Champignons can be grown on manure because they

Fried, salted, baked, in salads - in any form

champignons

are always appropriate on the festive table. We are used to seeing these mushrooms on store shelves, but it is quite possible to grow them with our own hands at home.

Preparation of horse manure substrate

In the warm season, champignons can be grown in the beds, but in the fall and winter this will require a special indoor area. At home, such a room can be a warm barn, basement, greenhouse, greenhouse. It should have a temperature in the range of + 12-18 ° C and a humidity of about 65-85%.

Mushrooms grow best in fresh horse manure with straw bedding. You can also add cow dung and rye straw. If it is not possible to purchase horse manure, GreenColor recommends replacing it with chicken or pork manure, and instead of straw, use fallen, rotten leaves and rotten straw. Corn stalks are also beneficial. Do not use rotten straw and rotted manure. Light is not needed for mushroom breeding. They bear great fruit and grow in the dark.

If you are using horse manure and litter substrate, first place it in a cone-shaped pile, and pour water or diluted manure on top. Keep an eye on the humidity, it should reach 70%.

Next, add ammonium sulfate in the ratio - 3 kg per 1 ton of manure. Cover the pile with straw, burlap. This is done so that the water does not evaporate, and the manure warms up. Ammonium sulfate will help develop the activity of bacteria that decompose manure. Leave the substrate in this state for 5 days. Then shake the manure well with a pitchfork to mix, then it will evenly warm up. At the same time, you need to add gypsum in a ratio of 4 kg per 1 ton of manure. Shake the manure every 5 days. In total, manure is infused for 15 days. If you did everything correctly, then by the end of the preparation your substrate will become a dark mass, homogeneous and odorless of ammonia. Try to break the straw, it should give way easily. Now you can start bookmarking.

Preparing a substrate from chicken manure

To prepare the substrate, you will need 400 kg of chicken manure, 60 kg of gypsum and 25 kg of carbamide for 1 ton of straw.

First of all, mix 150 kg of chicken manure and 25 kg of carbamide (dissolve it in water beforehand). Leave it on for 10 days and during this time spray the entire pile with water. For the entire period, you must pour out 2000 liters of water, and the straw must absorb it. Next, fold the straw into a pile. Do it in layers - a layer of straw, a layer of chicken manure in a ratio of 250 kg per 1 ton of dry straw.

4 days after soaking, you can start shaking up the straw with a pitchfork. And then the whole gypsum is added at once. The second time you need to shake it up on day 8 and the last time on day 11. And 2 weeks after soaking, the substrate is ready and you can start laying.

Ground laying

If you have a closed space, then mushrooms can be grown directly on the floor, on shelves or in wooden boxes. The boxes must be stacked on top of each other.

Bookmark options:

• On the earthen floor, you need to set up ridges. They need to be made in sizes 50 × 50 or 75x75 cm.Then prepared manure is taken and laid in the first layer. Thickness - 45 cm. Then they take a rammer and compact it well to 30 cm. A shovel needs to be trimmed from the sides.
• If you use racks, then manure must be laid on them in a layer of 30 cm. And then compact to level and smooth the surface.
• Planting boxes can be used in different ways. It is most convenient to use those with a length of 100 cm, a width of 50 cm and a height of 23 cm. Now you need to lay the manure and compact it with a manual rammer.
• If you grow outdoors, start laying in the spring as soon as the soil warms up slightly and warms up. Manure must be placed directly on the ground; a shallow trench can be dug. Choose a shaded area, mushrooms do not like the sun. And over the bed, in order to prevent the soil from becoming waterlogged during the rain, you need to make sheds. They will also save the harvest from the direct rays of the sun.

Planting mycelium

After you have laid the ground, measure its temperature daily. At a depth of 5 cm, it should reach 28 ° C, at which point you can start planting.

Use sterile mycelium as planting material. It is grown in special laboratories. The best crop can be harvested from two types of champignons - two-spore brown and two-spore white.

Growing mycelium in the laboratory takes place in wheat, rye or oats, sometimes manure is also used. Mushroom manure is sold in cans, the weight of one is about 1 kg. And grain mycelium is sold in liter bottles.

Before planting, you need to break the dung mycelium, you should get pieces of a walnut, the weight of one is 20 grams. Arrange these pieces in a single layer in a basin so they don't wrinkle. Plant these pieces into the ground in a checkerboard pattern, maintaining a distance of 20 cm.

Plant champignons simply - you need to lift the top layer of soil with a sharp stake, make a small depression and put a piece of mycelium there. Pay attention that the upper edge of the mycelium lies a couple of centimeters lower than the surface of the substrate itself.

If you are using mycelium with grain, then first you need to remove the upper part of the soil, about 3 cm, and then carefully and evenly scatter the mycelium. And then sprinkle with compost on top and crush slightly.

But you can also use wild mycelium when planting mushrooms. And you need to look for it where mushrooms grow, it can be barnyards, dung heaps, hotbeds, landfills.

Find a place with an abundance of mushroom bodies and dig up the mycelium. Pieces of soil should be permeated with branches of the mycelium, the aroma should be mushroom, and the earth itself should be free of pests and diseases. You need to plant wild mycelium in the same way as a laboratory one.

Mushroom care

To get a rich harvest, you should properly care for the mushrooms. Pay attention to the temperature. Indoors, immediately after planting, it should be within 26 ° C. At this temperature, the mycelium grows well and quickly and gives a good harvest of mushrooms. If the temperature is higher, then the mycelium will grow in the surface layer and give a lower yield.

Watch for moisture as well. It should be around 60%. If the humidity is less, then the mycelium will begin to dry and grow worse. To prevent this, be sure to water with a garden sprayer. But do this carefully so that water does not penetrate into the manure mixture, otherwise it can damage the mycelium.

After about 10 days, the mycelium will grow well, the temperature should be reduced to 20 ° C. Cover the soil surface with earth. The soil must be used sod, it must be moist. Sift through a sieve before pouring. Do not seal it to give air to the mycelium.

Next, you just need to monitor the temperature - do not let it rise above 20 ° C, and the humidity - do not let it drop below 80%. You also need to regularly ventilate the room to get rid of carbon dioxide.The first fruits will appear 35 days after planting. Fruiting will last for three months.

Subject to all the rules, you can get a rich harvest, the sale of which will fully justify all the costs. You will also enjoy delicious dishes from champignons.

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Snow-white champignon mushrooms are much more common to see on the shelves of shops and supermarkets than, for example, in the forest or in the garden. However, they have been successfully cultivated for 200 years, during which they were bred various varietiesdisease resistant and cultivation technologies. That is why today the cultivation of champignons at home is available to everyone. The process is well studied, but rather laborious and time-consuming.

Biological features of the species

The genus of champignons belongs to the Agaric family, included in the class of Basidal mushrooms. Basidia are cylindrical cells on the plates of fungi, it is in them that spores mature, which give rise to new generations. Experts note that independently growing mushrooms is much easierthan other members of the species. Ripe fungal spores spill out and germinate in almost any conditions, forming mycelium and mycelium. Already on the 10th day after the start of the germination process, the mushroom mycelium acquires an ideal structure for planting.

The hyphae intertwine, form seals, from which the fruiting bodies of the mushrooms germinate further. At the very beginning, they have a film that tightly covers the bottom of the cap, then the caps gradually unfold and leave a ring on the leg. As you know, champignon plates darken, become dark brown, ripe spores are again poured out of them, ready for germination and repetition of the cycle.

Basic rules for home growing

As mentioned earlier, the process of growing mushrooms is quite complicated. However, you don't need to be a professional or have any special skills. The main condition is to carefully study the technology of growing mushrooms and adhere to the rules:

• Like many other types of mushrooms, champignons should be grown exclusively in dark and damp places... A cellar with high humidity (at least 55%), a pantry, a closet is perfect. Growing mushrooms in the basement is also popular.
• For growing mushrooms of this type, almost any base is suitable. But experienced experts advise using horse manure mixed with lime or gypsum.
• The room must have a constant temperature of at least +20 degrees.

The growing process can be briefly described: racks or boxes are used for myceliums. A special, properly prepared and infused substrate should be laid out in boxes and the mycelium purchased in advance should be placed there. Today it can be found in specialized stores or on the market. Mycelium grows, as a rule, within three to four weeks. You can find out that the process is developing correctly by the ground: a whitish coating should appear on it. It will be necessary to sprinkle it with earth from a greenhouse, and also moisten it well.

Myceliums begin to bear fruit only after 1.5–2 months, and it will be possible to harvest the mushrooms no earlier than in 3 months. It is very important not to miss the moment of the onset of aging, so that the mycelium is not depleted. It is recommended to harvest champignons as carefully as possible. The place where each mushroom grew must be immediately sprinkled with a thin layer of earth.

Another interesting method of growing mushrooms is in plastic bags... For this, the compost is initially laid out not in boxes, but in bags, which are subsequently simply hung in the room.This method is great for growing mushrooms at home for beginners who do not have the ability to steam compost. And also the advantage of this method is that the affected plastic bag can be easily removed from the room without infecting the rest of the mycelium.

It is important that this method saves space in the pantry, basement. The disadvantages include the fact that plastic bags will need to be carried and hung on their own when the mixture is renewed. It will be quite difficult to mix additives into the compost.

Substrate preparation

A properly prepared substrate is the key to an excellent mushroom harvest. It is very important to keep the proportions accurate. The main component of the substrate is compost. As mentioned earlier, the best option is to make horse manure compost. You can also use cow or bird manure, however, the yield in this case will not be too high. A nutrient mixture should be added to the manure.

It is best to prepare compost outdoors, in warm, calm weather. In bad weather, you can carry out the process in a well-ventilated area. This point is very important, because the components of the substrate will ferment, ammonia can be released from them.

So, to prepare the substrate, you will need:

• Manure;
• Straw;
• Urea;
• A piece of chalk;
• Gypsum;
• Superphosphate.

As for the proportions: an area of ​​up to 3 square meters will need about 2 kg of urea and superphosphate, 5 kg of chalk, 8 kg of gypsum and 100–150 g of straw. Remember that manure should be at least 70% of the total mixture. As a result, you should get about 300 kg of substrate.

Note that proportions will change if you use bird droppings. In this case, for the substrate, you should take:

• Litter - about 100 kg;
• Straw - 100 kg;
• Water - 300 l;
• Gypsum - 5 kg;
• Alabaster - 5 kg.

It is necessary to prepare the substrate as follows. Previously, the straw is soaked in water for at least a day, it is best to do this in a deep tank. Then the manure, together with straw, is alternately stacked in four layers. Remember to moisten each layer of straw with a spray bottle. Then the mixture is diluted with 300 liters of water and mixed thoroughly. The rest of the components - gypsum, superphosphate, chalk - are added one by one, and mixed each time. The reaction starts immediately after the last stirring.

The substrate will be ready in about 20-25 days. At this time, you can start arranging the room for planting and growing mushrooms.

Mycelium selection

In order for all the efforts expended to be justified, one should take a responsible attitude to the choice and purchase of mycelium. It is best to buy mycelium grown in sterile laboratory conditions. In the shops you can find compost and grain mycelium. A compost look at a temperature of + 20-25 degrees will be stored for about a month. At subzero temperatures (no higher than 0) shelf life of mycelium year. For 1 square meter, you will need to purchase only 500 g of compost mycelium.

Grain mycelium is more productive, but its shelf life at temperatures from 0 to 5 degrees is only six months. The consumption is about the same - 400 g of mycelium is consumed per square meter. Experts note that you can also use natural mycelium, in other words, wild. It is quite easy to find it in places with a large concentration of mushrooms. It is necessary to dig out the wild mycelium carefully, only in places where there is a fruiting body of mushrooms. This method is still not recommended for beginners.

Heat treatment of the substrate is carried out before planting. With proper observance of the technology, it should spring a little. Then the mixture is cooled and evenly placed in the boxes.In order to plant a compost mycelium, you need to take a small handful and deepen it to 4–5 cm using a peg. It is recommended to arrange the wells in a checkerboard pattern, the gap between them should not be less than 30 cm. The grain mycelium simply spreads evenly over the surface, and a thin layer of the mixture is laid on top.

Basic rules for caring for mushrooms

The first and basic rule is to ensure that the humidity in the room is within 60-80%. For this, it is not at all necessary to purchase any special devices. Cover the boxes with paper sheets or burlap and periodically sprinkle them with water. When doing this, please note that the water did not hit the mycelium... The second, but no less important rule - the temperature should be within 25-27 degrees. In order to lower it, you should regularly ventilate the room, and in order to increase it, it is best to use a heater.

The mycelium will begin to grow actively, a few weeks after planting. During this period, a thin layer of soil is laid on the substrate. For the mixture, you should use soil from the garden, limestone and peat. For 1 square meter, you will need about 50 kilograms of such a mixture. Do not forget to also be sure to treat the land with boiling water in order to get rid of pests. A week after laying the soil, it is necessary to reduce the air temperature in the room to +15 degrees, it is also recommended to periodically moisten the top of the soil and ensure good ventilation. The first mushrooms will appear in a month!

Harvesting

Harvesting should begin when the foil on the champignon cap has not yet broken. Remember that flabby, dry, brown mushrooms should never be eaten. It is very important not to pluck or cut the mushrooms: they just twist out quite simply. The place where the champignon grew must be sprinkled with soil and moistened. The fruiting period can last up to 4 months, during which time the crop can be harvested more than 7 times! Thus, you can get from 5 to 10 kilograms of mushrooms. The result fully justifies all the efforts expended, mushrooms can be fed to the whole family, to treat neighbors and relatives, and the rest can be sold.

Diseases and pests

Most common fungal disease is wet rot, in other words - mycogon. The disease can be determined by the following signs:

• The mushroom loses its shape, becomes soft;
• A liquid with an unpleasant odor is released;

Wet rot occurs, as a rule, due to improper soil processing. Please note that the disease spreads quite quickly, and it is necessary to fight it in the initial stages. Also, be sure to keep the room clean and hygienic.

The main pests are mushroom flies. These are small insects, which are quite difficult to see on snow-white fruits. The larvae of the pests gnaw through the passages, damage the mycelium and infect the mushrooms. Infection usually occurs through the soil, it can be avoided with high-quality pasteurization before planting, which was already mentioned in the article.

Useful properties of champignons

Champignons are not only incredibly tasty, but also a healthy and highly nutritious product. These are absolutely safe mushrooms, the benefits of which can actually be talked about indefinitely. The main advantages of champignons include:

• Low calorie content - only 27 kcal per 100 g of product;
• Fatty acids in the composition;
• High content of useful amino acids, vitamins, minerals.

Experts have proven that champignons can lower blood cholesterol levels. Champignons are very useful for diabetics, because they do not contain sugar and fats. Mushrooms are appreciated and thanks to high content of B vitamins... In shops and supermarkets, the price of champignons is quite high, and buying in questionable places is unsafe.That is why it is definitely worth trying to grow a tasty and healthy product with your own hands!

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Mushrooms are not only a healthy and nutritious product, but also very tasty. Therefore, since ancient times, they have been used to prepare various dishes. Soups, stews, salads, pates, snacks and much more are made from mushrooms. Of course, you want to pamper yourself with such delicacies all year round. Then home-grown mushrooms come to the rescue. This option is suitable for those who do not like to go to the forest, stock up for the winter, or simply prefer to eat fresh. Since champignons are the most common mushrooms, in this article we will consider the question of how to grow champignons at home.

Useful properties of champignons

Excellent aroma, piquant taste - this is how you can describe champignons in a few words. However, these mushrooms are distinguished not only by their excellent taste, but also by useful properties. So, what are mushrooms rich in, what is included in their composition?

1. Protein. An important component through which cells are renewed and built.
2. Various amino acids. They have a beneficial effect on many functions of the human body, which include thought processes and memory. It turns out that if you know how to grow mushrooms at home, you can provide yourself with a year-round supply that makes our head work.
3. Vitamins A, B, C, D.
4. Phosphorus. Since mushrooms are rich in this element, they can easily replace fish if you don't like it.

Also, as an antiseptic, you can use the juice of these mushrooms to quickly heal cuts, wounds and ulcers. These are the most basic beneficial properties that champignons have.

Conditions for growing mushrooms

The technology for growing champignons presupposes the observance of some important conditions.

1. Lack of sunlight.
2. Moderate warmth. It is important to observe the temperature regime, the drops are extremely undesirable when growing mushrooms.
3. Uniform and good ventilation.
4. High humidity.
5. A specific microclimate required at every stage of mushroom growth.

To meet these conditions and successfully grow mushrooms, special equipment may be required. We will return to this issue later, but for now we will consider the places most suitable for growing mushrooms.

Places for growing mushrooms

As mentioned above, several conditions must be met in order to get successful year-round mushroom cultivation. At home, a basement, cellar, balcony or garage can be a suitable place, while mushrooms are planted in boxes or pallets.

Champignons are very unpretentious mushrooms, so they can be grown even outdoors in garden beds or in greenhouses. But in this case, it will be possible to harvest the crop only in the warm season.

How to grow champignons in the garden?

It is good to grow mushrooms in the garden, since they will be in the fresh air. But in the open field it is more difficult to create the necessary conditions for champignons, and this must be taken into account, therefore it is better to cover them with a tarpaulin or make a canopy, a greenhouse. It will be great if there is the most humid and shaded place on your site. Compost is spread on the garden bed, and then everything is done the same as when growing mushrooms at home.

Inventory for growing mushrooms

1. Mushroom mushrooms. Of course, nothing will work without her. Therefore, you first need to decide where to buy the mushroom mycelium.
2. A place to grow. The options have already been listed above. Most often, the basement is preferred, since it is there that it is easiest to create suitable conditions.
3. Shelving. They can be anything: iron or wooden. It doesn't matter: the boxes of mushrooms won't be heavy.
4. Capacities where mushrooms will be planted. For this, you can use, for example, boxes, pallets, baskets.
5. Fans. Suitable for ventilation and temperature reduction.
6. Hygrometer.It is necessary to monitor the humidity in the room. The optimal indicator is from 50 to 80 percent.
7. Thermometer for temperature control. It should be between 12 and 20 degrees Celsius.
8. Substrate. Let's consider how to compose it correctly.

Substrate for growing mushrooms

This is considered the most difficult stage in mushroom cultivation. A poor harvest may result if the substrate is not compiled correctly. So how should you compose it?

For the substrate, you will need mushroom compost, which includes: manure and straw from rye or wheat. Horse manure will yield high yields, but cow or bird droppings can also be used. It will be a plus if you add fallen, not rotten leaves and some organic waste, since mushrooms are very "gluttonous". Also, beet tops, sunflower seed shells, urea, chalk, gypsum, bone meal, bran and superphosphate are used as nutritional components. When compiling the substrate, the following proportion is observed: 75% manure and 25% compost.

How to grow champignons at home in a small area of ​​1.5 square meters? You can use the following compost formula.

1. Straw - 50 kilograms.
2. Urea and superphosphate - 1 kilogram.
3. Gypsum - 4 kilograms.
4. Chalk - 2.5 kilograms.
5. Manure - 150 kilograms.

In total, a little more than 200 kilograms of substrate will turn out.

The straw must first be soaked for a day, then lay it in layers with manure. It is better to moisten each layer of straw with urea and superphosphate. Then everything is mixed and other nutritional components are already introduced. The substrate should now be infused for about 20 days. We can talk about complete readiness when the unpleasant smell of ammonia disappears.

It is not necessary to stick to this formula, there are other recipes for how to grow mushrooms at home.

When compiling the substrate, you need to be prepared for the fermentation process to begin, which is accompanied by the specific smells of ammonia and carbon dioxide, so it is better to do this not indoors, but in the fresh air. The compost should be covered with a canopy to hide it from rain and sunlight.

Planting mushroom mycelium

At home, it is better to grow sterile myceliums obtained in laboratories. They take root more easily and reproduce faster. Mushroom mushrooms are of different varieties, one type is consumed more, the other - less. So, for 1 square meter of substrate, 400 grams of grain mycelium will be required, and manure - 500 grams.

When you have decided on the amount of consumables and bought it, you can proceed to direct disembarkation. First, you should measure the temperature of the substrate, the most optimal for the mushroom mycelium is considered to be about 25 degrees.

So how to grow champignon mushrooms? The holes are recommended to be staggered at a distance of 20-30 centimeters from each other. The mycelium must be broken into small pieces and planted to a depth of 5 centimeters. The grain variety can be simply laid on the surface.

Care for mushroom mycelium after planting

After replanting the mycelium, the conditions mentioned above must be observed. This is high humidity and moderate heat. Moreover, these conditions must be met not only indoors, but also in the substrate. To keep it constantly moist, you can cover it with a newspaper and spray it from time to time - then the compost will not be dry.

After about a week, the mycelium will begin to grow, then the substrate should be sprinkled with soil on top by 3-4 centimeters. The technology for growing mushrooms suggests that during this period it is necessary to slightly lower the temperature of the substrate to about 20 degrees, and indoors - to 12-17 degrees. Do not forget about good ventilation in the room, however, drafts should not be allowed. In principle, that's all the care for the mycelium.

Harvesting champignons

It is not enough to know how to grow champignons at home; harvesting also has its own nuances.

With good care, champignons bear fruit in waves for up to two months, during which time you can get mushrooms many times. You can start harvesting the first crop after 30 days.

Champignons are not cut like wild mushrooms, but are twisted out of the substrate. Then the empty hole is sprinkled with earth and moistened to create conditions for the emergence of a new crop. Not all mushrooms are picked, but only "ripe" ones - these are those that have a stretched white film under the cap that connects the leg and the edges of the cap, and the plate has a pale pink color. It is not recommended to eat champignons with brown plates. If the film is broken, then the mushroom is considered old. This should not be allowed, as it greatly depletes the mycelium.

Growing champignons - a business idea

The cultivation of champignons was popular in the 18th century in European countries and not only, most often in Italy, France, America, Germany, Sweden, England and Belgium. In Russia, home production of these mushrooms began only in the 19th century, because our forests are already rich in edible gifts of nature.

Today mushroom cultivation is a profitable business. If you make simple mathematical calculations, then in one year you can get up to 6 harvests. Of course, there will be additional costs for equipment, electricity and heating. But in general, you can get a good income from the sale of champignons, you just need to know to whom to constantly sell the harvest.

It is not surprising that today such a niche as mushroom cultivation is already occupied by entrepreneurs, because these mushrooms bear fruit abundantly, they are easy to grow, and the necessary raw materials (in fact, waste) can be purchased almost for free. Of course, you can try to break into this business, but you will have to work hard to get a solid profit from it in the first months.

Now you know how to grow mushrooms at home, and what equipment is required for this. You can start production on a large scale, or you can plant these mushrooms for yourself, for your soul, to feast on them all year round. In any case, growing champignons is not difficult and even interesting.