of the RSFSR, seven regions of the southwestern region of the Ukrainian SSR, as well as the BSSR and the Baltic republics. It is a vast agricultural area with great potential for the further development of agriculture and animal husbandry. The territory exceeds 280 million hectares, about 70 million hectares are occupied by agricultural land, including about 45 arable land, about 13 hayfields, pastures and pastures about 12 million hectares. The zone is not homogeneous in terms of natural and economic conditions, specialization of farms and other indicators. In many regions (with the exception of the southern and southeastern regions) there are great opportunities for increasing the area of agricultural land, including arable land. The southern and southeastern regions have few forests, are characterized by large plowed lands and dissection of the terrain, which contributes to the development of water erosion.
There are sod-podzolic and other soils characteristic of the taiga-forest zone, in the south in the forest-steppe zone - gray forest soils. Soils have a different mechanical composition - from heavy loam to sandy loam and sandy, they are often poorly cultivated.
The climate becomes more continental as you move from west to east. Average precipitation decreases from excessive in the northwest to insufficient in the east and southeast. The amount of precipitation varies greatly from year to year.
On arable land, crops of a temperate climate are grown: cereals (from winter crops - wheat and rye, from spring crops - barley, oats and in the southeastern regions - wheat); cereal legumes (peas, lupine, etc.); fodder crops (annual grasses - vetch-oat, pea-oat and other mixtures, perennial grasses - clover in a clean crop, clover with timothy grass, clover with fescue and other grass mixtures, on slightly acidic soils - alfalfa); silage crops (corn, sunflower, etc.); fodder root crops (beets, carrots, rutabagas, etc.). This is the main cultivation area for potatoes and many crops: fiber flax (the most important industrial crop for these conditions), hemp, sugar beet, etc. Vegetable crops are used to grow cabbage, tomatoes, cucumbers, table carrots, green crops, and in some regions onions. Protected ground vegetable growing is developing successfully. Fruit growing is more widely represented in the southern regions. Most of the farms (97% of collective and state farms in the zone) specialize in milk production. Livestock breeding is well developed. This specialization requires the expansion of forage production on natural forage lands, cultivated pastures and arable land.
Many collective and state farms are still characterized by diversified production. This is manifested in the cultivation of a large number of different crops on arable land, with a small share of them in the structure of sown areas. The intensification of agricultural production requires further concentration and specialization of crop production. It will require a reduction in the number of crops grown and an increase in their share in the structure of sown areas, as well as a change in existing crop rotations.
The most important task of the collective and state farms in the Non-Black Earth Zone is to further increase the production of grain, especially for feed grain. This problem is solved in different ways: by improving the structure of sown areas, expanding the area of grain crops, and increasing yields. The last path is the main one. For this, it is necessary to create a high agricultural background by introducing a large amount of the necessary fertilizers, liming acidic soils, carrying out reclamation and culture-technical work, growing only zoned highly productive varieties and hybrids of cultivated plants.In increasing the production of crop production, the development of new lands, the transformation of "inconveniences" into arable land and other agricultural land is of great importance.
In the Non-Chernozem zone, there are improved grain crops, fruit-changing and row-crop farming systems. The improvement of farming systems will be carried out against the background of a wider use of fertilizers, improved soil cultivation, reclamation work, development of crop rotations with busy fallows, and the cultivation of more productive varieties of agricultural crops.
Farms in the Non-Black Earth Zone may have different types and types of crop rotations. In field crop rotations specialized in grain production, cereals, including cereals and legumes, can occupy up to 80% of the crop rotation area and be re-placed. It is possible to increase the saturation of crop rotations with grain crops by placing winter crops after grain legumes harvested for grain. In many areas, on fertile lands and with high agricultural technology, winter cereals are more productive, especially wheat of intensive varieties. On light soils, it is advisable to place winter rye.
With high agricultural technology and good filling of the soil with fertilizers, winter crops are sown in occupied pairs (clover, annual grasses, etc.), as well as after early row crops, and in some areas after grain legumes harvested for grain. This allows you to get more products than when placing winter crops in clean fallow.
Barley is the most productive of spring cereals; valuable food grain crop - spring wheat; in the crop rotation it is placed according to the best and good predecessors.
In many crop rotations, perennial grasses are grown, which are usually sown under the cover of another crop. On less fertile soils and with good moisture supply, they are sown under winter wheat, and clover in early spring. With a high yield of the cover crop (more than 25-30 centners per hectare), as well as with a lack of soil moisture in spring and summer (southern, and often central and northwestern regions), perennial grasses should be sown under spring grain (barley) or annual grasses ...
In field flax crop rotations, depending on the achieved level of soil fertility, fiber flax is placed on different predecessors: perennial grasses, row crops, winter cereals, etc. zone. Fiber flax in crop rotations still occupies a small area, as a rule, no more than 14.3% (one field in a seven-pole crop rotation). With complex mechanization and factory preparation of trusts (the most progressive method), the greatest saturation of crop rotations with this crop is possible.
The area under potatoes in field crop rotations can be increased to 30-40% by placing its early varieties in a fallow field, and the rest in tilled fields. With marketable crops, it is possible to plant potatoes for two years in a row on the same field. It must be borne in mind that potatoes are better on light soils. Winter rye, oats, lupine, pelushka (fodder peas), buckwheat should also be sown there. Saturating the crop rotation with potatoes (row crop), it is necessary to apply high doses of organic and mineral fertilizers, sow perennial grasses, green manure and catch crops, and carry out other methods that increase the humus content in the soil.
In special vegetable crop rotations with high agricultural technology, all fields can be occupied by vegetable crops.
In farms with developed animal husbandry, forage crop rotations are widely recommended. They can be saturated with perennial grasses, leaving them for 3-4 years of use, annual grasses, silage crops and root crops. In fodder crop rotations, up to 7 thousand fodder units are obtained from 1 hectare of arable land.
On weakly acidic and neutral soils, maize-alfalfa crop rotations are possible, which make it possible to increase the collection of fodder units from 1 hectare of arable land to 7-8 thousand or more while meeting the need for protein. It is possible, for example, to sow corn for silage in the first three fields of the crop rotation, in the fourth field to sow alfalfa after the last loosening of the soil in the aisles, or place a cover crop instead of corn and grow alfalfa from the fifth to the eighth field. The number of fields in a crop rotation can be reduced to two: on one to sow corn for four years in a row, on the other to sow alfalfa for four years. In this case, alfalfa is sown once every four years.
There may be other fodder crop rotations for obtaining green fodder in the green conveyor system, complete fodder in the form of briquettes and granules, mono-fodder, etc. ...
Mechanical soil cultivation is of great importance. In areas of excessive moisture, soil cultivation strives to reduce the negative impact of excess moisture, in arid areas - to accumulate, preserve and use it productively. When choosing the methods and timing of soil cultivation, take into account the characteristics of the predecessor, the period of its harvesting, the condition of the soil, including the degree of weed infestation, natural conditions, features of the subsequent culture, etc.
In the northern and northeastern regions, after harvesting many crops, it is advisable to plow as early as possible without prior stubble cultivation. Stubble plowing is mandatory only in the presence of rhizome and root-sprouting weeds. On heavy soils with excessive moisture, the main cultivation of the soil is limited to stubble cultivation, transferring plowing to the spring. After harvesting tilled crops that are free of weeds (root crops, tubers), deep cultivation can be abandoned by only peeling.
In the central and especially in the southern regions, where the post-harvest period is longer, peeling is combined with subsequent deep moldboard processing; after crops harvested early, semi-steam tillage is possible.
Stubble plowing should be carried out following the harvesting of the predecessor and no later than the beginning of September in the central and partly more northern regions and mid-September in the southern regions. At a later date, peeling is ineffective. Plowing must be completed no later than mid - late September, and even better in August.
The layer of perennial grasses is raised for spring crops in the eastern regions no later than the first half of September, in the central regions - no later than mid-September, in the western regions - in the second half of September; for winter crops - immediately after the first cut.
When processing clean vapors, soil moisture and rainfall in the warm season are taken into account. They often determine the possibility of plowing, plowing, double and mid-depth peeling or abandoning them and carrying out only layer-by-layer loosening without seam turnover. When placing winter cereals in occupied pairs, as well as when growing catch crops, tillage is carried out immediately after harvesting the predecessor. In the northern, northwestern and other regions, with excessive moisture, techniques are used to remove excess water from the soil. In the southern and partly central regions, water erosion of soil is developed. Therefore, anti-erosion soil cultivation and other techniques are necessary.
There are many light soils in the zone, they should not be plowed every year. They plow deeply only when incorporating organic fertilizers. After potatoes, root crops, corn and some other crops, if grain crops are placed after them, plowing can be replaced by disking to a depth of 10-12 cm. Deep plowing with preliminary peeling is always required when fields are clogged with rhizomes or root-suckers and weeds.
In the zone, it is necessary to more widely use high-speed soil cultivation, which allows to increase the interval of optimum soil moisture for mechanical cultivation; use more various units, for example, the combined unit RVK-3, especially before sowing winter crops and catch crops; reduce the number of tillage treatments (minimum tillage), especially in row crops; replace plowing after vetch-oat mixture in a busy steam disking and other techniques.
These measures give the best results on cultivated soils, well filled with fertilizers, using various means of pest, disease and weed control.
In the zone, organic and mineral fertilizers are very effective, especially against the background of high agricultural technology. According to the Central Institute of Agrochemical Services for Agriculture, 1 centner of mineral fertilizers in conventional tuk gives on average an increase in yield (in centners per hectare): rye 1.3-1.5, barley 1.2-1.7, potato 6- 7, cabbage 12-18, carrots 10-13, natural hayfields 1.5-2.5. The best use of mineral fertilizers is promoted by the systematic application of organic fertilizers, and on acidic soils - lime materials.
Fertilizers and other agricultural practices can also dramatically increase the productivity of natural hayfields and pastures.
The experience of leading farms. Many collective and state farms have achieved great success, receiving on average (in centners per hectare) on large areas: 30 grain, 200-300 potatoes, 50-60 hay of perennial grasses.
More than 30 centners of grain per hectare are grown by farms located in different areas of the Non-Black Earth Zone, for example, the Lenin collective farm in the Novomoskovsk district of the Tula region, the Lenin's Zavety collective farms in the Krasnokholmsk district of the Kalinin region, Vperyod in the Shatsk district of the Ryazan region, etc. Makarov, Odintsovo District, Moscow Region, in 1975, the yield of winter wheat varieties Ilyichevka on an area of 9 hectares was 89 centners per hectare. This became possible due to the implementation of a number of economic, organizational and agrotechnical measures. Among the latter, correctly selected predecessors in the developed crop rotations, rational soil cultivation, a scientifically grounded fertilization system, as well as liming of acidic soils, if necessary, drainage and irrigation, cultivation of highly productive zoned varieties and hybrids, active control of pests, diseases, and weeds were of great importance.
In the collective farm "Svetly Put" of the Molodechno district of the Minsk region of meat and dairy specialization in the ninth five-year period, the average yield was (in centners per hectare): grain 40.7, potatoes 267, perennial grasses (green fodder) 185; in 1976, respectively, 42.1, 312 and 250. The collective farm is assigned 2621 hectares of agricultural land, including 1407 hectares of arable land. The soils in the farm are sod-podzolic, loamy and sandy loam. Average annual rainfall is 600 mm.
Four eight-field crop rotations with two-year alfalfa have been mastered here. Winter rye is sown only in busy pairs (winter crops for green fodder), potatoes - after winter rye. After the potatoes, barley is placed with over-sowing of alfalfa, sugar beet along the layer of alfalfa, and spring cereals along the turnover of the layer.
The farm widely uses stubble plowing and deep autumn plowing - up to 25-28 cm. Under the sugar beet placed on the bed, the main cultivation of the soil is carried out as a semi-fallow: after the alfalfa bed has risen, the field is cultivated in two directions.
In early spring, fields for sugar beets, potatoes and spring crops are cultivated in a unit with Zigzag harrows in two directions, for row crops they are plowed deeply with simultaneous harrowing to incorporate fertilizers.
Immediately before sowing all agricultural crops, with the exception of potatoes, the soil surface is treated with a RVK-3 unit.The high level of mechanization allows all field work to be carried out quickly and at the optimum time.
The fields are well filled with organic and mineral fertilizers. In 1976, 17 tons of organic and 4 centners of mineral fertilizers were applied per hectare of arable land.
The farm has produced 1,620 hectares of acidic soils at the rate of 4 tons of lime per hectare. Seeds are sown only for zoned varieties. Weeds are absent. The power-to-weight ratio of the economy allows all field work to be carried out at the optimum time and with high quality.
In the collective farm "Red volunteer" of the Smolensk district of the Smolensk region, which is assigned 2398 hectares of agricultural land, including 1725 hectares of arable land, the average yield in the years of the ninth five-year plan was (in centners per hectare): grain 29, fiber flax (fiber) 7, potatoes 241.8, and in 1976, respectively, 40.4; 7.7 and 181.
The collective farm has a meat and dairy specialization with developed flax growing. The soils of the farm are sod-podzolic, loamy. Average annual precipitation is 550-600 mm.
The farm has mastered four field and two fodder crop rotations with two fields of perennial grasses (clover with timothy grass).
In a field crop rotation, winter cereals are placed on a busy fallow (annual grasses) and an unpaired predecessor (barley). Perennial grasses are sown under winter cereals, fiber flax is placed on the layer of perennial grasses, and potatoes are placed on the turnover of the layer. After potatoes, barley is sown in a fallow field, after which winter crops are placed next year; close the crop rotation with spring cereals.
The main tillage (plowing) is carried out, as a rule, in autumn (autumn plowing) to a depth of the arable layer — 20-22 cm. After harvesting winter cereals, under which perennial grasses are not sown, stubble plowing followed by deep plowing is mandatory. In spring, they plow with simultaneous harrowing only in one of the fallow fields, where barley is sown. The depth of spring plowing is 12-14 cm.
In all fields where there was a chill, early harrowing and subsequent presowing cultivation with harrowing are mandatory. Before sowing fiber flax and often grain crops, it is necessary to roll the soil. In a tilled field (potatoes) in the spring, after early harrowing, the fall plow is fertilized and plowed to a depth of 14-16 cm. The soil surface is harrowed immediately. After planting, two pre-emergence and several post-emergence cultivations are carried out, and later - hilling.
Much attention is paid to liming acidic soils and the use of fertilizers. The farm produced 1020 ha of acidic soils (6 tons of lime was added per 1 ha).
In 1976, 14.9 tons of organic and 220 kg of the active substance of mineral fertilizers were applied per hectare of arable land. In a cultivated field, at least 60 tons of organic fertilizers are plowed, the rest - in fallow fields.
Only highly productive zoned varieties are cultivated. Weed infestation of crops is weak. Agrotechnical techniques are carried out in a timely manner and of high quality.
In the collective farm "Avangard" of the Chkalovsky district of the Gorky region during the ninth five-year plan, the average yield was (in centners per hectare): grain 32.1, including winter wheat 35.1, fiber flax (fiber) 7.6, corn for silage 463, perennial grasses (hay) 47.3, 1976, respectively 45.3; 55.3; 9.0; 403 and 51.4. The farm has 2,629 hectares of agricultural land, including 2,110 hectares of arable land. The soils are sod-podzolic, medium loamy. Average annual rainfall is 500 mm. Flax-milk farm.
On the collective farm, six fruit-changing seven-pole flax crop rotations have been mastered over the entire arable land. Barley is sown in the fallow field. Clover and timothy are sown with winter cereals, occupying two fields with perennial grasses. Fiber flax is placed on the layer of perennial grasses, potatoes are placed on the turnover of the layer, and spring cereals in the third year.
Plow is plowed for spring crops to a depth of 20-22 cm, and a layer of perennial grasses - by 18-20 cm.Much attention is paid to pre-sowing soil cultivation. In the spring, the fall is harrowed, then the soil is cultivated with simultaneous harrowing for spring grain crops and fiber flax; immediately before sowing, it is treated with a RVK-3 unit. In fallow and tilled fields, after spring harrowing, the fall plow is plowed to a depth of 18–20 cm with the simultaneous introduction of organic and part of mineral fertilizers and harrowing.
Potatoes are harrowed before and after germination and later huddled twice.
Plants are well provided with nutrients. In 1976, an average of 12.8 tons of organic and 3 centners of the active substance of mineral fertilizers were applied per hectare of arable land. On the collective farm, acidic soils are systematically limed. In 1976 alone, 185 hectares of acidic soils were limed at the rate of 6 tons of lime per hectare.
Only zoned varieties are grown. The crops are weed-free. The power-to-weight ratio of the farm allows all field work to be carried out in a timely manner and with high quality. Communication with scientists is constantly maintained and the achievements of agricultural science are being introduced.
The presence of large cities and industrial centers determines the specifics of agricultural production in the zone, the main goal of which is the uninterrupted supply of the urban population, mainly with fresh food: milk, meat, potatoes, vegetables, fruits, etc.
The creation of a multi-structure land use structure with the transfer of land by the state to the ownership of various commodity producers - from large cooperative, collective, joint-stock associations to small-scale farms and personal subsidiary plots, led to a widespread change in the structure of sown areas, violation of previous boundaries and land use systems, and to a change in crop rotation systems.
The withdrawal from circulation of a part of the arable land against the background of a significant decrease in the provision of the agro-industrial complex with equipment, fertilizers, and other means of production has necessitated the development of new scientifically based crop rotation systems that correspond to the selected areas of specialization of farms, taking into account the market situation and the prospective structure of sown areas. At the same time, it is necessary to take into account the increased environmental requirements for modern agrolandscape farming systems against the background of a huge variety of natural-geographical, soil-climatic, economic, organizational, economic, socio-demographic and other conditions.
The agro-climatic conditions of the Non-Chernozem zone allow growing high yields of grain crops (except for corn), grain legumes (peas, spring vetch, lupine), potatoes and vegetables, as well as flax - fiber, sugar beets (in the southern and southeastern parts of the zone). Climatic conditions are especially favorable for forage grasses, which are not demanding for heat, and moisture-loving plants. However, thermophilic agricultural crops lack warmth here and are often damaged by spring or early autumn frosts.
For the northwestern regions, a characteristic feature of the climate is a significant excess of the amount of atmospheric precipitation over the amount of moisture evaporation and, as a consequence, excessive soil moisture with a lack of heat. In the southern and eastern regions of the forest-steppe part of the zone, there is often a lack of moisture, which reduces the yield of cultivated crops. The uneven distribution of atmospheric precipitation during the growing season causes temporary spring-summer droughts in some years, even in the central part of the zone.
Low temperatures in winter and insufficient snow cover often lead to thinning and even complete death of winter crops, especially wheat. To overcome these unfavorable factors, it is necessary to select such crops and varieties, the requirements of which for light, heat and moisture are more in line with climatic conditions.In the system of agrotechnical measures, an important place should be occupied (especially in the northern part of the zone): the fight against frosts, the elimination of temporary waterlogging of the soil, the reduction of the harmfulness of droughts and the organization of irrigation of the most valuable and moisture-loving crops on well-cultivated soils.
The cultivation of soddy-podzolic soils of the zone gives better results on varieties of less heavy texture and in warmer, less continental regions. In these regions, on well-cultivated soddy-podzolic soils in advanced farms, 4-5 tons of grain, 25-30 tons of potatoes, 50-60 tons and more of fodder root crops, 40-50 tons of sugar beets, 4.5-6 , 0 t hay of perennial grasses.
In conditions of sufficient supply of fertilizers, equipment and other means of agricultural production with high agricultural technology and a general culture of agriculture, it is possible to obtain average yields of grain, potatoes and hay of perennial grasses, respectively, of the order of magnitude. 3.3-3.6, 22-24, 4.5-4.8 t / ha for the western part of the zone; 2.4-2.6, 19-21, 3.5-4.0 t / ha for the north-western part; 2.6-2.8, 18-20, 3.5-4.0 t / ha for the central part and 2.2-2.4, 16-18, 3.2-3.5 t / ha for Volga-Kama region. Average corn yields for green mass can be 34-38 t / ha in the western part of the zone and 28-30 t / ha in its central part.
Over 90% of all fiber flax crops are concentrated in the Non-Black Earth Region. This culture occupies the largest areas in the northern and western regions of the zone (Pskov, Sysolensk, Tver, Arkhangelsk, Vologda, Kostroma, Yaroslavl, Kirov, Perm Territories, the Republic of Mari-El).
Natural conditions favor the development of potato growing. The farms of the zone produce more than half of the marketable potatoes in Russia. This crop is cultivated on large areas in the Moscow, Leningrad, Bryansk, Vladimir and Ivanovo regions. In other regions, potato cultivation is concentrated on farms located in the suburban area. However, at present, the bulk of marketable potatoes are produced in personal subsidiary and private farms.
The natural conditions, as well as the large number of the urban population, led to the extensive development of animal husbandry here, especially dairy and meat. Therefore, a significant part of arable land in the Non-Chernozem zone is allocated for sowing forage crops. For example, in the Baltic province, in the Vologda, Kostroma and some other regions with livestock specialization, forage crops occupy most of the arable land. However, natural forage lands remain an important reserve of forage production here, the area of which is currently 34 million hectares, or 43% of the area of all agricultural lands. However, 75% of the total amount of feed used in animal husbandry comes from arable land, where the area under fodder crops is about 40%. In the presence of vast territories of natural fodder lands, such use of arable land is wasteful, and the area of arable land under fodder crops should be reduced several times due to the transfer of the center of gravity in providing livestock with fodder to natural fodder lands. For this, their productivity due to the methods of cultivation should be increased from 1-1.5 t / ha of hay to 6-7 t / ha and more. Then it will be possible to free the arable land from sowing forage crops for cereals, legumes, industrial and other valuable crops.
In connection with the further development of productive livestock breeding, the need for feed increases significantly. Their production should grow exclusively due to a sharp increase in yields on arable land and improvement of natural meadows and pastures, transfer of forage production to an industrial basis.
Fodder production also needs to be specialized by organizing fodder crop rotations, but about half of the total area of fodder crops in the zone should remain in field crop rotations in order to provide cereals, especially winter crops, with good predecessors.
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The non-black earth, or, more precisely, the non-black earth zone, is a huge territory stretching from the shores of the Arctic Ocean to the forest-steppe zone in the south with its black earth soils and from the Baltic Sea to Western Siberia. There are 28 regions and republics here, as well as the Perm Territory, the Nenets Autonomous District and two federal cities. The Non-Black Earth Zone is included in four large economic regions - North-West, North, Volgo-Vyatka and Central. Its total area is 2824 thousand km2. This is more than the area of France, Spain, Italy, Sweden, Norway, Finland and the Federal Republic of Germany combined. About 60 million people live in the Non-Black Earth Region, that is, more than 1/3 of the population of Russia. Since ancient times, the Non-Black Earth Zone has played and continues to play an important role in the history of our Motherland, in its economic and cultural development. Here, in the interfluve of the Oka and the Volga, at the end of the 15th century. the Russian centralized state arose. In the Non-Black Earth Region, a Russian national culture was created, from here the Russians settled throughout the vast country. For centuries, the Russian people have defended their freedom and independence on this territory. Here the industry of Russia was born, large Russian cities have grown and developed.
And in our time, the Non-Black Earth Region has retained its primary role in the political, economic and cultural life of the country. Center of Non-Black Earth Region, St. Petersburg, Ural - the most important industrial bases, forges of scientific and working personnel. In the Non-Black Earth Region there are the capital of our Motherland - Moscow, the second city in terms of economic and cultural significance - St. Petersburg and such major cities and industrial centers as Nizhny Novgorod, Yekaterinburg, Perm, Yaroslavl, Izhevsk, Tula, etc.
Non-Black Earth Region is an important agricultural region of Russia. Here is located 1/5 of the country's agricultural land.
The development of agriculture here is favored by the presence of vast tracts of arable land, many meadows and pastures, as well as good moisture, almost complete absence of droughts. True, the soils here are poor in humus. However, the soils of the Non-Chernozem region in favorable climatic areas during the necessary reclamation (drainage, liming, application of mineral fertilizers) can yield up to 80 centners of grain and up to 800-1000 centners of potatoes per hectare.
The development of agriculture in the Non-Black Earth Region on the basis of its intensification, reclamation, complex mechanization and chemicalization is the level of a national task.
The development of the Non-Black Earth Region will take more than one decade. It is necessary to increase the production of various agricultural products.
But the accelerated growth in the production of grain, meat, milk, potatoes, vegetables, and other products is only one aspect of the development of agriculture in the Non-Black Earth Region. After all, all the products received must be preserved and processed. Therefore, new grain elevators, meat processing plants, dairies, storage facilities for potatoes and vegetables are being built here.
It is especially important to organize large mechanized farms in dairy and beef cattle breeding - the main branch of agriculture in the Non-Black Earth Region. The population of this zone is the largest consumer of milk and fresh meat.
Work is underway to change the structure and geography of cultivated crops. Thus, the area under oats and barley is expanding at the expense of wheat, as they are more productive and, in addition, suitable for fodder for livestock, work is underway on a more rational distribution of industrial crops (primarily flax), on the concentration of plantings of potatoes and vegetables.
The primary task is to develop new non-chernozem lands for arable land, improve the existing arable land, and increase its fertility. Another important task is the creation of cultural pastures.
An important task has been set before the Non-Black Earth Region - the transformation into a region of highly productive agriculture and animal husbandry, as well as the development of related industries.
It is unthinkable to accomplish the tasks of transforming agriculture in the Non-Black Earth Region without the active participation of young people. This goal will be attractive for boys and girls, there is an opportunity for everyone to apply their knowledge, energy, to show love for work on earth.
